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Sakamaki T, Zhang Y, Fukuma S, Cruz CM, Valdivia AC, Campaña AG, Casado J, Shang R, Nakamura E. Doubly Spiro-Conjugated Chiral Carbocycles Exhibiting SOMO-HOMO Inversion in Persistent Radical Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12712-12722. [PMID: 38655573 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Persistent chiral organic open-shell systems have captured growing interest due to their potential applications in organic spintronic and optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, the integration of configurationally stable chirality into an organic open-shell system continues to pose challenges in molecular design. The π-extended skeleton incorporated in spiro-conjugated carbocycles can provide robust chiroptical properties and a significant stabilization of the excited and ionic radical states. However, this approach has been relatively less explored in the design of persistent organic open-shell systems. We report here the (S,S)-, (R,R)-, and meso-isomers of doubly spiro-conjugated carbocycles featuring flat and rigid carbon-bridged para-phenylenevinylene (CPV) of different conjugation lengths connected by two spiro-carbon centers, which we denote D-spiro-CPV for its quasi-dimeric structure. Our synthetic method based on a double lithiation cyclization approach enables facile production of D-spiro-CPV. D-spiro-CPVs exhibit circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with high fluorescence quantum yields (ΦFL) resulting in a high CPL brightness of 21 M-1 cm-1 and also exhibit high thermal and photostability. The monoradical cation of D-spiro-CPV absorbing near-infrared light is notably persistent, exhibiting a half-life of 570 h under ambient conditions due to doubly spiro-conjugative stabilization. Theoretical and electrochemical studies indicate the radical cation of D-spiro-CPVs presents a non-Aufbau electron filling, exhibiting inversion of the energy level of the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) and the highest (doubly) occupied molecular orbitals with the SOMO level even below the HOMO-1 level (double SHI effect). Our discoveries provide valuable insights into non-Aufbau molecules and the development of configurationally stable, optically active persistent radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shota Fukuma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Carlos M Cruz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avenida Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Abel Cárdenas Valdivia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Avenida Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Zhang T, Zhang Y, He Z, Yang T, Hu X, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Jiao J. Recent Advances of Chiral Isolated and Small Organic Molecules: Structure and Properties for Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400049. [PMID: 38450996 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This paper explores recent advancements in the field of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) exhibited by small and isolated organic molecules. The development and application of small CPL molecule are systematically reviewed through eight different chiral skeleton sections. Investigating the intricate interplay between molecular structure and CPL properties, the paper aims at providing and enlighting novel strategies for CPL-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan He
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Tingjun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Tengfei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yuhai Tang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China
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3
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Guo S, Liu L, Li X, Liu G, Fan Y, He J, Lian Z, Yang H, Chen X, Jiang H. Highly Luminescent Chiral Carbon Nanohoops via Symmetry Breaking with a Triptycene Unit: Bright Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Size-Dependent Properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308429. [PMID: 37988709 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Chiral carbon nanohoops with both high fluorescence quantum yield and large luminescence dissymmetry factor are essential to the development of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials. Herein, the rational design and synthesis of a series of highly fluorescent chiral carbon nanohoops TP-[8-13]CPPs via symmetry breaking with a chiral triptycene motif is reported. Theoretical calculations revealed that breaking the symmetry of nanohoops causes a unique size-dependent localization in the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and the lowest unoccupied molecular obtitals (LUMOs) as the increasing of sizes, which is sharply different from those of [n]cycloparaphenylenes. Photophysical investigations demonstrated that TP-[n]CPPs display size-dependent emissions with high fluorescence quantum yields up to 92.9% for TP-[13]CPP, which is the highest value among the reported chiral conjugated carbon nanohoops. The high fluorescence quantum yields are presumably attributed to both the unique acyclic, and radial conjugations and high radiative transition rates, which are further supported by theoretical investigations. Chiroptical studies revealed that chiral TP-[n]CPPs exhibit bright CPL with CPL brightness up to 100.5 M-1 cm-1 for TP-[11]CPP due to the high fluorescence quantum yield. Importantly, the investigations revealed the intrigued size-dependent properties of TP-[n]CPPs with regards to (chir)optical properties, which follow a nice linear relationship versus 1/n. Such a nice linear relationship is not observed in other reported conjugated nanohoops including CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Fan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Lian
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Huiji Yang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
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Iwata K, Tsurui M, Itaya K, Hamaguchi N, Egawa Y, Kitagawa Y, Hasegawa Y, Tsuji H. Circularly polarized luminescence and high photoluminescence quantum yields from rigid 5,10-dihydroindeno[2,1- a]indene and 2,2'-dialkoxy-1,1'-binaphthyl conjugates and copolymers. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7251-7257. [PMID: 38433937 PMCID: PMC10902698 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00380b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
5,5,10,10-Tetramethyl-5,10-dihydroindeno[2,1-a]indene (COPV1(Me)) was installed into either the 3,3'- or 6,6'-positions of chiral 2,2'-dioctyloxy-1,1'-binaphthyl to afford 2 : 1 conjugates (monomeric compounds) and 1 : 1 copolymers. These compounds showed high photoluminescence quantum yields of >0.95 whilst also exhibiting circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). The dissymmetry factors of CPL (gCPL) for the 3,3'- and 6,6'-monomeric compounds in THF were 6.6 × 10-4 and 3.3 × 10-4, respectively. The 3,3'-isomer has a higher g value than the 6,6'-isomer, which was attributed to the difference in the extent of π-conjugation and the angle between electronic and magnetic transition moments. The gCPL values of the 3,3'-linked and 6,6'-linked copolymers were 1.1 × 10-3 and 6.8 × 10-4, respectively. The structural rigidity of the COPV units is beneficial to achieve relatively high g values whilst maintaining a photoluminescence quantum yield that is close to unity by using a single type of fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Iwata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University 3-27-1 Rokkaku-bashi, Kanagawa-ku Yokohama 221-8686 Japan
| | - Makoto Tsurui
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita13 Nishi8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Kosuke Itaya
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita13 Nishi8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Naoto Hamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University 3-27-1 Rokkaku-bashi, Kanagawa-ku Yokohama 221-8686 Japan
| | - Yasunobu Egawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University 3-27-1 Rokkaku-bashi, Kanagawa-ku Yokohama 221-8686 Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita13 Nishi8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Yasuchika Hasegawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita13 Nishi8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Hayato Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University 3-27-1 Rokkaku-bashi, Kanagawa-ku Yokohama 221-8686 Japan
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5
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Kato Y, Nishimura K, Nishii Y, Hirano K. Direct synthesis of spirobifluorenes by formal dehydrative coupling of biaryls and fluorenones. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2112-2117. [PMID: 38332819 PMCID: PMC10848674 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05977d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A Tf2O-mediated, direct dehydrative coupling of (hetero)biaryls and fluorenones proceeds to form the corresponding spirobifluorenes in good to high yields. The reaction system allows the relatively simple nonhalogenated and nonmetalated starting substrates to be directly adopted in the spirocyclisation reaction. In addition, the double cyclisation reaction is easily performed, giving the highly spiro-conjugated aromatic compounds of potent interest in materials chemistry. The preliminary optoelectronic properties of some newly synthesised compounds are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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Imai T, Sakamaki D, Aoyagi S, Amaya T. Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Multi-Redox Systems Based on Cyclic [3]Spirobifluorenylene Compound. Chemistry 2023:e202302670. [PMID: 37740416 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic [3]spirobifluorenylene with bulky alkyl groups at the ends (1) was designed and synthesized to investigate the electron transfer phenomena in a π-conjugated system including orthogonal π-conjugated chains. The three bifluorenyl units in 1 are conjugated to each other via spiro-conjugation, resulting in the splitting of the HOMO levels to a small extent. Therefore, the SOMO-HOMO gap of the radical cation species is small, which is considered to allow the facile intramolecular electron transfer. The electronic properties of 1 and its partial structures were characterized by absorption and fluorescence measurements and electrochemical analysis. From the electrochemical oxidation, the interchain Coulombic repulsion was observed. In the TD-DFT calculations for the radical cation species of 1, the geometry-featured interchain electronic transitions were visualized by NTO calculations. The radical cation species of 1 generated by chemical oxidation with SbCl5 exhibited a broadened and lower-energy NIR absorption band exceeding 2000 nm. Considering the results of the TD-DFT calculations, the NIR band of the radical cation of 1 was attributed to the intramolecular electron transfer processes among the bifluorenyl units in the macrocycle. ESR experiments also indicated the delocalization of a spin of 1⋅+ in the whole molecule via hole hopping in the ESR time scale at room temperature. This work demonstrates the usefulness of spiro-conjugation as a bridging unit in molecular wires to facilitate smooth electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Imai
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Amaya
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
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7
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Acelas M, Pérez LD, Sierra CA. Boosting the photocatalytic performance of the oligo (phenylene vinylene) moiety by copolymerization for the heterogeneous degradation of indigo carmine dye. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2022-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The copolymerization with flexible and rigid spacers of 4,4’-((1E, 1′E)-(2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)bis (ethene-2,1-diyl))dibenzoic acid, as a promising phenylene vinylene-based (PV) organic photocatalyst, was examined as a strategy to validate the effect of such chemical modifications in the modulation of the photocatalytic properties of this organic π-conjugated moiety. The polymers prepared here were fully characterized and evaluated as photocatalysts in the degradation of indigo carmine dye under two different irradiation scenarios (UVA and visible), consistently displaying a superior efficiency in contrast to their monomeric oligo (phenylene vinylene) (OPV) counterparts. Scavenging experiments confirmed that photocatalysis proceeds via the generation of superoxide radicals (O2
•–), singlet oxygen (1O2), and direct oxidation. The obtained results proved that the insertion of an aromatic rigid spacer not only prompts an enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of the phenylene vinylene-based polymers but also increases the stability of the OPV moiety by minimizing the reaction of the vinyl fragments with reactive oxygen species. This was demonstrated with the reuse experiments, where 96% of the photocatalytic activity was preserved throughout the first five reuse cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Acelas
- Grupo de Investigación en Macromoléculas, Departamento de Química , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá 111321 , Colombia
| | - León D. Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación en Macromoléculas, Departamento de Química , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá 111321 , Colombia
| | - César A. Sierra
- Grupo de Investigación en Macromoléculas, Departamento de Química , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá 111321 , Colombia
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8
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Athira M, Shanmugam P. BF3.OEt2 catalysed synthesis of diverse 9‑fluorenlidene appended indole-1-oxides and spiro[fluorene-9,10′-indeno[1,2-b]indol]-5′-yl) ethanones from 9-(phenylethynyl)-fluoren-9-ol and nitrosobenzene. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Yuan J, Jiang L, Nishimura T, Sauvé ER, Hean D, Maeda K, Wolf MO. Effect of Oxidation on the Chiroptical Properties of Sulfur-Bridged Binaphthyl Dimers. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12315-12322. [PMID: 36066048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of axially chiral sulfur-bridged dimers were prepared from 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diol and subsequently oxidized to the respective sulfones. The chiroptical properties of the chiral chromophores were studied as a function of the oxidation state. Upon oxidation, an increase in quantum yields was observed for directly linked sulfur bridged binaphthyls (0.04 to 0.32), and a modest increase in dissymmetry factor was observed for diphenylsulfide-bridged binaphthyls (-8.9 × 10-4 to -1.4 × 10-3). Computational calculations were used to elucidate the changes in photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Lanting Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ethan R Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Duane Hean
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Michael O Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Yang SY, Feng ZQ, Fu Z, Zhang K, Chen S, Yu YJ, Zou B, Wang K, Liao LS, Jiang ZQ. Highly Efficient Sky-Blue π-Stacked Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter with Multi-Stimulus Response Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206861. [PMID: 35689409 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organic materials with multi-stimulus response (MSR) properties have demonstrated many potential and practical applications. Herein, a π-stacked thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material with multi-stimulus response (MSR) properties, named SDMAC, was designed and synthesized using distorted 9,9-dimethyl-10-phenyl-9,10-dihydroacridine as a donor. SDMAC possesses a rigid π-stacked configuration with intramolecular through-space interactions and exhibits aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE), solvatochromic, piezochromic, and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) under different external stimuli. The rigid molecular structure and efficient TADF properties of SDMAC can be used in displays and lighting. Using SDMAC as an emitter, the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the fabricated organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is as high as 28.4 %, which make them the most efficient CP-TADF OLEDs based on the through-space charge transfer strategy. The CP organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs) exhibit circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zi-Qi Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, 999078, China
| | - Song Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - You-Jun Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.,Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, 999078, China
| | - Zuo-Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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11
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Nakano K, Takase K, Noguchi K. Furan-Containing Chiral Spiro-Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165103. [PMID: 36014343 PMCID: PMC9415352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiro-fused polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) have received growing interest as rigid chiral scaffolds. However, furan-containing spiro-fused PACs have been quite limited. Here, we design spiro[indeno[1,2-b][1]benzofuran-10,10′-indeno[1,2-b][1]benzothiophene] as a new family of spiro-fused PACs that contains a furan unit. The compound was successfully synthesized in enantiopure form and also transformed to its S,S-dioxide derivative and the pyrrole-containing analog via aromatic metamorphosis. The absorption and emission properties of the obtained furan-containing chiral spiro-fused PACs are apparently different from those of their thiophene analogs that have been reported, owing to the increased electron-richness of furan compared to thiophene. All of the furan-containing chiral spiro-fused PACs were found to be circularly polarized luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-388-7162
| | - Ko Takase
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Keiichi Noguchi
- Instrumentation Analysis Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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12
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Yang S, Feng Z, Fu Z, Zhang K, Chen S, Yu Y, Zou B, Wang K, Liao L, Jiang Z. Highly Efficient Sky‐Blue π‐Stacked Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter with Multi‐Stimulus Response Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng‐Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Zi‐Qi Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials College of Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa 999078 China
| | - Song Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - You‐Jun Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials College of Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials College of Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Liang‐Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa 999078 China
| | - Zuo‐Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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13
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Lin HS, Doba T, Sato W, Matsuo Y, Shang R, Nakamura E. Triarylamine/Bithiophene Copolymer with Enhanced Quinoidal Character as Hole-Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203949. [PMID: 35404499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polytriarylamine is a popular hole-transporting materials (HTMs) despite its suboptimal conductivity and significant recombination at the interface in a solar cell setup. Having noted insufficient conjugation among the triarylamine units along the polymer backbone, we inserted a bithiophene unit between two triarylamine units through iron-catalyzed C-H/C-H coupling of a triarylamine/thiophene monomer so that two units conjugate effectively via four quinoidal rings when the molecule functions as HTM. The obtained triarylamine/bithiophene copolymer (TABT) used as HTM showed a high-performance in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPbI3 ) solar cells. Mesityl substituted TABT forms a uniform film, shows high hole-carrier mobility, and has an ionization potential (IP=5.40 eV) matching that of MAPbI3 . We fabricated a solar cell device with a power conversion efficiency of 21.3 % and an open-circuit voltage of 1.15 V, which exceeds the performance of devices using reference standard such as poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine (PTAA) and Spiro-OMeTAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takahiro Doba
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Wataru Sato
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Ozcelik A, Aranda D, Pereira-Cameselle R, Talavera M, Covelo B, Santoro F, Peña-Gallego Á, Alonso-Gómez JL. ON/OFF Spiroconjugation through Peripheral Functionalization: Impact on the Reactivity and Chiroptical Properties of Spirobifluorenes. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100554. [PMID: 35415974 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Spirobifluorenes are an important class of spiro compounds frequently used in the field of organic electronics. However, harnessing spiroconjugation to obtain high-performance in such structural motifs remains unexplored. We herein propose that peripheral functionalization may serve as a useful tool to control spiroconjugation in an ON/OFF manner on both chemical reactivity and photophysical properties. In particular, the ratio of mono- and di-functionalized spirobifluorenes found experimentally during their synthesis were found to be 3/2, 7/2, and 12/2 for phenyl, nitro-phenyl and amino-phenyl analogues, respectively. These remarkable reactivity differences correlate with the spiroconjugation character evaluated theoretically at the CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Additionally, comparison of experimental and predicted optical and chiroptical responses shows that spiroconjugated molecular orbitals have a significant or negligible involvement on the main electronic transitions depending on the peripheral functionality of the spirobifluorene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Ozcelik
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniel Aranda
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - María Talavera
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berta Covelo
- CACTI (Centro de Apoyo Científico-Tecnológico a la Investigación), Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ángeles Peña-Gallego
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - J Lorenzo Alonso-Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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15
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Yang SY, Qu YK, Liao LS, Jiang ZQ, Lee ST. Research Progress of Intramolecular π-Stacked Small Molecules for Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104125. [PMID: 34595783 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors can be designed and constructed in π-stacked structures instead of the conventional π-conjugated structures. Through-space interaction (TSI) occurs in π-stacked optoelectronic materials. Thus, unlike electronic coupling along the conjugated chain, the functional groups can stack closely to facilitate spatial electron communication. Using π-stacked motifs, chemists and materials scientists can find new ways for constructing materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE), thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), as well as enhanced molecular conductance. Organic optoelectronic devices based on π-stacked molecules have exhibited very promising performance, with some of them exceeding π-conjugated analogues. Recently, reports on various organic π-stacked structures have grown rapidly, prompting this review. Representative molecular scaffolds and newly developed π-stacked systems could stimulate more attention on through-space charge transfer the well-known through-bond charge transfer. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for utilizing and improving particular materials are discussed. The previous achievements and upcoming prospects may provide new insights into the theory, materials, and devices in the field of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Kun Qu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Zuo-Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shuit-Tong Lee
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, P. R. China
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16
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Lin H, Doba T, Sato W, Matsuo Y, Shang R, Nakamura E. Triarylamine/Bithiophene Copolymer with Enhanced Quinoidal Character as Hole‐Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemical System Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takahiro Doba
- Department of Chemistry The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Wataru Sato
- Department of Chemistry The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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17
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Advances in circularly polarized luminescent materials based on axially chiral compounds. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Ivanov KS, Riesebeck T, Skolyapova A, Liakisheva I, Kazantsev MS, Sonina AA, Peshkov RY, Mostovich EA. P 2O 5-Promoted Cyclization of Di[aryl(hetaryl)methyl] Malonic Acids as a Pathway to Fused Spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-Diones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2456-2469. [PMID: 35166542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional spiro-linked conjugated materials are attractive for organic optoelectronic applications due to the unique combination of their optical and electronic properties. However, spiro-linked conjugated materials with conjugation extension directed along the main axis of the molecule are still only rare examples among the vast number of spiro-linked conjugated materials. Herein, the synthesis, leading to π-extended spiro-linked conjugated materials─spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-diones and spiro[5.5]undecane-1,7-diones─has been developed and optimized. The proposed design concept starts from readily available malonic esters and contains several steps: double alkylation of malonic ester with bromomethylaryl(hetaryl)s; conversion of a malonic ester into the corresponding malonic acid; electrophilic spirocyclization of the latter into the annulated spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-dione or spiro[5.5]undecane-1,7-dione in the presence of phosphorus pentoxide. On the basis of these insights, the developed method yielded spiro-linked conjugated cores fused with benzene, thiophene, and naphthalene, decorated with active halogen atoms. The structures of the synthesized spirocycles were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Benzene fused spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-dione decorated with bromine atoms was transformed into V-shape phenylene-thiophene co-oligomer type spirodimers via Stille coupling. The spiro-bis(4-n-dodecylphenyl)-2,2'-bithiophene derivative possessed high photoluminescence properties in both solution and solid state with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of 38%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Riesebeck
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | | | - Irina Liakisheva
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maxim S Kazantsev
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,N. N. Vorozhtzov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrent'ev Ave, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alina A Sonina
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,N. N. Vorozhtzov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrent'ev Ave, 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Roman Yu Peshkov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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19
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Shepovalov KM, Benassi E, Peshkov RY, Mostovich EA. Symmetric Spirenes: Promising Building Blocks for New Generation Opto-Electronic Materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16836-16851. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01920e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spiroconjugated hydrocarbons, and in particular spirenes, show unique properties among the numerous π-conjugated materials; they are quite rigid systems, with a subsequently small excitation reorganisation energy, and hence are...
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20
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Niu X, Yan S, Wang L, Chen J, Zhao R, Li H, Liu J, Wang K. Induction of chiral polymers from metal-organic framework for stereoselective recognition. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1196:339546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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21
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Yu M, Jia X, Lin D, Du X, Jin D, Wei Y, Xie L, Huang W. Stereoisomer-Independent Stable Blue Emission in Axial Chiral Difluorenol. Front Chem 2021; 9:717892. [PMID: 34540799 PMCID: PMC8446198 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.717892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bulky conjugated molecules with high stability are the prerequisite for the overall improvement of performance in wide-bandgap semiconductors. Herein, a chiral difluorenol, 2,2′-(9,9′-spirobi[fluorene]-2,2′-diyl)bis(9-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-ol) (DOHSBF), is set as a desirable model to reveal the stereoisomeric effects of wide-bandgap molecules toward controlling photophysical behavior and improving thermal and optical stability. Three diastereomers are obtained and elucidated by NMR spectra. Interestingly, the effect of modifying the stereo-centers is not observed on optical properties in solutions, pristine films, or post-treated film states. All three diastereomers as well as the mixture exhibit excellent spectral stability without undesirable green emission. Therefore, this stereoisomer-independent blue-emitting difluorenol will be a promising candidate for next-generation wide-bandgap semiconductors that would have extensive application in organic photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Yu
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Jia
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongqing Lin
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Du
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Jin
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, China
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22
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Zhao X, O'Connor JP, Schultz JD, Bae YJ, Lin C, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Temperature Tuning of Coherent Mixing between States Driving Singlet Fission in a Spiro-Fused Terrylenediimide Dimer. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6945-6954. [PMID: 34133180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The excited-state dynamics of a spiro-fused terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide) (TDI) dimer (sTDI2) in toluene and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (mTHF) were investigated as a function of temperature using femtosecond- and nanosecond-transient absorption spectroscopy, as well as two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. The spiro conjugation and the corresponding geometry of this compound guarantee a short intermonomer distance along with a partial orbital overlap between the orthogonal TDI π-electron systems, providing electronic coupling between the TDIs. Photoexcitation of sTDI2 in toluene, a low dielectric solvent, at 295 K, results in the ultrafast formation of a state composed of a coherent mixture of singlet 1(S1S0), multiexciton 1(T1T1), and charge-transfer (CT) electronic characters. This mixed species decays to decorrelated triplet states on the nanosecond timescale, completing the process of intramolecular singlet fission (SF) in sTDI2. Upon decreasing the temperature from 295 to 200 K, the contribution of the 1(T1T1) state to the mixed species decreases concurrently with an increase in the CT state character. We attribute this behavior to the variation in the vibrational energy level alignment between the states comprising the mixture due to changes in the temperature and hence the local dielectric environment. In contrast, photoexcitation of sTDI2 in more polar mTHF at 295 K results in the formation of a mixed singlet and CT state before undergoing symmetry-breaking charge separation, owing to the increased stabilization of the CT state in the medium. However, in glassy mTHF at 85 K, photoexcited sTDI2 exhibits discernible multiexciton character, comparable to that observed in toluene at 200 K, which we rationalize by the similarity of the dielectric constants under these two sets of conditions. These observations of mixed states of varying diabatic contributions over the range of experimental conditions show that the temperature and the static dielectric constant can directly control the composition of the electronically mixed excited state of sTDI2 and thus the fate of the SF process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - James P O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jonathan D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Youn Jue Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Chenjian Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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23
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Chen M, Sato W, Shang R, Nakamura E. Iron-Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization of Diarylacetylene to a Strained 1,4-Dihydropentalene Framework for Narrow-Band-Gap Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6823-6828. [PMID: 33929185 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon bridging in a form of a strained 1,4-dihydropentalene framework is an effective strategy for flattening and stabilizing oligophenylenevinylene systems for the development of optoelectronic materials. However, efficient and flexible methods for making such a strained ring system are lacking. We report herein a mild and versatile synthetic access to the 1,4-dihydropentalene framework enabled by iron-catalyzed single-pot tandem cyclization of a diarylacetylene using FeCl2 and PPh3 as catalyst, magnesium/LiCl as a reductant, and 1,2-dichloropropane as a mild oxidant. The new annulation method features two iron-catalyzed transformations used in tandem, a reductive acetylenic carboferration and an oxidation-induced ring contraction of a ferracycle under mild oxidative conditions. The new method provides access not only to a variety of substituted indeno[2,1-a]indenes but also to their thiophene congeners, 4,9-dihydrobenzo[4,5]pentaleno[1,2-b]thiophene (CPTV) and 4,8-dihydropentaleno[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophenes (CTV). With its high highest occupied molecular orbital level and narrow optical gap, CTV serves as a donor unit in a narrow-band-gap non-fullerene acceptor, which shows absorption extending over 1000 nm in the film state, and has found use in a near-infrared photodetector device that exhibited an external quantum efficiency of 72.4% at 940 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Wataru Sato
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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24
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Medina Rivero S, Shang R, Hamada H, Yan Q, Tsuji H, Nakamura E, Casado J. Non-Aufbau Spiro-Conjugated Quinoidal & Aromatic Charged Radicals. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Hamada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Qifan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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25
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Kaga A, Iida H, Tsuchiya S, Saito H, Nakano K, Yorimitsu H. Aromatic Metamorphosis of Thiophenes by Means of Desulfurative Dilithiation. Chemistry 2021; 27:4567-4572. [PMID: 33349986 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new mode of aromatic metamorphosis has been developed, which allows thiophenes and their benzo-fused derivatives to be converted to a variety of exotic heteroles. This transformation involves 1) the efficient generation of key 1,4-dianions by means of desulfurative dilithiation with lithium powder and 2) the subsequent trapping of the dianions with heteroatom electrophiles in a one-pot manner. Via the desulfurative dilithiation, the sulfur atoms of thiophenes are replaced also with a carbon-carbon double bond or a 1,2-phenylene for the construction of benzene rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Iida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shun Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hayate Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Koji Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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26
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27
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Khorloo M, Yu X, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Yu S, Lam JWY, Zhu M, Tang BZ. Enantiomeric Switching of the Circularly Polarized Luminescence Processes in a Hierarchical Biomimetic System by Film Tilting. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1397-1406. [PMID: 33275400 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) switching has attracted great attention due to the potential applications in chiral photonics and electronics. However, the lack of examples to achieve switchable CPL within a single material in the dry solid state hampers the scope of applications. Herein, we demonstrate a crystalline chiral polymer film as a polarizing medium consisting of radially assembled twisted crystallites, where achiral aggregation-induced emissive luminogens (AIEgens) are confined between the twisted crystalline stacks, eventually yielding handedness-switchable CPL by simple film tilting. Hierarchically organized twisted crystallites create the selective reflection activity of the polarizing medium. Upon film tilting, enantiomeric switching is realized by selectively collecting transmitted and reflected CPL components. The confined AIEgens in the crystalline polarizing system show a great enhancement of the luminescence efficiency. Moreover, the approach is general with broadband activity, and various AIEgens could be applied to generate full-color-tunable CPL. Additionally, the rigid and continuous nature of this polarizing system affords enhanced optical stability and facile modulation, developing a general route for designing chiroptical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michidmaa Khorloo
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Senlong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Development of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- AIE Institute, Guangzhou Development District, Huangpu, Gunagzhou 510530, China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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28
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Wang X, Yang S, Tian Q, Zhong C, Qu Y, Yu Y, Jiang Z, Liao L. Multi‐Layer π‐Stacked Molecules as Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Qi Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Qi‐Sheng Tian
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yang‐Kun Qu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - You‐Jun Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zuo‐Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Liang‐Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
- Institute of Organic Optoelectronics Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI) Wujiang Suzhou Jiangsu 215211 P. R. China
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29
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Wang X, Yang S, Tian Q, Zhong C, Qu Y, Yu Y, Jiang Z, Liao L. Multi‐Layer π‐Stacked Molecules as Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5213-5219. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Qi Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Qi‐Sheng Tian
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yang‐Kun Qu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - You‐Jun Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zuo‐Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Liang‐Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
- Institute of Organic Optoelectronics Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI) Wujiang Suzhou Jiangsu 215211 P. R. China
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30
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Kubo M, Noguchi K, Nakano K. Chiral Benzo[b]silole-Fused 9,9'-Spirobi[fluorene]: Synthesis, Chiroptical Properties, and Transformation to π-Extended Polycyclic Arene. Chempluschem 2021; 86:171-175. [PMID: 33415848 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chiral spiro π-conjugated compounds have emerged as a new class of circularly polarized luminescent organic materials. Here we report the synthesis and (chir)optical properties of a chiral benzo[b]silole-fused 9,9'-spirobi[fluorene] (SBF) and π-extended spiro polycyclic arene. The benzo[b]silole-fused SBF was successfully synthesized by a rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular silylative cyclization. It was further transformed to the chiral π-extended spiro polycyclic arene by an annulative π-extension reaction. Less effective spiroconjugation was observed for these spiro compounds through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. They exhibit circularly polarized luminescence with the dissymmetry factors of up to 0.76×10-3 . Theoretical calculations demonstrate that emission of the benzo[b]silole-fused SBF occurs from one subunit, the structure of which is slightly different from that in the Frank-Condon state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Keiichi Noguchi
- Instrumentation Analysis Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
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31
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Liu QL, Ren BY, Sun YG, Xie LH, Huang W. Research Progress of Hole Transport Materials Based on Spiro Aromatic-Skeleton in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21060253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Bera S, Sarkar S, Samanta R. Recent quinone diazide based transformations via metal–carbene formation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01678d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in versatile synthetic transformations using quinone diazide based metal carbenes have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satabdi Bera
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Souradip Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Rajarshi Samanta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
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33
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Shibayama N, Maekawa H, Nakamura Y, Haruyama Y, Niibe M, Ito S. Control of Molecular Orientation of Spiro-OMeTAD on Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50187-50191. [PMID: 33084297 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) is utilized as a p-type semiconductor layer in perovskite solar cells and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Spiro-OMeTAD has been known to have a spiro center, leading to a random orientation. Although the molecular orientation of organic semiconductor materials influences the conductivity, which is directly related to semiconductor device characteristics, the molecular orientation of spiro-OMeTAD has not been fully discussed. In this study, we prepared spiro-OMeTAD layers on various substrates and investigated their orientation by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). Additionally, we demonstrated that the molecular orientation of spiro-OMeTAD could be controlled by changing their surface energies by changing the substrate materials. Consequently, we could improve the electrical conductivity by improving its molecular orientation. The results of this study provide a guideline for the preparation of organic semiconductor material layers using the wet-coating method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Shibayama
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Megro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maekawa
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yuiga Nakamura
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-gun 679-5198, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Haruyama
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo 678-1205, Japan
| | - Masahito Niibe
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo 678-1205, Japan
| | - Seigo Ito
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
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34
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Lu H, Nakamuro T, Yamashita K, Yanagisawa H, Nureki O, Kikkawa M, Gao H, Tian J, Shang R, Nakamura E. B/N-Doped p-Arylenevinylene Chromophores: Synthesis, Properties, and Microcrystal Electron Crystallographic Study. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18990-18996. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Takayuki Nakamuro
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahide Kikkawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Jiangwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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35
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Yang SY, Wang YK, Peng CC, Wu ZG, Yuan S, Yu YJ, Li H, Wang TT, Li HC, Zheng YX, Jiang ZQ, Liao LS. Circularly Polarized Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters in Through-Space Charge Transfer on Asymmetric Spiro Skeletons. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17756-17765. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ya-Kun Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chen-Chen Peng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zheng-Guang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - You-Jun Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Tong-Tong Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hong-Cheng Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zuo-Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Institute of Organic Optoelectronics, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Wujiang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215211, China
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36
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Liu S, Xia D, Baumgarten M. Rigidly Fused Spiro-Conjugated π-Systems. Chempluschem 2020; 86:36-48. [PMID: 32945571 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spiro-fused π-systems have gained considerable attention for their application as semiconductors in molecular electronics. Here, a synopsis regarding recent breakthroughs in ladderized spirobifluorenes and indeno-spirobifluorenes, along with further spiro-condensed heteroatomic hydrocarbons with donor-acceptor moieties, is provided. Additionally, an extended range of rigid spirobifluorene polymers and specific doubly linked spiro-systems with partial chiral character is discussed. The diverse applications of the aforementioned structures are thoroughly evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Debin Xia
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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37
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Zhang G, Xue N, Gu W, Yang X, Lv A, Zheng Y, Zhang L. Regiocontrolled dimerization of asymmetric diazaheptacene derivatives toward X-shaped porous semiconductors. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11235-11243. [PMID: 34094364 PMCID: PMC8162510 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03744c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformationally rigid X-shaped PAHs are attracting interest due to their self-assembly into unique networks and as models to study through-space exciton and charge delocalization in one single molecule. We report here the synthesis of X-shaped PAHs by dimerization of diazaheptacene diimides. The diimide groups are employed to effectively direct the self-assembly into antiparallel dimer aggregates, which assist the compounds to undergo a regiocontrolled [4 + 4] dimerization, leading to an X-shaped conformation bearing electron-poor and -rich subunits. The resulting PAHs are found to pack in 2D layers with large open channels and infinite π⋯π arrays. Furthermore, these highly crystalline porous materials serve as electron-transporting materials in OFETs due to the long-range π-stacked arrays in the layers. This work presents a potentially generalizable strategy, which may provide a unique class of porous semiconductors for organic devices, taking advantage of their open channels. The synthesis of conformationally rigid X-shaped PAHs by regiocontrolled cyclodimerization of diazaheptacene diimides is presented. The resulting porous materials exhibit enhanced semiconducting behaviors with large open channels.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Ning Xue
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Wen Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Xingzhou Yang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) Chengdu 610054 P. R. China
| | - Aifeng Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) Chengdu 610054 P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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38
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Spiro-conjugated indenodiarylethenes: enabling steric-induced electronic tuning of photochromic and photoluminescent properties by spiro-conjugation. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Zhu K, Kamochi K, Kodama T, Tobisu M, Amaya T. Chiral cyclic [ n]spirobifluorenylenes: carbon nanorings consisting of helically arranged quaterphenyl rods illustrating partial units of woven patterns. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9604-9610. [PMID: 34094226 PMCID: PMC8161682 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral cyclic [n]spirobifluorenylenes consisting of helically arranged quaterphenyl rods, illustrating partial units of woven patterns, were designed and synthesized as a new family of carbon nanorings. The synthesis was accomplished by the Ni(0)-mediated Yamamoto-coupling of chiral spirobifluorene building blocks. The structures of the cyclic 3-, 4-, and 5-mers were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. These carbon nanorings exhibited a strong violet colored emission with high quantum yields in solution (95%, 93%, and 94% for 3-, 4-, and 5-mer, respectively). Other spectroscopic properties, including their chiroptical properties, were also investigated. The g-values for circularly polarized luminescence were found to be in the order of 10−3. Characteristic spiroconjugation induced by multiple (≧3) bifluorenyl units, for example the even-odd effect of the number of units in the matching of the signs of the orbitals, was also indicated by DFT calculations. Chiral cyclic [n]spirobifluorenylenes consisting of helically arranged quaterphenyl rods, illustrating partial units of woven patterns, were designed and synthesized as a new family of carbon nanorings.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kosuke Kamochi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takuya Kodama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toru Amaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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40
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Tsuji H, Nakamura E. Synthesis, Property and Application of Rigid Planar Carbon-bridged Oligo(phenylenevinylene)s. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Martínez‐Pardo P, Laviós A, Sanz‐Marco A, Vila C, Pedro JR, Blay G. Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Diazaspirocycles from 4‐Benzylideneisoxazol‐5(4H)‐one Derivatives and Isocyanoacetate Esters. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martínez‐Pardo
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de València C/ Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100- Burjassot (València) Spain
| | - Adrián Laviós
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de València C/ Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100- Burjassot (València) Spain
| | - Amparo Sanz‐Marco
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de València C/ Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100- Burjassot (València) Spain
| | - Carlos Vila
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de València C/ Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100- Burjassot (València) Spain
| | - José R. Pedro
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de València C/ Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100- Burjassot (València) Spain
| | - Gonzalo Blay
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de València C/ Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100- Burjassot (València) Spain
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42
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Hamada H, Nakamuro T, Yamashita K, Yanagisawa H, Nureki O, Kikkawa M, Harano K, Shang R, Nakamura E. Spiro-Conjugated Carbon/Heteroatom-Bridgedp-Phenylenevinylenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Microcrystal Electron Crystallographic Analysis of Racemic Solid Solutions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Hamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakamuro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahide Kikkawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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43
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Shang W, Zhu X, Liang T, Du C, Hu L, Li T, Liu M. Chiral Reticular Self‐Assembly of Achiral AIEgen into Optically Pure Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with Dual Mechano‐Switchable Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12811-12816. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Shang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | | | - Cong Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Liangyu Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Tiesheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
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44
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Shang W, Zhu X, Liang T, Du C, Hu L, Li T, Liu M. Chiral Reticular Self‐Assembly of Achiral AIEgen into Optically Pure Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with Dual Mechano‐Switchable Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Shang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | | | - Cong Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Liangyu Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Tiesheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
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45
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Kong L, Han X, Liu S, Zou Y, Lan Y, Li X. Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Access to Spirocycles through C−H Activation and Axial‐to‐Central Chirality Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7188-7192. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingheng Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shannxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Xi Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shannxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Song Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Yun Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shannxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shannxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
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46
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Kong L, Han X, Liu S, Zou Y, Lan Y, Li X. Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Access to Spirocycles through C−H Activation and Axial‐to‐Central Chirality Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingheng Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shannxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Xi Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shannxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Song Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Yun Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shannxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shannxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
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