1
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Arango-Daza JC, Rivero-Crespo MA. Multi-Catalytic Metal-Based Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Systems in Organic Chemistry. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400443. [PMID: 38958991 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The combination of metal-based homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in the same reaction media is a powerful, yet relatively unexplored approach in organic chemistry. This strategy can address important limitations associated with purely homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis such as the incompatibility of different catalytic species in solution, or the limited tunability of solid catalysts, respectively. Moreover, the facile reusability of the solid catalyst, contributes to increase the overall sustainability of the process. As a result, this semi-heterogeneous multi-catalytic approach has unlocked significant advances in organic chemistry, improving existing reactions and even enabling the discovery of novel transformations, exemplified by the formal alkane metathesis. This concept article aims to showcase the benefits of this strategy through the exploration of diverse relevant examples from the literature, hoping to spur research on new metal-based homogeneous-heterogeneous catalyst combinations that will result in reactivity challenging to achieve by conventional homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Arango-Daza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miguel A Rivero-Crespo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Marron DP, Galvin CM, Dressel JM, Waymouth RM. Cobaltocene-Mediated Catalytic Hydride Transfer: Strategies for Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17075-17083. [PMID: 38864712 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The selective electrocatalytic hydrogenation of organics with transition metal hydrides is a promising strategy for electrosynthesis and energy storage. We report the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of acetone with a cyclopentadienone-iridium complex in a tandem electrocatalytic cycle with a cobaltocene mediator. The reductive protonation of cobaltocenium with mild acids generates (C5H5)CoI(C5H6) (CpCoI(CpH)), which functions as an electrocatalytic hydride mediator to deliver a hydride to cationic Ir(III) without generating hydrogen. Electrocatalytic hydride transfer by CpCoI(CpH) to a cationic Ir species leads to the efficient (Faradaic efficiency > 90%) electrohydrogenation of acetone, a valuable hydrogenation target as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC). Hydride-transfer mediation presents a powerful strategy to generate metal hydrides that are inaccessible by stepwise electron/proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Marron
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| | - Conor M Galvin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| | - Julia M Dressel
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
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3
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Wang B, Huang X, Bi H, Liu J. Electroreductive alkylations of (hetero)arenes with carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4970. [PMID: 38862567 PMCID: PMC11166922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are widely available and generally inexpensive from abundant biomass feedstocks, and they are suitable and generic coupling partners in synthetic chemistry. Reported herein is an electroreductive coupling of stable and versatile carboxylic acids with (hetero)arenes using protons as the hydrogen source. The application of an earth-abundant titanium catalyst has significantly improved the deoxygenative reduction process. Preliminary mechanistic studies provide insights into the deoxygenative reduction of in-situ generated ketone pathway, and the intermediacy generation of ketyl radical and alkylidene titanocene. Without the necessity of pressurized hydrogen or stoichiometric hydride as reductants, this protocol enables highly selective and straightforward synthesis of various functionalized and structurally diverse alkylbenzenes under mild conditions. The utility of this reaction is further demonstrated through practical and valuable isotope incorporation from readily available deuterium source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Xianshuai Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Huihua Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, 511300, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Lian F, Li JL, Xu K. When transition-metal catalysis meets electrosynthesis: a recent update. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4390-4419. [PMID: 38771266 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00484a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
While aiming at sustainable synthesis, organic electrosynthesis has attracted increasing attention in the past few years. In parallel, with a deeper understanding of catalyst and ligand design, 3d transition-metal catalysis allows the conception of more straightforward synthetic routes in a cost-effective fashion. Owing to their intrinsic advantages, the merger of organic electrosynthesis with 3d transition-metal catalysis has offered huge opportunities for conceptually novel transformations while limiting ecological footprint. This review summarizes the key advancements in this direction published in the recent two years, with specific focus placed on strategy design and mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lian
- School of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China.
| | - Jiu-Ling Li
- School of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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5
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Czaikowski ME, Anferov SW, Anderson JS. Metal-ligand cooperativity in chemical electrosynthesis. CHEM CATALYSIS 2024; 4:100922. [PMID: 38799408 PMCID: PMC11115383 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2024.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has been an increasingly useful tool for organic synthesis, as it can selectively generate reactive intermediates under mild conditions using an applied potential. Concurrently, synergistic activity of a metal and a ligand has been used in thermal catalysis and electrocatalytic renewable fuel generation for substrate selectivity and improved catalyst activity. Combining these synthetic strategies is an attractive approach for mild, selective, and sustainable electrosynthesis. This perspective discusses examples of metal-ligand synergistic catalysis in electrochemical applications in organic and organometallic synthesis. The range of reactions and ligand design principles illustrates many opportunities for further discovery in this area and the potential for far-reaching synthetic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia E. Czaikowski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sophie W. Anferov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - John S. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627, USA
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6
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Wang T, He F, Jiang W, Liu J. Electrohydrogenation of Nitriles with Amines by Cobalt Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316140. [PMID: 38124405 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles represents an efficient and sustainable one-step synthesis of valuable bulk and fine chemicals. We report herein a molecular cobalt electrocatalyst for selective hydrogenative coupling of nitriles with amines using protons as the hydrogen source. The key to success for this reductive reaction is the use of an electrocatalytic approach for efficient cobalt-hydride generation through a sequence of cathodic reduction and protonation. As only electrons (e- ) and protons (H+ ) as the redox equivalent and hydrogen source, this general electrohydrogenation protocol is showcased by highly selective and straightforward synthesis of various functionalized and structurally diverse amines, as well as deuterium isotope labeling applications. Mechanistic studies reveal that the electrogenerated cobalt-hydride transfer to nitrile process is the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Fangfang He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, 511300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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7
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Czaikowski ME, Anferov SW, Tascher AP, Anderson JS. Electrocatalytic Semihydrogenation of Terminal Alkynes Using Ligand-Based Transfer of Protons and Electrons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:476-486. [PMID: 38163759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Alkyne semihydrogenation is a broadly important transformation in chemical synthesis. Here, we introduce an electrochemical method for the selective semihydrogenation of terminal alkynes using a dihydrazonopyrrole Ni complex capable of storing an H2 equivalent (2H+ + 2e-) on the ligand backbone. This method is chemoselective for the semihydrogenation of terminal alkynes over internal alkynes or alkenes. Mechanistic studies reveal that the transformation is concerted and Z-selective. Calculations support a ligand-based hydrogen-atom transfer pathway instead of a hydride mechanism, which is commonly invoked for transition metal hydrogenation catalysts. The synthesis of the proposed intermediates demonstrates that the catalytic mechanism proceeds through a reduced formal Ni(I) species. The high yields for terminal alkene products without over-reduction or oligomerization are among the best reported for any homogeneous catalyst. Furthermore, the metal-ligand cooperative hydrogen transfer enabled with this system directs the efficient flow of H atom equivalents toward alkyne reduction rather than hydrogen evolution, providing a blueprint for applying similar strategies toward a wide range of electroreductive transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia E Czaikowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sophie W Anferov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alex P Tascher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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8
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Reid AG, Moberg ME, Koellner CA, Machan CW, Thornton DA, Dickenson JC, Stober JJ, Turner DA, Tarring TJ, Brown CA, Harrison DP. Sterically attenuated electronic communication in cobalt complexes of meridional isoquinoline-derived ligands for applications in electrocatalysis. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:194306. [PMID: 37982482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to synthetically tune the ligand frameworks of redox-active molecules is of critical importance to the economy of solar fuels because manipulating their redox properties can afford control over the operating potentials of sustained electrocatalytic or photoelectrocatalytic processes. The electronic and steric properties of 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (Terpy) ligand frameworks can be tuned by functional group substitution on ligand backbones, and these correlate strongly to their Hammett parameters. The synthesis of a new series of tridentate meridional ligands of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines that engineers the ability to finely tune the redox potentials of cobalt complexes to more positive potentials than that of their Terpy analogs is achieved by aryl-functionalizing at the four-position and by including isoquinoline at the two- and six-positions of pyridine (Aryl-DiQ). Their cobalt complex syntheses, their electronic properties, and their catalytic activity for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction are reported and compared to their Terpy analogs. The cobalt derivatives generally experience a positive shift in their redox features relative to the Terpy-based analogs, covering a complementary potential range. Although those evaluated fail to produce any quantifiable products for the reduction of CO2 and suffer from long-term instability, these results suggest possible alternate strategies for stabilizing these compounds during catalysis. We speculate that lower equilibrium association constants to the cobalt center are intrinsic to these ligands, which originate from a steric interaction between protons on the pyridine and isoquinoline moieties. Nevertheless, the new Aryl-DiQ ligand framework has been engineered to selectively tune homoleptic cobalt complexes' redox potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
| | - Megan E Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
| | - Connor A Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
| | - Diana A Thornton
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - John C Dickenson
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - Jeffry J Stober
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - David A Turner
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - Travis J Tarring
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - Caleb A Brown
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
| | - Daniel P Harrison
- Virginia Military Institute, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, Virginia 24450, USA
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9
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Durin G, Lee MY, Pogany MA, Weyhermüller T, Kaeffer N, Leitner W. Hydride-Free Hydrogenation: Unraveling the Mechanism of Electrocatalytic Alkyne Semihydrogenation by Nickel-Bipyridine Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17103-17111. [PMID: 37490541 PMCID: PMC10416305 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenation reactions of carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds are central in synthetic chemistry. Efficient catalysis of these reactions classically recourses to heterogeneous or homogeneous transition-metal species. Whether thermal or electrochemical, C-C multiple bond catalytic hydrogenations commonly involve metal hydrides as key intermediates. Here, we report that the electrocatalytic alkyne semihydrogenation by molecular Ni bipyridine complexes proceeds without the mediation of a hydride intermediate. Through a combined experimental and theoretical investigation, we disclose a mechanism that primarily involves a nickelacyclopropene resting state upon alkyne binding to a low-valent Ni(0) species. A following sequence of protonation and electron transfer steps via Ni(II) and Ni(I) vinyl intermediates then leads to olefin release in an overall ECEC-type pattern as the most favored pathway. Our results also evidence that pathways involving hydride intermediates are strongly disfavored, which in turn promotes high semihydrogenation selectivity by avoiding competing hydrogen evolution. While bypassing catalytically competent hydrides, this type of mechanism still retains inner-metal-sphere characteristics with the formation of organometallic intermediates, often essential to control regio- or stereoselectivity. We think that this approach to electrocatalytic reductions of unsaturated organic groups can open new paradigms for hydrogenation or hydroelementation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Durin
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Martina A. Pogany
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kaeffer
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institut
für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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10
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Mukhopadhyay S, Kottaichamy AR, Chame PV, Ghosh P, Vinod CP, Makri Nimbegondi Kotresh H, Kanade SC, Thotiyl MO. Unusual Ligand Assistance in Molecular Electrocatalysis via Interfacial Proton Charge Assembly. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:5377-5385. [PMID: 37278536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that the ability of the ligand to reorganize the electric double layer (EDL) often dominates the electrocatalysis contrary to their inductive effect in the spectrochemical series, leading to counterintuitive electrocatalysis. With water oxidation and chlorine evolution as the probe reactions, the same catalytic entity with carboxy functionalized ligand exhibited surprisingly higher electrochemical activity in comparison to the aggressively electron-withdrawing nitro functionalized ligands, which is contrary to their actual location in the spectrochemical series. Spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses suggest the enrichment of catalytically active species in the carboxy substituted ligand via proton charge assembly in the EDL that in turn enhances the kinetics of the overall electrochemical process. This demonstration of less obvious ligands becoming indispensable in electrocatalysis suggests a blind designing of ligands solely based on their inductive effect should be reconsidered as it will prevent the utilization of the maximum potential of the molecule in electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchayita Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Alagar Raja Kottaichamy
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Pallavi Vyankuram Chame
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Prasenjit Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Pune 411008, India
| | | | | | - Sandeep C Kanade
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Musthafa Ottakam Thotiyl
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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11
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Biowaste-Derived Heteroatom-Doped Porous Carbon as a Sustainable Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroatom-doped porous carbon material (H-PCM) was synthesized using Anacardium occidentale (cashew) nut’s skin by a simple pyrolysis route. The resulting H-PCM was thoroughly characterized by various analytical techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmittance electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The obtained results strongly demonstrated that the synthesized H-PCM exhibited a porous nature, continuous sponge-like and sheet-like smooth morphology, and a moderate degree of graphitization/crystallinity with oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing functionalities in the carbon matrix. After the structural confirmation, as-prepared H-PCM has used a sustainable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) because the metal-free carbonaceous catalysts are one of the most promising candidates. The H-PCM showed excellent HER activities with a lowest Tafel slope of 75 mV dec−1 and durable stability in 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solution. Moreover, this work provides a versatile and effective strategy for designing excellent metal-free electrocatalysts from the cheapest biowaste/biomass for large-scale production of hydrogen gas through electrochemical water splitting.
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12
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Prudlik A, Mohebbati N, Hildebrandt L, Heck A, Nuhn L, Francke R. TEMPO-Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis: Influence of the Molecular Weight on Redox Properties and Electrocatalytic Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202730. [PMID: 36426862 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysts ("mediators") are frequently employed in organic electrosynthesis to control selectivity. Despite their advantages, they can have a negative influence on the overall energy and mass balance if used only once or recycled inefficiently. Polymediators are soluble redox-active polymers applicable as electrocatalysts, enabling recovery by dialysis or membrane filtration. Using anodic alcohol oxidation as an example, we have demonstrated that TEMPO-modified polymethacrylates (TPMA) can act as efficient and recyclable catalysts. In the present work, the influence of the molecular size on the redox properties and the catalytic activity was carefully elaborated using a series of TPMAs with well-defined molecular weight distributions. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the polymer chain length has a pronounced impact on the key-properties. Together with preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, an optimum size range was identified for polymediator-guided sustainable reaction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alina Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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13
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Roy PK, Amanai K, Shimizu R, Kodera M, Kurahashi T, Kitayama K, Hitomi Y. Electrochemical Epoxidation Catalyzed by Manganese Salen Complex and Carbonate with Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Molecules 2023; 28:1797. [PMID: 36838783 PMCID: PMC9963765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxides are essential precursors for epoxy resins and other chemical products. In this study, we investigated whether electrochemically oxidizing carbonate ions could produce percarbonate to promote an epoxidation reaction in the presence of appropriate metal catalysts, although Tanaka and co-workers had already completed a separate study in which the electrochemical oxidation of chloride ions was used to produce hypochlorite ions for electrochemical epoxidation. We found that epoxides could be obtained from styrene derivatives in the presence of metal complexes, including manganese(III) and oxidovanadium(IV) porphyrin complexes and manganese salen complexes, using a boron-doped diamond as the anode. After considering various complexes as potential catalysts, we found that manganese salen complexes showed better performance in terms of epoxide yield. Furthermore, the substituent effect of the manganese salen complex was also investigated, and it was found that the highest epoxide yields were obtained when Jacobsen's catalyst was used. Although there is still room for improving the yields, this study has shown that the in situ electrochemical generation of percarbonate ions is a promising method for the electrochemical epoxidation of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Kanti Roy
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Keisuke Amanai
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Masahito Kodera
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Takuya Kurahashi
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Nagasaki, Siebold Campus 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo, Nishi-Sonogi, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
- PRESTO/JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kenji Kitayama
- R & D Material SBU, Daicel Corporation, Ofuka-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0011, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hitomi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
- PRESTO/JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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14
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Hernandez-Tovar JV, López-Tenés M, Gonzalez J. Square Wave Voltcoulommetry of two-electron molecular electrocatalytic processes with adsorbed species. Application to the surface O2 reduction in acetonitrile at anthraquinone-modified glassy carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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15
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Shao W, Lu B, Cao J, Zhang J, Cao H, Zhang F, Zhang C. The Use of Redox Mediators in Electrocatalysis and Electrosynthesis. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201093. [PMID: 36577711 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis, which convert the electrical energy and store them in the chemical forms, have been considered as promising technologies to utilize green renewable energy sources. Most of the studies focused on developing novel active molecules or advanced electrodes to improve the performance. However, the direct acquisition and electron transferring will be limited by the intrinsic characters of the electrodes. The introduce of redox mediators, which are served as the intermediate electron carriers or reservoirs without changing the final products, provide a unique approach to accelerate the electrochemical performance of these energy conversions. This review provides an overview of the recent development of electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis by using redox mediators, and provides a comprehensive discussion toward focusing on the principles and construction of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weide Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Biao Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Jinpeng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Hairu Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
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Groff BD, Mayer JM. Optimizing Catalysis by Combining Molecular Scaling Relationships: Iron Porphyrin-Catalyzed Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction as a Case Study. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Groff
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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