1
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Qi C, Bi Y, Wang Y, Yu H, Tian Y, Zong P, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Wang M, Xing T, Wu M, Tu X, Wu W. Unveiling the Mechanism of Plasma-Catalyzed Oxidation of Methane to C 2+ Oxygenates over Cu/UiO-66-NH 2. ACS Catal 2024; 14:7707-7716. [PMID: 38779184 PMCID: PMC11106747 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nonthermal plasma (NTP) offers the potential for converting CH4 with CO2 into liquid products under mild conditions, but controlling liquid selectivity and manipulating intermediate species remain significant challenges. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the Cu/UiO-66-NH2 catalyst in promising the conversion of CH4 and CO2 into oxygenates within a dielectric barrier discharge NTP reactor under ambient conditions. The 10% Cu/UiO-66-NH2 catalyst achieved an impressive 53.4% overall liquid selectivity, with C2+ oxygenates accounting for ∼60.8% of the total liquid products. In situ plasma-coupled Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests that Cu facilitates the cleavage of surface adsorbed COOH species (*COOH), generating *CO and enabling its migration to the surface of Cu particles. This surface-bound *CO then undergoes C-C coupling and hydrogenation, leading to ethanol production. Further analysis using CO diffuse reflection FTIR and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates that in situ generated surface *CO is more effective than gas-phase CO (g) in promoting C-C coupling and C2+ liquid formation. This work provides valuable mechanistic insights into C-C coupling and C2+ liquid production during plasma-catalytic CO2 oxidation of CH4 under ambient conditions. These findings hold broader implications for the rational design of more efficient catalysts for this reaction, paving the way for advancements in sustainable fuel and chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yifu Bi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
- Sinopec
Qingdao Refining & Chemical CO., LTD, Qingdao 266500, P. R. China
| | - Yaolin Wang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Hong Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyu Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Peijie Zong
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Qinhua Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Mingqing Wang
- National
Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification and Coal-Based Advanced
Materials, ShanDong Energy Group CO., LTD, Jinan 250101, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xing
- National
Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification and Coal-Based Advanced
Materials, ShanDong Energy Group CO., LTD, Jinan 250101, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xin Tu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Wenting Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
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2
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Shah D, Nezam I, Zhou W, Proaño L, Jones CW. Isomorphous Substitution in ZSM-5 in Tandem Methanol/Zeolite Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Aromatics. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 38:2224-2234. [PMID: 38323028 PMCID: PMC10839831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c03755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Intensified reactors for conversion of CO2 to methanol (via hydrogenation) using metal oxide catalysts coupled with methanol conversion to aromatics in the presence of zeolites (e.g., H-ZSM-5) in a single step are investigated. Brønsted acid sites (BAS) in H-ZSM-5 are important sites in methanol aromatization reactions, and correlations of the reactivity with zeolite acid properties can guide reaction optimization. A classical way of tuning the acidity of zeolites is via the effect of the isomorphous substitution of the heteroatom in the framework. In this work, H-[Al/Ga/Fe]-ZSM-5 zeolites are synthesized with Si/T ratios = 80, 300, affecting the acid site strength as well as distribution of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. On catalytic testing of the H-[Al/Ga/Fe]-ZSM-5/ZnO-ZrO2 samples for tandem CO2 hydrogenation and methanol conversion, the presence of weaker Brønsted acid sites improves the aromatics selectivity (CO2 to aromatics selectivity ranging from 13 to 47%); however, this effect of acid strength was not observed at low T atom content. Catalytic testing of H-[B]-ZSM-5/ZnO-ZrO2 provides no conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons, showing that there is a minimum acid site strength needed for measurable aromatization reactivity. The H-[Fe]-ZSM-5-80/ZnO-ZrO2 catalyst shows the best catalytic activity with a CO2 conversion of ∼10% with a CO2 to aromatics selectivity of ∼51%. The catalyst is shown to provide stable activity and selectivity over more than 250 h on stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrumil
R. Shah
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Iman Nezam
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering
Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and
Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Laura Proaño
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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3
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Ma Y, Conroy S, Shaw A, Alliati IM, Sels BF, Zhang X, Tu X. Plasma-Enabled Selective Synthesis of Biobased Phenolics from Lignin-Derived Feedstock. JACS AU 2023; 3:3101-3110. [PMID: 38034967 PMCID: PMC10685411 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Converting abundant biomass-derived feedstocks into value-added platform chemicals has attracted increasing interest in biorefinery; however, the rigorous operating conditions that are required limit the commercialization of these processes. Nonthermal plasma-based electrification using intermittent renewable energy is an emerging alternative for sustainable next-generation chemical synthesis under mild conditions. Here, we report a hydrogen-free tunable plasma process for the selective conversion of lignin-derived anisole into phenolics with a high selectivity of 86.9% and an anisole conversion of 45.6% at 150 °C. The selectivity to alkylated chemicals can be tuned through control of the plasma alkylation process by changing specific energy input. The combined experimental and computational results reveal that the plasma generated H and CH3 radicals exhibit a "catalytic effect" that reduces the activation energy of the transalkylation reactions, enabling the selective anisole conversion at low temperatures. This work opens the way for the sustainable and selective production of phenolic chemicals from biomass-derived feedstocks under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Ma
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Stuart Conroy
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Alexander Shaw
- School
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Ignacio M. Alliati
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center
for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
- School
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Xin Tu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
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4
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Zeng Y, Chen G, Liu B, Zhang H, Tu X. Unraveling Temperature-Dependent Plasma-Catalyzed CO 2 Hydrogenation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:19629-19637. [PMID: 38037621 PMCID: PMC10682984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to value-added chemicals and fuels has recently gained increasing attention as a promising route for utilizing carbon dioxide to achieve a sustainable society. In this study, we investigated the hydrogenation of CO2 over M/SiO2 and M/Al2O3 (M = Co, Ni) catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge system at different temperatures. We compared three different reaction modes: plasma alone, thermal catalysis, and plasma catalysis. The coupling of catalysts with plasma demonstrated synergy at different reaction temperatures, surpassing the thermal catalysis and plasma alone modes. The highest CO2 conversions under plasma-catalytic conditions at reaction temperatures of 350 and 500 °C were achieved with a Co/SiO2 catalyst (66%) and a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst (68%), respectively. Extensive characterizations were used to analyze the physiochemical characteristics of the catalysts. The results show that plasma power was more efficient than heating power at the same temperature for the CO2 hydrogenation. This demonstrates that the performance of CO2 hydrogenation can be significantly improved in the presence of plasma at lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zeng
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
- Shenzhen
Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoxing Chen
- Fraunhofer
Research Institution for Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies
IWKS, Brentanostraße 2a, 63755 Alzenau, Germany
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province,
Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314031, China
- Zhejiang
University Qingshanhu Energy Research Center, 311305 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
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5
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Nan R, Liu S, Zhai M, Zhu M, Sun X, Chen Y, Pang Q, Zhang J. Facile Synthesis of Cu-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for the Enhanced Photocatalytic Disinfection of Bacteria and Fungi. Molecules 2023; 28:7232. [PMID: 37894712 PMCID: PMC10609236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Cu-doped ZnO was prepared via the facile one-pot solvothermal approach. The structure and composition of the synthesized samples were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analyses, revealing that the synthesized samples consisted of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy analysis showed that Cu-doping significantly improves the visible light absorption properties of ZnO. The photocatalytic capacity of the synthesized samples was tested via the disinfection of Escherichia coli, with the Cu-ZnO presenting enhanced disinfection compared to pure ZnO. Of the synthesized materials, 7% Cu-ZnO exhibited the best photocatalytic performance, for which the size was ~9 nm. The photocurrent density of the 7% Cu-ZnO samples was also significantly higher than that of pure ZnO. The antifungal activity for 7% Cu-ZnO was also tested on the pathogenic fungi of Fusarium graminearum. The macroconidia of F. graminearum was treated with 7% Cu-ZnO photocatalyst for 5 h, resulting in a three order of magnitude reduction at a concentration of 105 CFU/mL. Fluorescence staining tests were used to verify the survival of macroconidia before and after photocatalytic treatment. ICP-MS was used to confirm that Cu-ZnO met national standards for cu ion precipitation, indicating that Cu-ZnO are environmentally friendly materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichun Nan
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Haikou 571100, China
- School of Food and Bioengineering, College of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shurui Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, College of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Luohe Weilong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Luohe 462000, China
| | - Mengwan Zhai
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Haikou 571100, China
- School of Food and Bioengineering, College of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengzhen Zhu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, College of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Yisong Chen
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Qiangqiang Pang
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, College of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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6
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Nguyen HM, Gorky F, Guthrie S, Carreon ML. Sustainable ammonia synthesis from nitrogen wet with sea water by single-step plasma catalysis. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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7
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Xu S, Chen H, Fan X. Rational design of catalysts for non-thermal plasma (NTP) catalysis: A reflective review. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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8
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Liu L, Dai J, Das S, Wang Y, Yu H, Xi S, Zhang Z, Tu X. Plasma-Catalytic CO 2 Reforming of Toluene over Hydrotalcite-Derived NiFe/(Mg, Al)O x Catalysts. JACS AU 2023; 3:785-800. [PMID: 37006774 PMCID: PMC10052232 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The removal of tar and CO2 in syngas from biomass gasification is crucial for the upgrading and utilization of syngas. CO2 reforming of tar (CRT) is a potential solution which simultaneously converts the undesirable tar and CO2 to syngas. In this study, a hybrid dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma-catalytic system was developed for the CO2 reforming of toluene, a model tar compound, at a low temperature (∼200 °C) and ambient pressure. Periclase-phase (Mg, Al)O x nanosheet-supported NiFe alloy catalysts with various Ni/Fe ratios were synthesized from ultrathin Ni-Fe-Mg-Al hydrotalcite precursors and employed in the plasma-catalytic CRT reaction. The result demonstrated that the plasma-catalytic system is promising in promoting the low-temperature CRT reaction by generating synergy between DBD plasma and the catalyst. Among the various catalysts, Ni4Fe1-R exhibited superior activity and stability because of its highest specific surface area, which not only provided sufficient active sites for the adsorption of reactants and intermediates but also enhanced the electric field in the plasma. Furthermore, the stronger lattice distortion of Ni4Fe1-R provided more isolated O2- for CO2 adsorption, and having the most intensive interaction between Ni and Fe in Ni4Fe1-R restrained the catalyst deactivation induced by the segregation of Fe from the alloy to form FeO x . Finally, in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with comprehensive catalyst characterization was used to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the plasma-catalytic CRT reaction and gain new insights into the plasma-catalyst interfacial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key
Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jing Dai
- College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key
Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sonali Das
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Yaolin Wang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Han Yu
- College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key
Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute
of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*
STAR, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong
Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- School
of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of
Clean Energy and Pollution Control, Hebei
University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
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9
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Van J, Chen G, Xiang Y. Dual-Bed Plasma/Catalytic Synergy for Methane Transformation into Aromatics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Van
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Genwei Chen
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Yizhi Xiang
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
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10
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Mei D, Sun M, Liu S, Zhang P, Fang Z, Tu X. Plasma-enabled catalytic dry reforming of CH4 into syngas, hydrocarbons and oxygenates: Insight into the active metals of γ-Al2O3 supported catalysts. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Mei D, Zhang P, Duan G, Liu S, Zhou Y, Fang Z, Tu X. CH4 reforming with CO2 using a nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Mei D, Liu S, Yanik J, Lopez G, Olazar M, Fang Z, Tu X. Plasma-Catalytic Reforming of Naphthalene and Toluene as Biomass Tar over Honeycomb Catalysts in a Gliding Arc Reactor. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:8958-8969. [PMID: 35846799 PMCID: PMC9277663 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass gasification is a promising and sustainable process to produce renewable and CO2-neutral syngas (H2 and CO). However, the contamination of syngas with tar is one of the major challenges to limit the deployment of biomass gasification on a commercial scale. Here, we propose a hybrid plasma-catalytic system for steam reforming of tar compounds over honeycomb-based catalysts in a gliding arc discharge (GAD) reactor. The reaction performances were evaluated using the blank substrate and coated catalytic materials (γ-Al2O3 and Ni/γ-Al2O3). Compared with the plasma alone process, introducing the honeycomb materials in GAD prolonged the residence time of reactant molecules for collision with plasma reactive species to promote their conversions. The presence of Ni/γ-Al2O3 gave the best performance with the high conversion of toluene (86.3%) and naphthalene (75.5%) and yield of H2 (35.0%) and CO (49.1%), while greatly inhibiting the formation of byproducts. The corresponding highest overall energy efficiency of 50.9 g/kWh was achieved, which was 35.4% higher than that in the plasma alone process. Characterization of the used catalyst and long-term running indicated that the honeycomb material coated with Ni/γ-Al2O3 had strong carbon resistance and excellent stability. The superior catalytic performance of Ni/γ-Al2O3 can be mainly ascribed to the large specific surface area and the in situ reduction of nickel oxide species in the reaction process, which promoted the interaction between plasma reactive species and catalysts and generated the plasma-catalysis synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Mei
- College
of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Shiyun Liu
- College
of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jale Yanik
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gartzen Lopez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E48080 Bilbao, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martin Olazar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Zhi Fang
- College
of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
- . Tel: +86-13913984180
| | - Xin Tu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
- . Tel: +44-1517944513
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