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Li S, Wu Q, You X, Ren X, Du P, Li F, Zheng N, Shen H. Anchoring Frustrated Lewis Pair Active Sites on Copper Nanoclusters for Regioselective Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27852-27860. [PMID: 39352212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the concept of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs), which consist of a combination of Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) active sites arranged in a suitable geometric configuration, has been widely utilized in homogeneous catalytic reactions. This concept has also been extended to solid supports such as zeolites, metal oxide surfaces, and metal/covalent organic frameworks, resulting in a diverse range of heterogeneous FLP catalysts that have demonstrated notable efficiency and recyclability in activating small molecules. This study presents the successful immobilization of FLP active sites onto the surface of ligand-stabilized copper nanoclusters with atomic precision, leading to the development of copper nanocluster FLP catalysts characterized by high reactivity, stability, and selectivity. Specifically, thiol ligands containing 2-methoxyl groups were strategically designed to stabilize the surface of [Cu34S7(RS)18(PPh3)4]2+ (where RSH = 2-methoxybenzenethiol), facilitating the formation of FLPs between the surface copper atoms (LA) and ligand oxygen atoms (LB). Experimental and theoretical investigations have demonstrated that these FLPs on the cluster surface can efficiently activate H2 through a heterolytic pathway, resulting in superior catalytic performance in the hydrogenation of alkenes under mild conditions. Notably, the intricate yet precise surface coordination structures of the cluster, reminiscent of enzyme catalysts, enable the hydrogenation process to proceed with nearly 100% selectivity. This research offers valuable insights into the design of FLP catalysts with enhanced activity and selectivity by leveraging surface/interface coordination chemistry of ligand-stabilized atomically precise metal nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Li
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Qingyuan Wu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuexin You
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xiaofei Ren
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Peilin Du
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Fengyu Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui Shen
- College of Energy Materials and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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Anttalainen O, Karjalainen M, Lattouf E, Hecht O, Vanninen P, Hakulinen H, Kotiaho T, Thomas C, Eiceman G. Time-Resolved Ion Mobility Spectrometry with a Stop Flow Confined Volume Reaction Region. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10182-10192. [PMID: 38857882 PMCID: PMC11209659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
An ion source concept is described where the sample flow is stopped in a confined volume of an ion mobility spectrometer creating time-dependent patterns of ion patterns of signal intensities for ions from mixtures of volatile organic compounds and improved signal-to-noise rate compared to conventional unidirectional drift gas flow. Hydrated protons from a corona discharge were introduced continuously into the confined volume with the sample in air at ambient pressure, and product ions were extracted continuously using an electric field for subsequent mobility analysis. Ion signal intensities for protonated monomers and proton bound dimers were measured and computationally extracted using mobilities from mobility spectra and exhibited distinct times of appearance over 30 s or more after sample injection. Models, and experimental findings with a ternary mixture, suggest that the separation of vapors as ions over time was consistent with differences in the reaction rate for reactions between primary ions from hydrated protons and constituents and from cross-reactions that follow the initial step of ionization. The findings suggest that the concept of stopped flow, introduced here for the first time, may provide a method for the temporal separation of atmospheric pressure ions. This separation relies on ion kinetics and does not require chromatographic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmo Anttalainen
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markus Karjalainen
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Elie Lattouf
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Oliver Hecht
- Airsense
Analytics GmbH, Hagenower
Straße 73, Schwerin 19061, Germany
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Hakulinen
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug
Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, P.O.Box 55, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Charles Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Gary Eiceman
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- New
Mexico
State University, 1175 N Horseshoe Dr., Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
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Xu Y, Yang Q, Pan M, Jiang D, Yu Y, Chen C, Li H. Improving the Sensitivity and Linear Range of Photoionization Ion Mobility Spectrometry via Confining the Ion Recombination and Space Charge Effects Assisted by Theoretical Modeling. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3979-3987. [PMID: 38391328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Photoionization (PI) is an efficient ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry. Its hyphenation with IMS (PI-IMS) has been employed in various on-site analysis scenarios targeting a wide range of compounds. However, the signal intensity and linear dynamic range of PI-IMS at ambient pressure usually do not follow the Beer-Lambert law predictions, and the factors causing that negative deviation remain unclear. In this work, a variable pressure PI-IMS system was developed to examine the ion loss effects from factors like ion recombination and space charge by varying its working pressure from 1 to 0.1 bar. Assisted by theoretical modeling, it was found that ion recombination could contribute up to 90% of signal intensity loss for ambient pressure PI-IMS setups. Lowering the pressure and increasing the electric field in PI-IMS helped suppress the ion recombination process and thus an optimal pressure Poptimal appeared for best signal intensity, despite the decreased net ion number density and the increased space charge effect. A simplified theoretical equation taking ion recombination as the primary ion loss factor was derived to link Poptimal with analyte concentration and electric field in PI-IMS, enabling a swift optimization of the PI-IMS performance. For example, compared to ambient pressure, PI-IMS at a Poptimal of 0.4 bar provided a signal intensity increment of more than 400% for 0.716 ppmv toluene and also expanded the linear dynamic range by more than two times. Revealing factors influencing the PI-IMS response would also benefit the applications of other chemical ionization sources in IMS or mass spectrometry (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qimu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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