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Leong ZY, Yao J, Boon N, Eral HB, Li DS, Hartkamp R, Yang HY. Electrochemical Selective Removal of Oxyanions in a Ferrocene-Doped Metal-Organic Framework. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39397348 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c10206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of crystalline, porous materials possessing well-defined channels that have widespread applications across the sustainable landscape. Analogous to zeolites, these materials are well-suited for adsorption processes targeting environmental contaminants. Herein, a zirconium MOF, UiO-66, was functionalized with ferrocene for the selective removal of oxyanion contaminants, specifically NO3-, SO42-, and PO43-. Electrochemical oxidation of the embedded ferrocene pendants induces preferential adsorption of these oxyanions, even in the presence of Cl- in a 10-fold excess. Anion selectivity strongly favoring PO43- (Soxy/comp = 3.80) was observed following an adsorption trend of PO43- > SO42- > NO3- > (10-fold)Cl- in multi-ion solution mixtures. The underlying mechanisms responsible for ion selectivity were elucidated by performing ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on the heterogeneous electrode surface postadsorption and by calculating the electronic structure of various adsorption configurations. It was eventually shown that oxyanion selectivity stemmed from strong ion association with a positively charged pore interior due to the spatial distribution of charge by oxygen constituents. While ferrocenium provided the impetus for ion migration-diffusion, it was the formation of stable complexes with zirconium nodes that ultimately contributed to selective adsorption of oxyanions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi Leong
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development (EPD), Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development (EPD), Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Niels Boon
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, Delft 2628 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Hüseyin Burak Eral
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, Delft 2628 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Remco Hartkamp
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, Delft 2628 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development (EPD), Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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2
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Li J, Ott S. The Molecular Nature of Redox-Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2836-2846. [PMID: 39288193 PMCID: PMC11447836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusRedox-conductive metal-organic frameworks (RC-MOFs) are a class of porous materials that exhibit electrical conductivity through a chain of self-exchange reactions between molecularly defined, neighboring redox-active units of differing oxidation states. To maintain electroneutrality, this electron hopping transport is coupled to the translocation of charge balancing counterions. Owing to the molecular nature of the redox active components, RC-MOFs have received increasing attention for potential applications in energy storage, electrocatalysis, reconfigurable electronics, etc. While our understanding of fundamental aspects that govern electron hopping transport in RC-MOFs has improved during the past decade, certain fundamental aspects such as questions that arise from the coupling between electron hopping and diffusion migration of charge balancing counterions are still not fully understood.In this Account, we summarize and discuss our group's efforts to answer some of these fundamental questions while also demonstrating the applicability of RC-MOFs in energy-related applications. First, we introduce general design strategies for RC-MOFs, fundamentals that govern their charge transport properties, and experimental diagnostics that allow for their identification. Selected examples with redox-active organic linkers or metallo-linkers are discussed to demonstrate how the molecular characteristics of the redox-active units inside RC-MOFs are retained. Second, we summarize experimental techniques that can be used to characterize charge transport properties in a RC-MOF. The apparent electron diffusion coefficient, Deapp, that is frequently determined in the field and obtained in large perturbation, transient experiments will be discussed and related to redox conductivity, σ, that is obtained in a steady state setup. It will be shown that both MOF-intrinsic (topology, pore size, and apertures) and experimental (nature of electrolyte, solvent) factors can have noticeable impact on electrical conductivity through RC-MOFs. Lastly, we summarize our progress in utilizing RC-MOFs as electrochromic materials, materials for harvesting minority carriers from illuminated semiconductors and within electrocatalysis. In the latter case, recent work on multivariate RC-MOFs in which redox active linkers are used to "wire" redox catalysts in the crystal interiors will be presented, offering opportunities to independently optimize charge transport and catalytic function.The ambition of this Account is to inspire the design of new RC-MOF systems, to aid their identification, to provide mechanistic insights into the governing ion-coupled electron hopping transport mode of conductivity, and ultimately to promote their applications in existing and emerging areas. With basically unlimited possibilities of molecular engineering tools, together with research in both fundamental and applied fields, we believe that RC-MOFs will attract even more attention in the future to unlock their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials
Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials
Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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He X, Wen Y, Fang Y, Li M, Shan B. Charge Photoaccumulation in Covalent Polymer Networks for Boosting Photocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401878. [PMID: 38582515 PMCID: PMC11187893 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
In the design of photoelectrocatalytic cells, a key element is effective photogeneration of electron-hole pairs to drive redox activation of catalysts. Despite recent progress in photoelectrocatalysis, experimental realization of a high-performance photocathode for multi-electron reduction of chemicals, such as nitrate reduction to ammonia, has remained a challenge due to difficulty in obtaining efficient electrode configurations for extraction of high-throughput electrons from absorbed photons. This work describes a new design for catalytic photoelectrodes using chromophore assembly-functionalized covalent networks for boosting eight-electron reduction of nitrate to ammonia. Upon sunlight irradiation, the photoelectrode stores a mass of reducing equivalents at the photoexcited chromophore assembly for multielectron reduction of a copper catalyst, enabling efficient nitrate reduction to ammonia. By introducing the new photoelectrode structure, it is demonstrated that the electronic interplay between charge photo-accumulating assembly and multi-electron redox catalysts can be optimized to achieve proper balance between electron transfer dynamics and thermodynamic output of photoelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia He
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yingke Wen
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yanjie Fang
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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4
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Li J, Kumar A, Ott S. Diffusional Electron Transport Coupled to Thermodynamically Driven Electron Transfers in Redox-Conductive Multivariate Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12000-12010. [PMID: 38639553 PMCID: PMC11066865 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The development of redox-conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and the fundamental understanding of charge propagation through these materials are central to their applications in energy storage, electronics, and catalysis. To answer some unresolved questions about diffusional electron hopping transport and redox conductivity, mixed-linker MOFs were constructed from two statistically distributed redox-active linkers, pyromellitic diimide bis-pyrazolate (PMDI) and naphthalene diimide bis-pyrazolate (NDI), and grown as crystalline thin films on conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). Owing to the distinct redox properties of the linkers, four well-separated and reversible redox events are resolved by cyclic voltammetry, and the mixed-linker MOFs can exist in five discrete redox states. Each state is characterized by a unique spectroscopic signature, and the interconversions between the states can be followed spectroscopically under operando conditions. With the help of pulsed step-potential spectrochronoamperometry, two modes of electron propagation through the mixed-linker MOF are identified: diffusional electron hopping transport between linkers of the same type and a second channel that arises from thermodynamically driven electron transfers between linkers of different types. Corresponding to the four redox events of the mixed-linker MOFs, four distinct bell-shaped redox conductivity profiles are observed at a steady state. The magnitude of the maximum redox conductivity is evidenced to be dependent on the distance between redox hopping sites, analogous to the situation for apparent electron diffusion coefficients, Deapp, that are obtained in transient experiments. The design of mixed-linker redox-conductive MOFs and detailed studies of their charge transport properties present new opportunities for future applications of MOFs, in particular, within electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Abbas Z, Hussain N, Kumar S, Mobin SM. In situ growth of a redox-active metal-organic framework on electrospun carbon nanofibers as a free-standing electrode for flexible energy storage devices. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:868-878. [PMID: 38099850 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The rational construction of free-standing and flexible electrodes for application in electrochemical energy storage devices and next-generation supercapacitors is an emerging research focus. Herein, we prepared a redox-active ferrocene dicarboxylic acid (Fc)-based nickel metal-organic framework (MOF) on electrospun carbon nanofibers (NiFc-MOF@CNFs) via an in situ approach. This in situ approach avoided the aggregation of the MOF. The NiFc-MOF@CNF flexible electrode showed a high redox-active behavior owing to the presence of ferrocene and flexible carbon nanofibers, which led to unique properties, including high flexibility and lightweight. Furthermore, the prepared electrode was utilized in a supercapacitors (SC) without the use of any binder, which achieved a specific capacity of 460 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 with an excellent cyclic retention of 82.2% after 25 000 cycles and a good rate capability. A flexible asymmetric supercapacitor device was assembled, which delivered a high energy density of 56.25 W h kg-1 and a long-lasting cycling performance. Also, the prepared electrode could be used as a freestanding electrode in flexible devices at different bending angles. The obtained cyclic voltammetry curves showed negligible changes, indicating the high stability and good flexibility of the electrode. Thus, the use of the in situ strategy can lead to the uniform growth of redox-active MOFs or other porous materials on CNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Nissar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Surender Kumar
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR-AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Near Habibganj Naka, Bhopal - 462026, India
| | - Shaikh M Mobin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.
- Centre for Advanced Electronics (CAE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
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6
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Yan M, Johnson EM, Morris AJ. Redox Hopping in Metal-Organic Frameworks through the Lens of the Scholz Model. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10700-10709. [PMID: 37988693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Initially proposed by Lovric and Scholz to explain redox reactions in solid-phase voltammetry, the Scholz model's applications have expanded to redox reactions in various materials. As an extension of the Cottrell equation, the Scholz model enabled the quantification of electron hopping and ion diffusion with coefficients, De and Di, respectively. Research utilizing the Scholz model indicated that, in most cases, a huge bottleneck results from the ion diffusion which is slower than electron hopping by orders of magnitude. Therefore, electron and ion motion can be tuned and optimized to increase the charge transport and conductivity through systematic investigations guided by the Scholz model. The strategy may be extended to other solid-state materials in the future, e.g., battery anodes/cathodes. In this Perspective, the applications of the Scholz model in different materials will be discussed. Moreover, the limitations of the Scholz model will also be introduced, and viable solutions to those limitations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minliang Yan
- Macromolecule Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Eric M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Macromolecule Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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7
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He HH, Yuan JP, Cai PY, Wang KY, Feng L, Kirchon A, Li J, Zhang LL, Zhou HC, Fang Y. Yolk-Shell and Hollow Zr/Ce-UiO-66 for Manipulating Selectivity in Tandem Reactions and Photoreactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17164-17175. [PMID: 37440344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of multicomponent metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is to finely tune their active centers to achieve product selectivity. In particular, obtaining bimetallic MOF hollow structures with precisely tailored redox centers under the same topology is still challenging despite a recent surge of such efforts. Herein, we present an engineering strategy named "cluster labilization" to generate hierarchically porous MOF composites with hollow structures and tunable active centers. By partially replacing zirconium with cerium in the hexanuclear clusters of UiO-66, unevenly distributed yolk-shell structures (YSS) were formed. Through acid treatment or annealing of the YSS precursor, single-shell hollow structures (SSHS) or double-shell hollow structures (DSHS) can be obtained, respectively. The active centers in SSHS and DSHS differ in their species, valence, and spatial locations. More importantly, YSS, SSHS, and DSHS with distinct active centers and microenvironments exhibit tunable catalytic activity, reversed selectivity, and high stability in the tandem reaction and the photoreaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui He
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Fujian Cross Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Jiang-Pei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Pei-Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Kun-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Angelo Kirchon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Fujian Cross Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Liang-Liang Zhang
- Fujian Cross Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Innovation Institute of Industrial Design and Machine Intelligence Quanzhou-Hunan University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362801, China
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8
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Li J, Kumar A, Johnson BA, Ott S. Experimental manifestation of redox-conductivity in metal-organic frameworks and its implication for semiconductor/insulator switching. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4388. [PMID: 37474545 PMCID: PMC10359279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electric conductivity in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) follows either a band-like or a redox-hopping charge transport mechanism. While conductivity by the band-like mechanism is theoretically and experimentally well established, the field has struggled to experimentally demonstrate redox conductivity that is promoted by the electron hopping mechanism. Such redox conductivity is predicted to maximize at the mid-point potential of the redox-active units in the MOF, and decline rapidly when deviating from this situation. Herein, we present direct experimental evidence for redox conductivity in fluorine-doped tin oxide surface-grown thin films of Zn(pyrazol-NDI) (pyrazol-NDI = 1,4-bis[(3,5-dimethyl)-pyrazol-4-yl]naphthalenediimide). Following Nernstian behavior, the proportion of reduced and oxidized NDI linkers can be adjusted by the applied potential. Through a series of conductivity measurements, it is demonstrated that the MOF exhibits minimal electric resistance at the mid-point potentials of the NDI linker, and conductivity is enhanced by more than 10000-fold compared to that of either the neutral or completely reduced films. The generality of redox conductivity is demonstrated in MOFs with different linkers and secondary building units, and its implication for applications that require switching between insulating and semiconducting regimes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Uferstraße 53, Straubing, 94315, Germany
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Gupta S, Tanaka H, Fuku K, Uchida K, Iguchi H, Sakamoto R, Kobayashi H, Gambe Y, Honma I, Hirai Y, Hayami S, Takaishi S. Quinoid-Based Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Fe 2(dhbq) 3: Porosity, Electrical Conductivity, and Solid-State Redox Properties. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:6306-6313. [PMID: 37053521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and electronic properties of the quinoid-based three-dimensional metal-organic framework [Fe2(dhbq)3]. The MOF was synthesized without using cations as a template, unlike other reported X2dhbq3-based coordination polymers, and the crystal structure was determined by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure was entirely different from the other reported [Fe2(X2dhbq3)]2-; three independent 3D polymers were interpenetrated to give the overall structure. The absence of cations led to a microporous structure, investigated by N2 adsorption isotherms. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity data revealed that it exhibited a relatively high electrical conductivity of 1.2 × 10-2 S cm-1 (Ea = 212 meV) due to extended d-π conjugation in a three-dimensional network. Thermoelectromotive force measurement revealed that it is an n-type semiconductor with electrons as the majority of charge carriers. Structural characterization and spectroscopic analyses, including SXRD, Mössbauer, UV-vis-NIR, IR, and XANES measurements, evidenced the occurrence of no mixed valency based on the metal and the ligand. [Fe2(dhbq)3] upon incorporating as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries engendered an initial discharge capacity of 322 mAh/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Haruki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fuku
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kaiji Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kobayashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Gambe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Itaru Honma
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hirai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Takaishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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10
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Kalecki J, Cieplak M, Iskierko Z, Piechowska J, Nogala W, D'Souza F, Sharma PS. Post-imprinting modification: electrochemical and scanning electrochemical microscopy studies of a semi-covalently surface imprinted polymer. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1659-1669. [PMID: 36722440 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein we described a post-imprinting modification of the imprinted molecular cavities for electrochemical sensing of a target protein. Imprinted molecular cavities were generated by following the semi-covalent surface imprinting approach. These mesoporous cavities were modified with a ferrocene 'electrochemical' tracer for electrochemical transduction of the target protein recognition. Electrochemical sensors prepared after post-imprinting modification showed a linear response in the concentration range of 0.5 to 50 μM. Chemosensors fabricated based on capacitive impedimetric transduction demonstrated that imprinted molecular cavities without post-imprinting modification showed better selectivity. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used for the surface characterization of imprinted molecular cavities modified with ferrocene electrochemical tracers. SECM analysis performed in the feedback mode monitor changes in the surface state of the ferrocene-modified polymer film. The kinetics of the mediator regeneration was almost 1.8 times higher on the non-imprinted surface versus the post-imprinting modified molecular imprinted polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kalecki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Cieplak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Zofia Iskierko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Piechowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle No. 305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Piyush Sindhu Sharma
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Howe A, Liseev T, Gil-Sepulcre M, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Benet-Buchholz J, Llobet A, Ott S. Electrocatalytic water oxidation from a mixed linker MOF based on NU-1000 with an integrated ruthenium-based metallo-linker. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:4227-4234. [PMID: 35693428 PMCID: PMC9125567 DOI: 10.1039/d2ma00128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel tetratopic metallo-linker, [Ru(tda)(py(PhCOOH)2)2], 1, (tda = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-6,6''-dicarboxylate; py(PhCOOH)2 = (4,4'-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)dibenzoic acid), that is structurally based on one of the most active molecular water oxidation catalysts has been prepared and fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray diffraction. 1 bears geometric similarities to H4TBAPy (H4TBAPy = 4,4',4'',4'''-(pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetrayl)tetrabenzoic acid), i.e. the native linker in NU-1000, which offers the possibility to synthesize NU-1000-Ru mixed linker MOFs solvothermally. Mixed linker MOF formation was demonstrated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Ru linker incorporation confirmed by FT-IR, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). It was found that the Ru contents in the final mixed linker MOFs correlate with the amount of Ru linker present during solvothermal synthesis, albeit not in a linear fashion. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) of the mixed linker MOFs are largely dominated by TBAPy-based oxidations with features attributed to 1. Interestingly, Ru linkers near the crystal surface are oxidized directly by interfacial hole transfer form the electrode, while those in the crystal interior can be oxidized indirectly from oxidized TBAPy linkers at more anodic potential. Upon repeated scanning, the CVs show the appearance of new waves that arise from irreversible TBAPy oxidation, as well as from the activation of the Ru-based water oxidation catalyst. Of the materials prepared, the one with the highest Ru content, NU-1000-Ruhigh, was shown to catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of water to dioxygen. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) of the construct is 37%, due to water oxidation being accompanied by oxidative transformations of the TBAPy linkers. Despite the low FE, NU-1000-Ruhigh is still among the best MOF-based water oxidation catalysts, operating by a unique co-linker mediated hole-transport mechanism to supply oxidizing equivalents also to catalysts in the crystal interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Howe
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Timofey Liseev
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Marcos Gil-Sepulcre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
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12
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Liu YL, Liu XY, Feng L, Shao LX, Li SJ, Tang J, Cheng H, Chen Z, Huang R, Xu HC, Zhuang JL. Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets: Synthesis and Applications in Electrocatalysis and Photocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102603. [PMID: 35092355 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional metal-organic nanosheets (2D MONs) are an emerging class of ultrathin, porous, and crystalline materials. The organic/inorganic hybrid nature offers MONs distinct advantages over other inorganic nanosheets in terms of diversity of organic ligands and metal notes. Compared to bulk three-dimensional metal-organic frameworks, 2D MONs possess merits of high density and readily accessible catalytic sites, reduced diffusion pathways for reactants/products, and fast electron transport. These features endow MONs with enhanced physical/chemical properties and are ideal for heterogeneous catalysis. In this Review, state-of-the-art synthetic methods for the fabrication of 2D MONs were summarized. The advances of 2D MONs-based materials for electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2 RR), and electro-/photocatalytic organic transformations were systematically discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives regarding future design and synthesis of 2D MONs for high-performance electrocatalysis and photocatalysis were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Long Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yue Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety, and Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Lan-Xing Shao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Si-Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety, and Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hu Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Rui Huang
- Stake Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, iChem, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Stake Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, iChem, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Liang Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 550001, Guiyang, P. R. China
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13
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Shen CH, Chen YH, Wang YC, Chang TE, Chen YL, Kung CW. Probing the electronic and ionic transport in topologically distinct redox-active metal-organic frameworks in aqueous electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9855-9865. [PMID: 35348567 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00117a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three topologically distinct zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) constructed from redox-innocent linkers, MOF-808, defective UiO-66, and CAU-24, are synthesized, and the spatially dispersed redox-active manganese sites are post-synthetically immobilized on the hexa-zirconium nodes of these Zr-MOFs. The crystallinity, morphology, porosity, manganese loading, and bulk electrical conductivity of each material are studied. The redox-hopping-based electrochemical reaction between the installed Mn(III) and Mn(IV) occurring within the thin films of these MOFs in aqueous electrolytes is investigated, in the presence of various concentrations of Na2SO4 in the electrolytes. Cyclic voltammetry is used to qualitatively study the redox-hopping process, and chronoamperometry is used to quantify the electrochemically active fractions of manganese sites within the MOF thin film as well as the values of apparent diffusivity for the redox-hopping process. By adjusting the concentration of Na2SO4 in the electrolyte, the rate-determining step for the redox-hopping process can be tuned from ionic transport to electronic transport, and the Mn-decorated MOF-808, which possesses the largest pore size, can achieve the highest value of apparent diffusivity. Findings here shed light on the selection of Zr-MOF as well as the choice of electrolyte concentration for the applications of MOFs in supercapacitors and electrocatalysis relying on such redox-hopping processes in aqueous electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hui Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-En Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - You-Liang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
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14
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Kioka K, Mizutani N, Hosono N, Uemura T. Mixed Metal-Organic Framework Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6771-6780. [PMID: 35341245 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Strategic design of the stationary phase in liquid chromatography (LC) is crucial for modern separation science. Herein, a design approach using mixed metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as tunable LC stationary phases is proposed. Three MOFs with an isostructural pillared-layer structure are employed, with pore sizes tuned by the systematic design of the constituent ligands, using 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (bdc), 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate (ndc), and 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylate (adc). Packed columns filled with the MOFs and their mixed-particle/solid-solution stationary phases are prepared and examined for the retention capability of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in LC. While the MOF-packed columns filled with binary mixtures of different MOF particles provide good control of the retention with respect to the particle mixing ratio, the columns filled with mixed-linker solid-solution MOFs show a significant multicomponent effect on the retention behavior. Specifically, mixed-linker solid-solution MOFs consisting of bdc/ndc binary ligands are found to show a strong retention that surpasses even their parent MOFs, namely, pure bdc- and ndc-MOF stationary phases. The retention behavior on the MOF-packed columns is explained by the specific nanostructures of the solid-solution MOFs, which affects the balance between substrate affinity and adsorption kinetics into the MOF pores, dictating the total retention capability. The results provide an extra dimension for stationary phase design using MOFs as a promising recognition medium for LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kioka
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Nagi Mizutani
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hosono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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15
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Xu M, Meng SS, Cai P, Gu YH, Yan TA, Yan TH, Zhang QH, Gu L, Liu DH, Zhou HC, Gu ZY. Homogeneously Mixing Different Metal-Organic Framework Structures in Single Nanocrystals through Forming Solid Solutions. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:184-191. [PMID: 35233451 PMCID: PMC8874727 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pore engineering plays a significant role in the applications of porous materials, especially in the area of separation and catalysis. Here, we demonstrated a metal-organic framework (MOF) solid solution (MOSS) strategy to homogeneously and controllably mix NU-1000 and NU-901 structures inside single MOF nanocrystals. The key for the homogeneous mixing and forming of MOSS was the bidentate modulator, which was designed to have a slightly longer distance between two carboxylate groups than the original tetratopic ligand. All of the MOSS nanocrystals showed a uniform pore size distribution with a well-tuned ratio of mesopores to micropores. Because of the appropriate pore ratio, MOSS nanocrystals can balance the thermodynamic interactions and kinetic diffusion of the substrates, thus showing exceedingly higher separation abilities and a unique elution sequence. Our work proposes a rational strategy to design mixed-porous MOFs with controlled pore ratios and provides a new direction to design homogeneously mixed MOFs with a high separation ability and unique separation selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sha-Sha Meng
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peiyu Cai
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Yu-Hao Gu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong-An Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced
Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tian-Hao Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Qing-Hua Zhang
- Institute
of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Institute
of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Da-Huan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced
Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Zhi-Yuan Gu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Ezugwu CI, Sonawane JM, Rosal R. Redox-active metal-organic frameworks for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Tsunashima R. Molecular solid solutions for advanced materials – homeomorphic or heteromorphic. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01632f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline molecular solid solutions are discussed on the basis of homeomorphism and heteromorphism of blended molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tsunashima
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
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18
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Mixed component metal-organic frameworks: Heterogeneity and complexity at the service of application performances. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Ramírez‐Chan DE, Fragoso R, Díaz‐Sánchez BR, González FJ. Role of the Supporting Electrolyte Ions and Additives on the Electron Transport Properties of Electrografted Films Bearing Ferrocenyl Moieties. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Ramírez‐Chan
- Departamento de Química >Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 C.P. 07360 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Rogelio Fragoso
- Departamento de Física Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 C.P. 07360 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Blanca R. Díaz‐Sánchez
- Departamento de Química >Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 C.P. 07360 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Felipe J. González
- Departamento de Química >Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 C.P. 07360 Mexico City Mexico
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20
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21
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Li RL, Yang A, Flanders NC, Yeung MT, Sheppard DT, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Solid Solutions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7081-7087. [PMID: 33908758 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) generally leverage one or two monomers with specific sizes and shapes to access highly symmetric and periodic polymer networks. Almost all reported COFs employ the minimum sets of monomers needed for the polymerization (usually two, sometimes one) and crystallize in high-symmetry topologies. COFs synthesized from more than two monomers usually employ mixtures with different pendant functionalities to distribute these groups statistically throughout the structure, or monomers with different sizes in ratios targeting lower symmetry topologies. Here, we demonstrate that mixtures of monomers with different lengths generate single-phase, hexagonal two-dimensional covalent organic framework (2D COF) solid solutions at continuously variable feed ratios. X-ray diffraction measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Pawley refinement indicate that both monomers distribute randomly within the same lattice, and the lattice parameters continuously increase as more of the larger linker is incorporated. Furthermore, COF solid solutions are accessed directly by polymerizing a mixture of monomers but not via linker exchange from a preformed COF. As strain develops from the lattice accommodating monomers with different sizes, the nonlinear relationship between the monomer incorporation and the COF's lattice parameters suggests that bond-bending of the monomers plays a role in incorporating monomers of different lengths into the solid solutions. Solid solution formation represents a new strategy to design 2D COFs and increase their complexity. Specifically, varying the monomer composition of a given network enables many properties, such as the average pore size, to be continuously tuned between those of corresponding pure COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Anna Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Nathan C Flanders
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Michael T Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Daylan T Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
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22
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23
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Wang J, Dou S, Wang X. Structural tuning of heterogeneous molecular catalysts for electrochemical energy conversion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf3989. [PMID: 33771872 PMCID: PMC7997508 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous molecular catalysts based on transition metal complexes have received increasing attention for their potential application in electrochemical energy conversion. The structural tuning of first and second coordination spheres of complexes provides versatile strategies for optimizing the activities of heterogeneous molecular catalysts and appropriate model systems for investigating the mechanism of structural variations on the activity. In this review, we first discuss the variation of first spheres by tuning ligated atoms; afterward, the structural tuning of second spheres by appending adjacent metal centers, pendant groups, electron withdrawing/donating, and conjugating moieties on the ligands is elaborated. Overall, these structural tuning resulted in different impacts on the geometric and electronic configurations of complexes, and the improved activity is achieved through tuning the stability of chemisorbed reactants and the redox behaviors of immobilized complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang 215400, China
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Shuo Dou
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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Liu J, Huang J, Zhang L, Lei J. Multifunctional metal-organic framework heterostructures for enhanced cancer therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:1188-1218. [PMID: 33283806 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging class of molecular crystalline materials built from metal ions or clusters bridged by organic linkers. By taking advantage of their synthetic tunability and structural regularity, MOFs can hierarchically integrate nanoparticles and/or biomolecules into a single framework to enable multifunctions. The MOF-protected heterostructures not only enhance the catalytic capacity of nanoparticle components but also retain the biological activity of biomolecules in an intracellular microenvironment. Therefore, the multifunctional MOF heterostructures have great advantages over single components in cancer therapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the general principle of the design and functional modulation of nanoscaled MOF heterostructures, and biomedical applications in enhanced therapy within the last five years. The functions of MOF heterostructures with a controlled size can be regulated by designing various functional ligands and in situ growth/postmodification of nanoparticles and/or biomolecules. The advances in the application of multifunctional MOF heterostructures are also explored for enhanced cancer therapies involving photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and theranostics. The remaining challenges and future opportunities in this field, in terms of precisely localized assembly, maximizing composite properties, and processing new techniques, are also presented. The introduction of multiple components into one crystalline MOF provides a promising approach to design all-in-one theranostics in clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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25
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Banerjee S, Anayah RI, Gerke CS, Thoi VS. From Molecules to Porous Materials: Integrating Discrete Electrocatalytic Active Sites into Extended Frameworks. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1671-1684. [PMID: 33145407 PMCID: PMC7596858 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic and covalent-organic frameworks can serve as a bridge between the realms of homo- and heterogeneous catalytic systems. While there are numerous molecular complexes developed for electrocatalysis, homogeneous catalysts are hindered by slow catalyst diffusion, catalyst deactivation, and poor product yield. Heterogeneous catalysts can compensate for these shortcomings, yet they lack the synthetic and chemical tunability to promote rational design. To narrow this knowledge gap, there is a burgeoning field of framework-related research that incorporates molecular catalysts within porous architectures, resulting in an exceptional catalytic performance as compared to their molecular analogues. Framework materials provide structural stability to these catalysts, alter their electronic environments, and are easily tunable for increased catalytic activity. This Outlook compares molecular catalysts and corresponding framework materials to evaluate the effects of such integration on electrocatalytic performance. We describe several different classes of molecular motifs that have been included in framework materials and explore how framework design strategies improve on the catalytic behavior of their homogeneous counterparts. Finally, we will provide an outlook on new directions to drive fundamental research at the intersection of reticular-and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyodip Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Rasha I. Anayah
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Carter S. Gerke
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - V. Sara Thoi
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- E-mail:
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26
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Johnson BA, Ott S. Diagnosing surface versus bulk reactivity for molecular catalysis within metal-organic frameworks using a quantitative kinetic model. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7468-7478. [PMID: 33209240 PMCID: PMC7116375 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02601h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are becoming increasingly popular as heterogenous support matrices for molecular catalysts. Given that reactants, or potentially holes/electrons, need to diffuse into the porous framework as the reaction proceeds, the reaction can possibly take place within the bulk of the particle or be confined to a thin layer at the surface due to transport limitations. Herein, a simple steady-state reaction-diffusion kinetic model is developed to diagnose these two mutually exclusive behaviors in MOF-based systems. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) driven by a chemical oxidant is presented as an example mechanism. Quantitative metrics for assigning either bulk or surface reactivity are delineated over a wide variety of conditions, and numerical simulations are employed to verify these results. For each case, expressions for the turnover frequency (TOF) are outlined, and it is shown that surface reactivity can influence measured TOFs. Importantly, this report shows how to transition from surface to bulk reactivity and thus identifies which experimental parameters to target for optimizing the efficiency of MOF-based molecular catalyst systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry
, Ångström Laboratory
, Uppsala University
,
Box 523
, 751 20 Uppsala
, Sweden
.
;
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry
, Ångström Laboratory
, Uppsala University
,
Box 523
, 751 20 Uppsala
, Sweden
.
;
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Johnson BA, Beiler AM, McCarthy BD, Ott S. Transport Phenomena: Challenges and Opportunities for Molecular Catalysis in Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11941-11956. [PMID: 32516534 PMCID: PMC7366383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are appealing heterogeneous support matrices that can stabilize molecular catalysts for the electrochemical conversion of small molecules. However, moving from a homogeneous environment to a porous film necessitates the transport of both charge and substrate to the catalytic sites in an efficient manner. This presents a significant challenge in the application of such materials at scale, since these two transport phenomena (charge and mass transport) would need to operate faster than the intrinsic catalytic rate in order for the system to function efficiently. Thus, understanding the fundamental kinetics of MOF-based molecular catalysis of electrochemical reactions is of crucial importance. In this Perspective, we quantitatively dissect the interplay between the two transport phenomena and the catalytic reaction rate by applying models from closely related fields to MOF-based catalysis. The identification of the limiting process provides opportunities for optimization that are uniquely suited to MOFs due to their tunable molecular structure. This will help guide the rational design of efficient and high-performing catalytic MOF films with incorporated molecular catalyst for electrochemical energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry −
Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala
University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna M. Beiler
- Department of Chemistry −
Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala
University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian D. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry −
Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala
University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry −
Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala
University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Jin Z, Zhu X, Wang N, Li Y, Ju H, Lei J. Electroactive Metal–Organic Frameworks as Emitters for Self‐Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence in Aqueous Medium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10446-10450. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ningning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yafei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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29
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Jin Z, Zhu X, Wang N, Li Y, Ju H, Lei J. Electroactive Metal–Organic Frameworks as Emitters for Self‐Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence in Aqueous Medium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ningning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yafei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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30
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Newsome WJ, Chakraborty A, Ly RT, Pour GS, Fairchild DC, Morris AJ, Uribe-Romo FJ. J-dimer emission in interwoven metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4391-4396. [PMID: 34122896 PMCID: PMC8159475 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
J-dimer emission is an emergent property that occurs when pairs of ground state fluorophores associate, typically in a dilute solution medium. The resulting fluorescence is shifted with respect to the monomer. J-dimer emission, however, has never been observed in concentrated dispersions or in the solid state. We posited that multivariate (MTV) MOFs with double interwoven structures would help to isolate these dimers within their crystalline matrix. Using this strategy, J-aggregate density was controlled during crystallization by following a substitutional solid solution approach. Here, we identified the presence of J-dimers over the entire composition range for interwoven PIZOF-2/NNU-28 structures with variable amounts of a diethynyl-anthracene aggregate-forming link. We produced bulk crystals that systematically shifted their fluorescence from green to red with lifetimes (up to 13 ns) and quantum yields (up to 76%) characteristic of π–π stacked aggregates. Photophysical studies also revealed an equilibrium constant of dimerization, KD = 1.5 ± 0.3 M−1, enabling the first thermodynamic quantification of link–link interactions that occur during MOF assembly. Our findings elucidate the role that supramolecular effects play during crystallization of MTV MOFs, opening pathways for the preparation of solid-state materials with solution-like properties by design. J-dimer emission is an emergent property that occurs when pairs of ground-state fluorophores associate within multivariate MOFs producing tunable red shifted emission.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Newsome
- Department of Chemistry and Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida 4111 Libra Dr. Orlando FL 32816 USA
| | - Arnab Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24060 USA
| | - Richard T Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida 4111 Libra Dr. Orlando FL 32816 USA
| | - Gavin S Pour
- Department of Chemistry and Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida 4111 Libra Dr. Orlando FL 32816 USA
| | - David C Fairchild
- Department of Chemistry and Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida 4111 Libra Dr. Orlando FL 32816 USA
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24060 USA
| | - Fernando J Uribe-Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida 4111 Libra Dr. Orlando FL 32816 USA
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31
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Helal A, Cordova KE, Arafat ME, Usman M, Yamani ZH. Defect-engineering a metal–organic framework for CO2 fixation in the synthesis of bioactive oxazolidinones. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00496k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three-component, solvent-free cycloaddition of epoxides with aromatic amines and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasif Helal
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Kyle E. Cordova
- Materials Discovery Research Unit
- Reticular Foundry
- Royal Scientific Society
- Amman 11941
- Jordan
| | - Md. Eyasin Arafat
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Zain H. Yamani
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
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