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Gopal MR, Kunjapur AM. Harnessing biocatalysis to achieve selective functional group interconversion of monomers. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 86:103093. [PMID: 38417202 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are ubiquitous to modern life. However, reliance of petroleum for polymeric building blocks is not sustainable. The synthesis of macromolecules from recalcitrant polymer waste feedstocks, such as plastic waste and lignocellulosic biomass, presents an opportunity to bypass the use of petroleum-based feedstocks. However, the deconstruction and transformation of these alternative feedstocks remained limited until recently. Herein, we highlight examples of monomers liberated from the deconstruction of recalcitrant polymers, and more extensively, we showcase the state-of-the-art in biocatalytic technologies that are enabling synthesis of diverse upcycled monomeric starting materials for a wide variety of macromolecules. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of functional group interconversion as a promising strategy by which biocatalysis can aid the diversification and upcycling of monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan R Gopal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Kertesz V, Carper DL, Cahill JF. High-throughput mass spectrometry analysis using immediate drop-on-demand technology coupled with an open port sampling interface. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9687. [PMID: 38212650 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The sampling throughput of immediate drop-on-demand technology (I.DOT) coupled with an open port sampling interface (OPSI) is limited by software communication. To enable much-needed high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS) analysis capabilities, a novel software was developed that allows for flexible sample selection from a 96-well plate and for maximized analysis throughput using I.DOT/OPSI-MS coupling. METHODS Wells of a 96-well I.DOT plate were filled with propranolol solution and were used to test maximum sampling throughput strategies to minimize analysis time. Demonstration of chemical reaction monitoring was done using acid-catalyzed ring closure of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) with nitrite to form 2,3-naphthotriazole (NAT). Analytes were detected in positive electrospray ionization mode using selected reaction monitoring. RESULTS A maximum throughput of 1.54 s/sample (7.41 min/96-well plate with three technical replicates) was achieved, and it was limited by the peak width of the MS signal resulting in an occasional slight overlap between the peaks. Relative standard deviation was 10 ± 1% with all tested sampling strategies. Chemical reaction monitoring of DAN to NAT using nitrite was successfully accomplished with 2 s/sample throughout showing almost complete transformation in 10 min with no signal overlap. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates the development of a noncontact, automated I.DOT/OPSI-MS system with improved throughput achieved through an optimized software interface. Its achievable analysis time and precision make it a viable approach for drug discovery and in situ reaction monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dana L Carper
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - John F Cahill
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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Joho Y, Vongsouthi V, Gomez C, Larsen JS, Ardevol A, Jackson CJ. Improving plastic degrading enzymes via directed evolution. Protein Eng Des Sel 2024; 37:gzae009. [PMID: 38713696 PMCID: PMC11091475 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic degrading enzymes have immense potential for use in industrial applications. Protein engineering efforts over the last decade have resulted in considerable enhancement of many properties of these enzymes. Directed evolution, a protein engineering approach that mimics the natural process of evolution in a laboratory, has been particularly useful in overcoming some of the challenges of structure-based protein engineering. For example, directed evolution has been used to improve the catalytic activity and thermostability of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-degrading enzymes, although its use for the improvement of other desirable properties, such as solvent tolerance, has been less studied. In this review, we aim to identify some of the knowledge gaps and current challenges, and highlight recent studies related to the directed evolution of plastic-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Joho
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Rd, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- CSIRO Advanced Engineering Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Vanessa Vongsouthi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Rd, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chloe Gomez
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Rd, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Joachim S Larsen
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Rd, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Synthetic Biology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Rd, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Albert Ardevol
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- CSIRO Advanced Engineering Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Rd, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Synthetic Biology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Rd, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Rd, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Cahill JF, Kertesz V. Rapid Droplet Sampling Interface for Low-Volume, High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16418-16425. [PMID: 37888790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a rapid droplet sampling interface (RDSI) electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) system as a high-throughput, low-volume, noncontact, and minimal-carryover approach for characterization of liquids. Liquid characterization was achieved by combining droplet ejection with an open-face microflow capillary with a 2.5 μL/min continuous flow of carrier solvent. Through this implementation, single 0.3 nL droplets containing the analyte effectively mix with 4-8 nL of carrier solvent and create a combined electrospray plume. The carrier solvent continuously cleaned the system, eliminating carryover. A sampling rate of 5 Hz was achieved for droplets containing 1 μM propranolol or 5 μM leu-enkephalin with each droplet fully baseline-resolved (138 ± 32 ms baseline-to-baseline). Using a SCIEX API4000 mass spectrometer, a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of propranolol was 15 nM, corresponding to 1.16 fg of propranolol in the droplet, and was linear across 3 orders of magnitude. Quantitation could be achieved by adding an isotopically labeled internal standard, as done in conventional ESI. Signal transients were faster than the acquisition speed of the mass spectrometer, resulting in artificially high reproducibility of 15-30% RSD droplet-to-droplet. Analyte-solvent mixing ratios could be controlled by adjusting droplet positioning along the open-face capillary with an optimal position about 0.4 mm from the tip end. The range of analyte coverage was exemplified by measures of peptides and drugs in methanol, water, and buffer solutions. In a comparison to the Open Port Sampling Interface (OPSI) implemented on the same system, the RDSI had 78× greater sensitivity, 6× greater throughput and used significantly less carrier solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cahill
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
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