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Ramachandran PV, Alawaed AA, Hamann HJ. Catalyst- and Stoichiometry-Dependent Deoxygenative Reduction of Esters to Ethers or Alcohols with Borane-Ammonia. Org Lett 2023; 25:6902-6906. [PMID: 37690034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
A facile and selective room temperature deoxygenation of both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic esters to ethers has been achieved by regulating the stoichiometry of the reductant, BH3-NH3, and the catalyst, TiCl4. This first, practical borane-mediated process is compatible with various potentially sensitive functional groups and is applicable to the deoxygenative ether formation from typically challenging aromatic acid esters. Substituting BF3-Et2O as the catalyst alters the reaction pathway, reducing the esters to alcohols. Mechanistic insights are provided by NMR spectroscopy, deuterium labeling, and kinetic isotope studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdulkhaliq A Alawaed
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Henry J Hamann
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Berdugo-Díaz CE, Manetsch MT, Sik Yun Y, Lee J, Luo J, Chen X, Flaherty DW. Ester Reduction with H 2 on Bifunctional Metal-Acid Catalysts: Implications of Metal Identity on Rates and Selectivities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216165. [PMID: 36755505 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Esters reduce to form ethers and alcohols on contact with metal nanoparticles supported on Brønsted acidic faujasite (M-FAU) that cleave C-O bonds by hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis pathways. Rates and selectivities for each pathway depend on the metal identity (M=Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, and Pt). Pt-FAU gives propyl acetate consumption rates up to 100 times greater than other M-FAU catalysts and provides an ethyl propyl ether selectivity of 34 %. Measured formation rates, kinetic isotope effects, and site titrations suggest that ester reduction involves a bifunctional mechanism that implicates the stepwise addition of H* atoms to the carbonyl to form hemiacetals on the metal sites, followed by hemiacetal diffusion to a nearby Brønsted acid site to dehydrate to ethers or decompose to alcohol and aldehyde. The rates of reduction of propyl acetate appear to be determined by the H* addition to the carbonyl and by the C-O cleavage of hemiacetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Berdugo-Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Melissa T Manetsch
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yang Sik Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,C1 Gas & Carbon Convergent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jing Luo
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Xue Chen
- Dow Industrial Solutions, The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, TX 77566, USA
| | - David W Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Yuan K, Yamazaki Y, Jin X, Nozaki K. Multifunctional WO 3-ZrO 2-Supported Platinum Catalyst for Remarkably Efficient Hydrogenolysis of Esters to Alkanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3454-3461. [PMID: 36657125 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogenolysis of esters to alkanes is a key protocol for the synthesis of high-quality hydrocarbon fuels from renewable plant oils or fats. However, performing this process under mild energy-efficient conditions is challenging. Herein, we report a robust tungsten- and zirconium-oxide-supported platinum catalyst (Pt/WO3-ZrO2) for the hydrogenolysis of esters to alkanes at low temperatures (as low as 70 °C) and under ambient pressure (1 atm) of H2. For example, tristearin undergoes a complete conversion at 130 °C with more than 95% selectivity for the corresponding alkanes without carbon loss. In addition, the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst system reported herein permits multiple reuse of the catalyst without any significant loss of its high activity and selectivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that the multifunctional nature (acid and redox properties) of the WO3-ZrO2 support plays an important role in the high activity of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yukari Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Xiongjie Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Qu R, Junge K, Beller M. Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Related Compounds over Heterogeneous Catalysts: A Step toward Sustainable and Carbon-Neutral Processes. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1103-1165. [PMID: 36602203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic hydrogenation of esters and carboxylic acids represents a fundamental and important class of organic transformations, which is widely applied in energy, environmental, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to the low reactivity of the carbonyl group in carboxylic acids and esters, this type of reaction is, however, rather challenging. Hence, specifically active catalysts are required to achieve a satisfactory yield. Nevertheless, in recent years, remarkable progress has been made on the development of catalysts for this type of reaction, especially heterogeneous catalysts, which are generally dominating in industry. Here in this review, we discuss the recent breakthroughs as well as milestone achievements for the hydrogenation of industrially important carboxylic acids and esters utilizing heterogeneous catalysts. In addition, related catalytic hydrogenations that are considered of importance for the development of cleaner energy technologies and a circular chemical industry will be discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to the insights into the structure-activity relationship, which will help the readers to develop rational design strategies for the synthesis of more efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Qu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany
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Berdugo-Díaz CE, Yun YS, Manetsch MT, Luo J, Barton DG, Chen X, Flaherty DW. Pathways for Reactions of Esters with H 2 over Supported Pd Catalysts: Elementary Steps, Site Requirements, and Particle Size Effects. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E. Berdugo-Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yang Sik Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Melissa T. Manetsch
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jing Luo
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - David G. Barton
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Xue Chen
- Dow Industrial Solutions, The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas 77566, United States
| | - David W. Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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6
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The importance of Brønsted acid sites on C O bond rupture selectivities during hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of esters. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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