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Salvitti C, de Petris G, Troiani A, Managò M, Di Noi A, Ricci A, Pepi F. Sulfuric Acid Catalyzed Esterification of Amino Acids in Thin Film. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2748-2754. [PMID: 37904271 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The esterification reaction of different amino acids with methanol catalyzed by H2SO4 was first studied in the small volume of thin films generated by ESI microdroplet deposition. The reaction is promoted by the pneumatic spray of the ESI source and reaches its maximum efficiency at a thin film temperature of 70 °C. Selective esterification of the COOH moiety was demonstrated. Microdroplet size and thin film volume and lifetime are critical parameters that influenced the reaction outcome. As expected, l-tyrosine and l-phenylalanine having aromatic side chain substituents were the most reactive amino acids, reaching absolute yields of around 40-50%. The amino acid esterification catalyzed by H2SO4 in a thin film occurs under synthetic conditions in which the same reaction in the bulk is not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia de Petris
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Managò
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Noi
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andreina Ricci
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Lincoln 5, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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2
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Heiss DR, Amoah E, Badu-Tawiah AK. Two-dimensional isomer differentiation using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with in-source, droplet-based derivatization. Analyst 2023; 148:5270-5278. [PMID: 37740330 PMCID: PMC10696534 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01276j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Saccharides are increasingly used as biomarkers and for therapeutic purposes. Their characterization is challenging due to their low ionization efficiencies and inherent structural heterogeneity. Here, we illustrate how the coupling of online droplet-based reaction, in a form of contained electrospray (ES) ion source, with liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allows the comprehensive characterization of sucrose isomers. We used the reaction between phenylboronic acid and cis-diols for on-the-fly derivatization of saccharides eluting from the LC column followed by in situ MS/MS analysis, which afforded diagnostic fragment ions that enabled differentiation of species indistinguishable by chromatography or mass spectrometry alone. For example, chromatograms differing only by 2% in retention times were flagged to be different based on incompatible MS/MS fragmentation patterns. This orthogonal LC-contained-ES-MS/MS method was applied to confirm the presence of turanose, palatinose, maltulose, and maltose, which are structural isomers of sucrose, in three different honey samples. The reported workflow does not require modification to existing mass spectrometers, and the contained-ES platform itself acts both as the ion source and the reactor, all promising widespread application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derik R Heiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Enoch Amoah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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3
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Meng Y, Zare RN, Gnanamani E. One-Step, Catalyst-Free Formation of Phenol from Benzoic Acid Using Water Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19202-19206. [PMID: 37624585 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid dissolved in water is electrosprayed (-4 kV) by using nitrogen gas at a pressure of 120 psi to form ∼10 μm diameter microdroplets. Analysis with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) of the resulting microdroplets shows the direct formation of phenol via decarboxylation without any catalyst or added reagents. This process represents an ecofriendly, environmentally benign method for producing phenol and related aromatic alcohols from their corresponding aromatic acids. The mechanism of this transformation was unambiguously characterized using mass spectrometry, radical trapping, and 18O labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elumalai Gnanamani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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4
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Namani T, Ruf RJ, Arsano I, Hu R, Wesdemiotis C, Sahai N. Novel Chimeric Amino Acid-Fatty Alcohol Ester Amphiphiles Self-Assemble into Stable Primitive Membranes in Diverse Geological Settings. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:327-343. [PMID: 36724479 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Primitive cells are believed to have been self-assembled vesicular structures with minimal metabolic components, that were capable of self-maintenance and self-propagation in early Earth geological settings. The coevolution and self-assembly of biomolecules, such as amphiphiles, peptides, and nucleic acids, or their precursors, were essential for protocell emergence. Here, we present a novel class of amphiphiles-amino acid-fatty alcohol esters-that self-assemble into stable primitive membrane compartments under a wide range of geochemical conditions. Glycine n-octyl ester (GOE) and isoleucine n-octyl ester (IOE), the condensation ester products of glycine or isoleucine with octanol (OcOH), are expected to form at a mild temperature by wet-dry cycles. The GOE forms micelles in acidic aqueous solutions (pH 2-7) and vesicles at intermediate pH (pH 7.3-8.2). When mixed with cosurfactants (octanoic acid [OcA]; OcOH, or decanol) in different mole fractions [XCosurfactant = 0.1-0.5], the vesicle stability range expands significantly to span the extremely acidic to mildly alkaline (pH 2-8) and extremely alkaline (pH 10-11) regions. Only a small mole fraction of cosurfactant [XCosurfactant = 0.1] is needed to make stable vesicular structures. Notably, these GOE-based vesicles are also stable in the presence of high concentrations of divalent cations, even at low pHs and in simulated Hadean seawater composition (without sulfate). To better understand the self-assembly behavior of GOE-based systems, we devised complementary molecular dynamics computer simulations for a series of mixed GOE/OcA systems under simulated acidic pHs. The resulting calculated critical packing parameter values and self-assembly behavior were consistent with our experimental findings. The IOE is expected to show similar self-assembly behavior. Thus, amino acid-fatty alcohol esters, a novel chimeric amphiphile class composed of an amino acid head group and a fatty alcohol tail, may have aided in building protocell membranes, which were stable in a wide variety of geochemical circumstances and were conducive to supporting replication and self-maintenance. The present work contributes to our body of work supporting our hypothesis for synergism and coevolution of (proto)biomolecules on early Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trishool Namani
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Reghan J Ruf
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
- Integrated Biosciences Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Iskinder Arsano
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Ruibo Hu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Nita Sahai
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
- Integrated Biosciences Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
- Department of Geosciences, and University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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5
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Sahraeian T, Kulyk DS, Fernandez JP, Hadad CM, Badu-Tawiah AK. Capturing Fleeting Intermediates in a Claisen Rearrangement Using Nonequilibrium Droplet Imbibition Reaction Conditions. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15093-15099. [PMID: 36251285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Claisen rearrangement of aromatic allyl phenyl ether to 2-allyl phenol is known to be induced by heat, acid, and air-water interfacial (on-water) effects. In this work, we show that the combination of acid and interfacial effects in an "on-droplet" experiment accelerates this reaction even further (by a factor >10×). The reaction acceleration was achieved through a droplet imbibition mass spectrometry (MS) experiment that allows reactants to be deposited on rapidly moving (100 m/s), charged microdroplets while avoiding turbulent mixing. In this case, reactants are concentrated mainly at the surface of the short-lived microdroplets (microseconds), enabling enhanced interfacial effects. By doping n-butylamine in the spray solvent and subsequently exposing the resultant electrosprayed microdroplets to formic acid vapor, the ketone intermediate, 6-allylcyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one, involved in this Claisen rearrangement was captured and characterized by tandem MS, successfully differentiating it from the corresponding isobaric reactant (allyl phenyl ether) and product (2-allyl phenol). Similar results showing rate acceleration and subsequent capture of the ketone intermediate via an instantaneous reaction with n-butylamine were demonstrated for p-methyl and p-nitro substituted allyl phenyl ether. Density functional theory calculations confirmed that the on-droplet reaction condition, with a high abundance of proton sources, is different from the neutral rearrangement. With a calculated free energy of activation of 5.2 kcal mol-1 for the protonated reactant, the on-droplet experimental condition provides a unique mechanism for catalyzing the Claisen rearrangement on the microsecond lifetime of the droplets. This experiment marks the first direct capture and detection of a short-lived ketone intermediate in the Claisen rearrangement, a task that is challenged by a thermodynamically favorable tautomerization step to give a more stabilized product (by 20 kcal/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghi Sahraeian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dmytro S Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Joseph P Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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6
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Heiss DR, Badu-Tawiah AK. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Online, In-Source Droplet-Based Phenylboronic Acid Derivatization for Sensitive Analysis of Saccharides. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14071-14078. [PMID: 36179275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to identify abnormalities in the body's saccharide profile is a promising means for early disease detection but requires analytical tools capable of detecting saccharides at low concentrations and/or for volume-limited samples. The preferred analysis approach for these compounds, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS), often lacks sensitivity due to poor ionization efficiency. In this work, we employ a modified electrospray interface-termed contained-electrospray (contained-ESI) to couple accelerated droplet chemistry to conventional LC-MS for the online and automated separation, derivatization, and detection of saccharides. The chromatographic component enables complex sample and mixtures analysis with low sample volume requirements, while the enhanced reaction kinetics afforded by electrosprayed microdroplets facilitates rapid, on-the-fly derivatization to boost sensitivity. Derivatization occurs during ion formation as analytes elute from the column, eliminating the need for superfluous post-column derivatization hardware or complicated benchtop protocols. A grounded coupler was incorporated to shield the LC from the high-voltage ion source, and method conditions were optimized to accommodate the low flow rates preferred for microdroplet reactions. The new LC-contained-ESI-MS/MS platform was demonstrated for the analysis of several mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides using in-source droplet-based phenylboronic acid derivatization. Femtomole limits of detection were achieved for a 1 μL injection, representing sensitivity enhancement of 1-2 orders of magnitude over conventional LC-ESI-MS/MS without derivatization. In addition, isobaric saccharides that are difficult to differentiate by MS alone were easily distinguished. Method precision, accuracy, and linearity were established, and the ability to detect oligosaccharides at trace levels in human urine and plasma was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derik R Heiss
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States.,Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio43201, United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
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7
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Salvitti C, de Petris G, Troiani A, Managò M, Villani C, Ciogli A, Sorato A, Ricci A, Pepi F. Accelerated d-Fructose Acid-Catalyzed Reactions in Thin Films Formed by Charged Microdroplets Deposition. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:565-572. [PMID: 35112862 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thin films derived by the deposition of charged microdroplets generated in the ESI source of a mass spectrometer act as highly concentrated reaction vessels in which the final products of an ion-molecule reaction can be isolated by their precipitation onto a solid surface under ambient conditions. In this study, the ESI Z-spray source supplied to a Q-TOF Ultima mass spectrometer was used to investigate the d-fructose acid-catalyzed reactions by microdroplets deposition onto a stainless-steel target surface. High conversion ratios of d-fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfuraldehyde (5-HMF), 5-methoxymethylfuraldehyde (5-MMF), and difructrose anhydrides (DFAs) were obtained with HCl and KHSO4 as metal-free catalysts by using synthetic conditions under which the same products in bulk are not formed. Furthermore, the reaction outcome was found to be highly sensitive to the catalyst and the solvent employed as well as to the ESI source parameters influencing the thin film formation from microdroplets deposition onto the solid surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia de Petris
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Managò
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sorato
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andreina Ricci
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Lincoln 5, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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8
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Brown HM, Doppalapudi KR, Fedick PW. Accelerated synthesis of energetic precursor cage compounds using confined volume systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24093. [PMID: 34916525 PMCID: PMC8677777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Confined volume systems, such as microdroplets, Leidenfrost droplets, or thin films, can accelerate chemical reactions. Acceleration occurs due to the evaporation of solvent, the increase in reactant concentration, and the higher surface-to-volume ratios amongst other phenomena. Performing reactions in confined volume systems derived from mass spectrometry ionization sources or Leidenfrost droplets allows for reaction conditions to be changed quickly for rapid screening in a time efficient and cost-saving manner. Compared to solution phase reactions, confined volume systems also reduce waste by screening reaction conditions in smaller volumes prior to scaling. Herein, the condensation of glyoxal with benzylamine (BA) to form hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW), an intermediate to the highly desired energetic compound 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), was explored. Five confined volume systems were compared to evaluate which technique was ideal for forming this complex cage structure. Substituted amines were also explored as BA replacements to screen alternative cage structure intermediates and evaluate how these accelerated techniques could apply to novel reactions, discover alternative reagents to form the cage compound, and improve synthetic routes for the preparation of CL-20. Ultimately, reaction acceleration is ideal for predicting the success of novel reactions prior to scaling up and determining if the expected products form, all while saving time and reducing costs. Acceleration factors and conversion ratios for each reaction were assessed by comparing the amount of product formed to the traditional bulk solution phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, CA, 93555, USA
| | - Karan R Doppalapudi
- Chemistry Division, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, CA, 93555, USA
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Chemistry Division, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, CA, 93555, USA.
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9
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Eremin DB, Fokin VV. On-Water Selectivity Switch in Microdroplets in the 1,2,3-Triazole Synthesis from Bromoethenesulfonyl Fluoride. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18374-18379. [PMID: 34606269 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Water profoundly affects many organic reactions by accelerating them or changing their selectivity. Performing reactions "on-water" offers an intriguing opportunity to influence chemical reactivity. A nebulizer plume is an efficient way of generating microdroplets─the uniquely complex reaction environment which opens alternative possibilities that are not readily accessible in bulk emulsions. We describe the on-water switch of chemoselectivity in the formation of triazoles controlled by the on-water environment in dual spray. These conditions facilitate elimination of H-SO2F from the triazoline intermediate, whereas the reaction in organic solvents results in the exclusive HBr elimination. The influence of two-phase conditions was investigated to obtain the best reaction efficiency, and the crucial importance of the water/organic interface interactions was verified by pH variation and D2O use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Eremin
- The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089-3502, United States
| | - Valery V Fokin
- The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089-3502, United States
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10
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Qiu L, Wei Z, Nie H, Cooks RG. Reaction Acceleration Promoted by Partial Solvation at the Gas/Solution Interface. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1362-1365. [PMID: 34508323 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of organic reactions of different types in microvolumes (droplets, thin films, and sealed tubes) show effects of gas/solution interfacial area, reaction molecularity and solvent polarity. Partial solvation at the gas/solution interface is a major contributor to the 104 -fold reaction acceleration seen in bimolecular but not unimolecular reactions in microdroplets. Reaction acceleration can be used to manipulate selectivity by solvent choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Honggang Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
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11
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Li Y, Huang KH, Morato NM, Cooks RG. Glass surface as strong base, 'green' heterogeneous catalyst and degradation reagent. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9816-9822. [PMID: 34349955 PMCID: PMC8294000 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02708e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic screening of accelerated chemical reactions at solid/solution interfaces has been carried out in high-throughput fashion using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and it provides evidence that glass surfaces accelerate various base-catalyzed chemical reactions. The reaction types include elimination, solvolysis, condensation and oxidation, whether or not the substrates are pre-charged. In a detailed mechanistic study, we provide evidence using nanoESI showing that glass surfaces can act as strong bases and convert protic solvents into their conjugate bases which then act as bases/nucleophiles when participating in chemical reactions. In aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile, glass surfaces act as 'green' heterogeneous catalysts that can be recovered and reused after simple rinsing. Besides their use in organic reaction catalysis, glass surfaces are also found to act as degradation reagents for phospholipids with increasing extents of degradation occurring at low concentrations. This finding suggests that the storage of base/nucleophile-labile compounds or lipids in glass containers should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Kai-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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12
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Kitamura Y, Muramatsu S, Abe M, Inokuchi Y. Structural Investigation of Photochemical Intermediates in Solution by Cold UV Spectroscopy in the Gas Phase: Photosubstitution of Dicyanobenzenes by Allylsilanes. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6238-6245. [PMID: 34240866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ion sources with an in-line quartz cell were constructed to produce photochemical intermediates in solution. These ion sources can detect photochemical intermediates having lifetimes longer than a few seconds. Intermediates formed by photosubstitution of 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB) by allyltrimethylsilane (AMS) in acetonitrile using a Xe lamp were injected into the mass spectrometer. The cationic intermediate (C11H10N2·H+) was observed at m/z = 171, but no anionic intermediate was found, although C11H9N2- was expected based on prior studies. Theoretical studies suggested that C11H9N2- was simultaneously converted to neutral C11H10N2 and cationic C11H10N2·H+ species, which can be stable intermediates in the photosubstitution reaction. The UV photodissociation (UVPD) spectrum of C11H10N2·H+ under cold (∼10 K) gas-phase conditions determined the conformation of the C11H10N2 unit of the C11H10N2·H+ cation. This report demonstrates that cold gas-phase UV spectroscopy is a prospectively powerful tool for investigation of the electronic and geometric structures of photochemical intermediates produced in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Kitamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Satoru Muramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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