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Leopold J, Prabutzki P, Engel KM, Schiller J. From Oxidized Fatty Acids to Dimeric Species: In Vivo Relevance, Generation and Methods of Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:7850. [PMID: 38067577 PMCID: PMC10708296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of free fatty acids (FFAs) and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (HO●) or hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is characteristic of inflammatory diseases, for instance, rheumatoid arthritis. Unsaturated fatty acids react with ROS yielding a variety of important products such as peroxides and chlorohydrins as primary and chain-shortened compounds (e.g., aldehydes and carboxylic acids) as secondary products. These modified fatty acids are either released from phospholipids by phospholipases or oxidatively modified subsequent to their release. There is increasing evidence that oligomeric products are also generated upon these processes. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are considered as very important products, but chlorinated compounds may be converted into dimeric and (with smaller yields) oligomeric products, as well. Our review is structured as follows: first, the different types of FFA oligomers known so far and the mechanisms of their putative generation are explained. Industrially relevant products as well as compounds generated from the frying of vegetable oils are also discussed. Second, the different opinions on whether dimeric fatty acids are considered as "friends" or "foes" are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Leopold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany; (P.P.); (K.M.E.); (J.S.)
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Nutritional lipidomics for the characterization of lipids in food. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023. [PMID: 37516469 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipids represent one out of three major macronutrient classes in the human diet. It is estimated to account for about 15-20% of the total dietary intake. Triacylglycerides comprise the majority of them, estimated 90-95%. Other lipid classes include free fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and plant sterols as minor components. Various methods are used for the characterization of nutritional lipids, however, lipidomics approaches become increasingly attractive for this purpose due to their wide coverage, comprehensiveness and holistic view on composition. In this chapter, analytical methodologies and workflows utilized for lipidomics profiling of food samples are outlined with focus on mass spectrometry-based assays. The chapter describes common lipid extraction protocols, the distinct instrumental mass-spectrometry based analytical platforms for data acquisition, chromatographic and ion-mobility spectrometry methods for lipid separation, briefly mentions alternative methods such as gas chromatography for fatty acid profiling and mass spectrometry imaging. Critical issues of important steps of lipidomics workflows such as structural annotation and identification, quantification and quality assurance are discussed as well. Applications reported over the period of the last 5years are summarized covering the discovery of new lipids in foodstuff, differential profiling approaches for comparing samples from different origin, species, varieties, cultivars and breeds, and for food processing quality control. Lipidomics as a powerful tool for personalized nutrition and nutritional intervention studies is briefly discussed as well. It is expected that this field is significantly growing in the near future and this chapter gives a short insight into the power of nutritional lipidomics approaches.
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Koelmel JP, Tan WY, Li Y, Bowden JA, Ahmadireskety A, Patt AC, Orlicky DJ, Mathé E, Kroeger NM, Thompson DC, Cochran JA, Golla JP, Kandyliari A, Chen Y, Charkoftaki G, Guingab‐Cagmat JD, Tsugawa H, Arora A, Veselkov K, Kato S, Otoki Y, Nakagawa K, Yost RA, Garrett TJ, Vasiliou V. Lipidomics and Redox Lipidomics Indicate Early Stage Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:513-525. [PMID: 34811964 PMCID: PMC8870008 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is characterized by lipid accumulation and inflammation and can progress to cirrhosis and cancer in the liver. AFLD diagnosis currently relies on histological analysis of liver biopsies. Early detection permits interventions that would prevent progression to cirrhosis or later stages of the disease. Herein, we have conducted the first comprehensive time-course study of lipids using novel state-of-the art lipidomics methods in plasma and liver in the early stages of a mouse model of AFLD, i.e., Lieber-DeCarli diet model. In ethanol-treated mice, changes in liver tissue included up-regulation of triglycerides (TGs) and oxidized TGs and down-regulation of phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and 20-22-carbon-containing lipid-mediator precursors. An increase in oxidized TGs preceded histological signs of early AFLD, i.e., steatosis, with these changes observed in both the liver and plasma. The major lipid classes dysregulated by ethanol play important roles in hepatic inflammation, steatosis, and oxidative damage. Conclusion: Alcohol consumption alters the liver lipidome before overt histological markers of early AFLD. This introduces the exciting possibility that specific lipids may serve as earlier biomarkers of AFLD than those currently being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P. Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Wan Y. Tan
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
- Internal Medicine Residency ProgramDepartment of Internal MedicineNorwalk HospitalNorwalkCTUSA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - John A. Bowden
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Department of Physiological SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Andrew C. Patt
- Division of Preclinical InnovationNational Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institutes of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineDenverCOUSA
| | - Ewy Mathé
- Division of Preclinical InnovationNational Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institutes of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Nicholas M. Kroeger
- Computer and Information Science and EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - David C. Thompson
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUSA
| | - Jason A. Cochran
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Computer and Information Science and EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Aikaterini Kandyliari
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
- Unit of Human NutritionDepartment of Food Science and Human NutritionAgricultural University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Joy D. Guingab‐Cagmat
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Hiroshi Tsugawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceKanagawaJapan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesKanagawaJapan
- Department of Biotechnology and Life ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Anmol Arora
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
- School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kirill Veselkov
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and ReproductionImperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Shunji Kato
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Richard A. Yost
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
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da Silva KM, Iturrospe E, Heyrman J, Koelmel JP, Cuykx M, Vanhaecke T, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Optimization of a liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high resolution mass spectrometry platform for untargeted lipidomics and application to HepaRG cell extracts. Talanta 2021; 235:122808. [PMID: 34517665 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods to evaluate the lipidome of biological samples need to provide high data quality to ensure comprehensive profiling and reliable structural elucidation. In this perspective, liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is the state-of-the-art technique for lipidomic analysis of biological samples. There are thousands of lipids in most biological samples, and therefore separation methods before introduction to the mass spectrometer is key for relative quantitation and identification. Chromatographic methods differ across laboratories, without any consensus on the best methodologies. Therefore, we designed an experiment to determine the optimal LC methodology, and assessed the value of ion mobility for an additional dimension of separation. To apply an untargeted method for hypothesis generation focused on lipidomics, LC-HRMS parameters were optimized based on the measurement of 50 panel lipids covering key human metabolic pathways. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography columns were compared based on a quality scoring system considering the signal-to-noise ratio, peak shape, and retention factor. Furthermore, drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS) was implemented to increase peak capacity and confidence during annotation by providing collision cross section (CCS) values for the analytes under investigation. However, hyphenating DTIMS to LC-HRMS may result in a reduced sensitivity due to impaired duty cycles. To increase the signal intensity, a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize four key factors, i.e. drift entrance voltage, drift exit voltage, rear funnel entrance, and rear funnel exit voltages. Application of a maximized desirability function provided voltages for the above-mentioned parameters resulting in higher signal intensity compared to each combination of parameters used during the BBD. In addition, the influence of single pulse and Hadamard 4-bit multiplexed modes on signal intensity was explored and different trap filling and release times of ions were evaluated. The optimized LC-DTIM-HRMS platform was applied to extracts from HepaRG cells and resulted in 3912 high-quality features (<30% median relative standard deviation; n = 6, t = 24 h). From these features, 436 lipid species could be annotated (i.e., matching based on accurate mass <5 ppm, isotopic pattern, in-silico MS/MS fragmentation, and in-silico CCS database matching <3%). The application of LC-DTIM-HRMS for untargeted analysis workflows is growing and the platform optimization, as described here, can be used to guide the method development and CCS database comparison for high confidence lipid annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elias Iturrospe
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Belgium
| | - Joris Heyrman
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Yale University, School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
| | - Matthias Cuykx
- Antwerp University Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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Determination of Oxidized Lipids in Commonly Consumed Foods and a Preliminary Analysis of Their Binding Affinity to PPARγ. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081702. [PMID: 34441480 PMCID: PMC8393428 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods rich in poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are vulnerable to oxidation. While it is well established that endogenously derived oxidized lipids are ligands of the transcription factor PPARγ, the binding ability of diet-derived oxidized lipids is unknown. Our two-fold objective was to determine the oxidized lipid content and PPARγ binding ability of commonly consumed foods. Extracted food lipids were assayed for the peroxide value, conjugated dienes, and aldehydes, and PPARγ binding was assessed by an in vitro PPARγ ligand screening assay. Oxidized lipids were present in all foods tested at the time of purchase, and oxidation did not increase during storage. The peroxide values for walnuts, sunflower seeds, and flax meal were significantly lower at the end of three months as compared to the day of purchase (peroxide value: 1.26 ± 0.13 vs. 2.32 ± 0.4; 1.65 ± 0.23 vs. 2.08 ± 0.09; 3.07 ± 0.22 vs. 9.94 ± 0.75 mEq/kg fat, p ≤ 0.05, respectively). Lipids extracted from French fries had the highest binding affinity (50.87 ± 11.76%) to PPARγ compared to other foods. Our work demonstrates that oxidized lipids are present in commonly consumed foods when purchased, and for the first time demonstrates that some contain ligands of PPARγ.
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