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Couture G, Cheang SE, Suarez C, Chen Y, Bacalzo NP, Jiang J, Weng CYC, Stacy A, Castillo JJ, Delannoy-Bruno O, Webber DM, Barratt MJ, Gordon JI, Mills DA, German JB, Fukagawa NK, Lebrilla CB. A multi-glycomic platform for the analysis of food carbohydrates. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-01017-8. [PMID: 39026121 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates comprise the largest fraction of most diets and exert a profound impact on health. Components such as simple sugars and starch supply energy, while indigestible components, deemed dietary fiber, reach the colon to provide food for the tens of trillions of microbes that make up the gut microbiota. The interactions between dietary carbohydrates, our gastrointestinal tracts, the gut microbiome and host health are dictated by their structures. However, current methods for analysis of food glycans lack the sensitivity, specificity and throughput needed to quantify and elucidate these myriad structures. This protocol describes a multi-glycomic approach to food carbohydrate analysis in which the analyte might be any food item or biological material such as fecal and cecal samples. The carbohydrates are extracted by ethanol precipitation, and the resulting samples are subjected to rapid-throughput liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Quantitative analyses of monosaccharides, glycosidic linkages, polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble carbohydrates are performed in 96-well plates at the milligram scale to reduce the biomass of sample required and enhance throughput. Detailed stepwise processes for sample preparation, LC-MS/MS and data analysis are provided. We illustrate the application of the protocol to a diverse set of foods as well as different apple cultivars and various fermented foods. Furthermore, we show the utility of these methods in elucidating glycan-microbe interactions in germ-free and colonized mice. These methods provide a framework for elucidating relationships between dietary fiber, the gut microbiome and human physiology. These structures will further guide nutritional and clinical feeding studies that enhance our understanding of the role of diet in nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret Couture
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Ehlers Cheang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nikita P Bacalzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jiani Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Charlie Weng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Stacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Juan J Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Omar Delannoy-Bruno
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel M Webber
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Barratt
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Naomi K Fukagawa
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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2
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Gass DT, Quintero AV, Hatvany JB, Gallagher ES. Metal adduction in mass spectrometric analyses of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:615-659. [PMID: 36005212 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycans, carbohydrates, and glycoconjugates are involved in many crucial biological processes, such as disease development, immune responses, and cell-cell recognition. Glycans and carbohydrates are known for the large number of isomeric features associated with their structures, making analysis challenging compared with other biomolecules. Mass spectrometry has become the primary method of structural characterization for carbohydrates, glycans, and glycoconjugates. Metal adduction is especially important for the mass spectrometric analysis of carbohydrates and glycans. Metal-ion adduction to carbohydrates and glycoconjugates affects ion formation and the three-dimensional, gas-phase structures. Herein, we discuss how metal-ion adduction impacts ionization, ion mobility, ion activation and dissociation, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange for carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. We also compare the use of different metals for these various techniques and highlight the value in using metals as charge carriers for these analyses. Finally, we provide recommendations for selecting a metal for analysis of carbohydrate adducts and describe areas for continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren T Gass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ana V Quintero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob B Hatvany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Bacalzo N, Couture G, Chen Y, Castillo JJ, Phillips KM, Fukagawa NK, Lebrilla CB. Quantitative Bottom-Up Glycomic Analysis of Polysaccharides in Food Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1008-1015. [PMID: 36542787 PMCID: PMC9850401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules in nature, and specifically, polysaccharides are present in almost all plants and fungi. Due to their compositional diversity, polysaccharide analysis remains challenging. Compared to other biomolecules, high-throughput analysis for carbohydrates has yet to be developed. To address this gap in analytical science, we have developed a multiplexed, high-throughput, and quantitative approach for polysaccharide analysis in foods. Specifically, polysaccharides were depolymerized using a nonenzymatic chemical digestion process followed by oligosaccharide fingerprinting using high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS). Both label-free relative quantitation and absolute quantitation were done based on the abundances of oligosaccharides produced. Method validation included evaluating recovery for a range of polysaccharide standards and a breakfast cereal standard reference material. Nine polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, β-glucan, mannan, galactan, arabinan, xylan, xyloglucan, chitin) were successfully quantitated with sufficient accuracy (5-25% bias) and high reproducibility (2-15% CV). Additionally, the method was used to identify and quantitate polysaccharides from a diverse sample set of food samples. Absolute concentrations of nine polysaccharides from apples and onions were obtained using an external calibration curve, where varietal differences were observed in some of the samples. The methodology developed in this study will provide complementary polysaccharide-level information to deepen our understanding of the interactions of dietary polysaccharides, gut microbial community, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita
P. Bacalzo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Garret Couture
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ye Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Juan J. Castillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Naomi K. Fukagawa
- Beltsville
Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA Agricultural
Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Lin HY, Ni CK. Structural Determination of Polysaccharides Lichenin Using Logically Derived Sequence Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:335-346. [PMID: 34965721 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new mass spectrometry method, logically derived sequence (LODES) tandem mass spectrometry (MSn), was applied to determine the primary structure of polysaccharide lichenin. Conventional polysaccharide structural analysis requires complex processes, including derivation, permethylation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Many of these processes can be replaced by LODES/MSn. In this new method, polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides, and structures of these molecules are determined using LODES/MSn. The application of LODES/MSn for determination of primary structure of polysaccharide lichenin was demonstrated. The repeating unit of lichenin was determined to be An-Bn, where A represents β-Glc-(1 → 4)-β-Glc-(1 → 4)-β-Glc-(1 → 3)-Glc, B represents β-Glc-(1 → 4)-β-Glc-(1 → 4)-β-Glc-(1 → 4)-β-Glc-(1 → 3)-Glc, n is an integral, and n ≥ 2 exists but n = 1 cannot be excluded. LODES/MSn, which substantially reduces the time, effort, and sample quantity necessary for structural determination of oligosaccharides, is a powerful tool for polysaccharide primary structural determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Yu Lin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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