1
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Naik S, Katariya R, Shelke S, Patravale V, Umekar M, Kotagale N, Taksande B. Nattokinase prevents β-amyloid peptide (Aβ 1-42) induced neuropsychiatric complications, neuroinflammation and BDNF signalling disruption in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 952:175821. [PMID: 37263404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neuronal damage. Although AD is typically considered a cognitive neurodegenerative disorder, almost all people diagnosed with AD develop neuropsychiatric complications at some stage in their life span. The present study investigated the effect of chronic Nattokinase (NK) administration on β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ1-42) induced neuropsychiatric conditions (depression-like behaviour, anxiety, and memory impairment) in mice. Aβ1-42 peptide injected mice demonstrated depression, anxiety, and impairment of cognitive abilities evaluated as increased immobility time in forced swim test (FST), decreased open arm time/entries in elevated plus maze (EPM) and reference and working memory error in radial arm maze (RAM) respectively with elevation in Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reduction in Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunocontent within the hippocampus. Chronic administration of NK (50-100 mg/kg, i.p.) from day 8-27, prevented depression-like behaviour, anxiety, and memory impairment and normalized the neurochemical alteration within the hippocampus of mice injected with Aβ1-42 peptide. The effect of NK on psychiatric complications, learning, and memory was comparable to peripheral donepezil treatment. This study suggests that NK improves learning, memory impairment, and neuropsychiatric complications possibly through the downregulation of neuroinflammatory pathways and restoring BDNF signalling in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Naik
- Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Raj Katariya
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Shraddha Shelke
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Milind Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Nandkishor Kotagale
- Government College of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka, VMV Road, Amravati, MS, 444604, India
| | - Brijesh Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India.
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2
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Moharam ME, El-Bendary MA, Abo Elsoud MM, Beih FE, Hassnin SM, Salama A, Omara EA, Elgamal NN. Modeling and in- vivo evaluation of fibrinolytic enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis Egy under solid state fermentation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16254. [PMID: 37251871 PMCID: PMC10220232 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood clot formation increases cases of myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke, thus urges directing much research works for treatment and prevention of the causes. One of these directions is the microbial production of fibrinolytic enzymes as thrombolytic agents. In the current work, Bacillus subtilis Egy has been used for enzyme production under solid state fermentation. Among twelve nutrient meals in addition to wheat bran as a control fodder yeast yielded the highest enzyme activity reaching 114U/g. Applying statistical model for optimization of enzyme production revealed that 3.6%, fodder yeast; 40%, moisture content; 6 days, incubation period and 2%, inoculum size were the optimum conditions for maximum fibrinolytic enzyme production (141.02 U/g) by Bacillus subtilis Egy under solid-state fermentation The model was significant and data were experimentally validated. The produced fibrinolytic enzyme was evaluated for in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity. In-vivo examination of the enzyme resulted in no mortality during the first 24 h after treatment. After 14 days, the results revealed no significant changes detected in hematological parameters (RBCs, MCV, hemoglobin except WBCs which showed an increase for both sexes. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney of rats received oral and subcutaneous treatments showed normal architecture. The data showed the applicability of the produced enzyme for the treatment of blood clot with no significant effect on living cells or on physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa E. Moharam
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Magda A. El-Bendary
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | | | - Nora N. Elgamal
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
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3
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Modi A, Raval I, Doshi P, Joshi M, Joshi C, Patel AK. Heterologous expression of recombinant nattokinase in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and media optimization for overproduction of nattokinase using RSM. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 203:106198. [PMID: 36379347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase, a serine protease, was discovered in Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of a soybean byproduct. Nattokinase is essential for the lysis of blood clots and the treatment of cardiac diseases including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, high blood pressure, and stroke. The demand for thrombolytic drugs rises as the prevalence of cardiovascular disease rises, and nattokinase is particularly effective for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to its long duration of action. In this study, we cloned the nattokinase gene from the Bacillus subtilis strain into the pET32a vector and expressed the protein in the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. The active recombinant nattokinase was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and then evaluated for fibrinolytic and blood clot lysis activity. Physiological parameters for optimizing protein production at optimal pH, temperature, IPTG concentration, and incubation time were investigated. A statistical technique was used to optimize media components for nattokinase overproduction, and Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology-based optimization was used to select significant components for protein production. The optimized media produced 1805.50 mg/L of expressed nattokinase and 42.80 gm/L of bacterial mass. The fibrinolytic activity obtained from refolded native protein was 58FU/mg, which was five times higher than the available orokinase drug (11FU/mg). The efficiency with which a statistical technique for media optimization was implemented improved recombinant nattokinase production and provides new information for scale - up nattokinase toward industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Modi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Ishan Raval
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Doshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Amrutlal K Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India.
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4
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Jamali N, Vahedi F, Soltani Fard E, Taheri-Anganeh M, Taghvimi S, Khatami SH, Ghasemi H, Movahedpour A. Nattokinase: Structure, applications and sources. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Yuan L, Liangqi C, Xiyu T, Jinyao L. Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Applications of Bacillus Nattokinase. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070980. [PMID: 35883536 PMCID: PMC9312984 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis has threatened human health in past decades. Bacillus nattokinase is a potential low-cost thrombolytic drug without side-effects and has been introduced into the consumer market as a functional food or dietary supplement. This review firstly summarizes the biodiversity of sources and the fermentation process of nattokinase, and systematically elucidates the structure, catalytic mechanism and enzymatic properties of nattokinase. In view of the problems of low fermentation yield, insufficient activity and stability of nattokinase, this review discusses the heterologous expression of nattokinase in different microbial hosts and summarizes the protein and genetic engineering progress of nattokinase-producing strains. Finally, this review summarizes the clinical applications of nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
| | - Chen Liangqi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Tang Xiyu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Li Jinyao
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-130-0968-6488
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6
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Recent Advances in Nattokinase-Enriched Fermented Soybean Foods: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131867. [PMID: 35804683 PMCID: PMC9265860 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the dramatic increase in mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) caused by thrombus, this has sparked an interest in seeking more effective thrombolytic drugs or dietary nutriments. The dietary consumption of natto, a traditional Bacillus-fermented food (BFF), can reduce the risk of CVDs. Nattokinase (NK), a natural, safe, efficient and cost-effective thrombolytic enzyme, is the most bioactive ingredient in natto. NK has progressively been considered to have potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects. Microbial synthesis is a cost-effective method of producing NK. Bacillus spp. are the main production strains. While microbial synthesis of NK has been thoroughly explored, NK yield, activity and stability are the critical restrictions. Multiple optimization strategies are an attempt to tackle the current problems to meet commercial demands. We focus on the recent advances in NK, including fermented soybean foods, production strains, optimization strategies, extraction and purification, activity maintenance, biological functions, and safety assessment of NK. In addition, this review systematically discussed the challenges and prospects of NK in actual application. Due to the continuous exploration and rapid progress of NK, NK is expected to be a natural future alternative to CVDs.
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7
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Acosta GA, Fonseca MI, Fariña JI, Zapata PD. Exploring Agaricomycetes from the Paranaense rainforest (Misiones, Argentina) as an unconventional source of fibrinolytic enzymes. Mycologia 2022; 114:242-253. [PMID: 35394849 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2035148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungal fibrinolytic enzymes, secreted by some Agaricomycetes, are recognized as important thrombolytic agents due to their ability to rapidly dissolve thromboembolic clots. The present work evaluated fibrinolytic and proteolytic secretion abilities of 35 Agaricomycetes isolates from the Paranaense rainforest (Misiones, Argentina). We detected proteolytic activity in 40% of the strains while nine strains showed fibrinolytic activity. Schizophyllum commune LBM 026, Schizophyllum commune LBM 223, and Hornodermoporus martius LBM 224 exhibited the highest levels of fibrinolytic activity. Fibrin zymography from S. commune LBM 026 and LBM 223 showed an enzyme of 27.5 kDa, while H. martius LBM 224 presented an enzyme of 29 kDa. The evaluation of the enzymatic stability of culture supernatant of these strains revealed that the fibrinolytic activity was highly stable over a wide temperature and pH range. Long-term stability of fibrinolytic activity at physiological conditions evidenced that the strains had a half-life of at least 72 h. Fibrinolytic enzymes produced by S. commune LBM 026 and LBM 223 were inhibited in the presence of EDTA indicating that they are metalloproteases. This work reveals the potential of S. commune LBM 026, S. commune LBM 223, and H. martius LBM 224 as an unconventional source of thrombolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alejandra Acosta
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones 3300, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones 3300, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Julia Inés Fariña
- Laboratorio de Micodiversidad y Micoprospección, Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (PROIMI-CONICET), S.M. Tucumán, Tucumán 4001, Argentina
| | - Pedro Darío Zapata
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones 3300, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
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8
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Kapoor R, Khowal S, Panda BP, Wajid S. Comparative genomic analyses of Bacillus subtilis strains to study the biochemical and molecular attributes of nattokinases. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:485-502. [PMID: 35099650 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present research work explores the Nattokinase (NK) producing capacity of five Bacillus subtilis strains (MTCC 2616, MTCC 2756, MTCC 2451, MTCC 1427, and MTCC 7164) using soybean varieties as substrate under solid-state fermentation conditions. Subsequently, the biochemical attributes of NKs were analyzed. Soybean variety didn't affect the production of NK to a significant extent; however, the five strains differed substantially for their NK producing capacity. NK produced by MTCC 2451 (R3) showed a low Kmvalue implying its higher specificity for fibrin but this strain (MTCC 2451) didn't produce NK in sufficient quantity. The low Km of MTCC 2451 NK implicates its potential candidature for treating blood clots in cardiovascular patients. The NK produced by MTCC 2616 (R1) was produced in sufficient quantity and showed good fibrin dissolving potential. The aprN of MTCC 2616 substantially varied from the other four strains. The aprN of MTCC 2756 (R2), MTCC 2451 (R3), MTCC 1427 (R4), and MTCC 7164 (R5) shared > 99% sequence identity, but the encoded NKs had significant variations in their Km values. The biochemical-molecular analyses indicate the co-presence of three critical residues (Thr130, Asp140, and Tyr217) as a quintessential attribute in determining the low Km of NK enzymes, and the absence of any one of the three critical residues may affect (highly increase) the Km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kapoor
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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9
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Mei JF, Cai SF, Yi Y, Wang XD, Ying GQ. Study of the fibrinolytic activity of serrapeptase and its in vitro thrombolytic effects. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e201004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Yi
- Zhejiang University of Technology, P. R. China
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10
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Keziah SM, Devi CS. Fibrinolytic and ACE Inhibitory Activity of Nattokinase Extracted from Bacillus subtilis VITMS 2: A Strain Isolated from Fermented Milk of Vigna unguiculata. Protein J 2021; 40:876-890. [PMID: 34611797 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-10023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current research work aims at optimization, production, purification and evaluation of fibrinolytic extracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis VITMS2 isolated from fermented milk of Vigna unguiculata. The optimal production was achieved at 4.0% inoculum, pH7.0, 30 °C with (1% w/v) sucrose, (2% w/v) soya bean meal and (2% w/v) malt extract and 10 mM of CaCl2, MgSO4, Na2HPO4 and K2HPO4. The clear cell-free supernatant was purified using conventional ammonium sulphate salt fractionation (75%), ultrafiltration, ion-exchange (DEAE Sepharose FF) and gel filtration (Sephadex G-50). The molecular mass was determined to be 29 kDa using SDS-PAGE analysis. The purified enzyme showed strong fibrinolytic activity with a specific activity of 2418.85 U/mg and has a yield of 12.01%. The enzyme was highly stable up to 60 °C and a pH range of 10.0 until 72 h of incubation. The purified enzyme showed 97.4% in vitro thrombolytic activity. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme was determined to be 0.0114 mM and 147.8 µmol min-1 using the chromogenic substrate S-7388. IC50 of ace inhibition was assessed to be 0.06 mg/mL suggesting anti-hypertensive property of the fibrinolytic enzyme. The above-obtained ace-inhibition results was supported by in silico molecular docking studies which revealed better binding affinity of nattokinase with a HADDOCK score of - 22.0 ± 8.5 confirms affinity towards angiotensin converting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Merlyn Keziah
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Subathra Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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11
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Meng Y, Yao Z, Le HG, Lee SJ, Jeon HS, Yoo JY, Kim JH. Characterization of a salt-resistant fibrinolytic protease of Bacillus licheniformis HJ4 isolated from Hwangseokae jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:787-795. [PMID: 34128186 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis HJ4 showing strong fibrinolytic activity was isolated from Hwangseokae jeotgal. aprEHJ4, a major fibrinolytic gene, was cloned by PCR, and an ORF consisting of 379 amino acids was located. The mature enzyme was expected to be 27 kDa in size after processing, but a 24-kDa protein was observed by SDS-PAGE and fibrin zymography, indicating additional processing. RT-qPCR showed that expression level of aprEHJ4 in culture with 0% salt (control) was the highest followed by culture with 8% salt (89.7% of control) and 5% salt (74.2%) at 84 h. The expression level in culture with 15% salt was 46.9%. The results matched with the fibrinolytic activity measurements of cultures and indicated that AprEHJ4 maintained significant activity in the presence of salt up to 15% (w/v). AprEHJ4 was overproduced in Escherichia coli, and mature 27 kDa protein was purified after in vitro renaturation. The optimum pH and temperature of AprEHJ4 were pH 8 and 40 ℃, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Zhuang Yao
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Huong Giang Le
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Se Jin Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hye Sung Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
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12
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Diwan D, Usmani Z, Sharma M, Nelson JW, Thakur VK, Christie G, Molina G, Gupta VK. Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10468. [PMID: 34638809 PMCID: PMC8508633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and treat vascular occlusion is promising due to their advantageous cost-benefit ratio and large-scale production. Thrombotic complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral occlusive diseases resulting from blood vessel blockage are the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality. Given the ability of microbial thrombolytic enzymes to dissolve blood clots and prevent any adverse effects, their use as a potential thrombolytic therapy has attracted great interest. A better understanding of the hemostasis and fibrinolytic system may aid in improving the efficacy and safety of this treatment approach over classical thrombolytic agents. Here, we concisely discuss the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation, thrombo-, and fibrinolysis, thrombolytic and fibrinolytic agents isolated from bacteria, fungi, and algae along with their mode of action and the potential application of microbial enzymes in thrombosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Diwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - James W. Nelson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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13
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Lu M, Gao Z, Xing S, Long J, Li C, He L, Wang X. Purification, characterization, and chemical modification of Bacillus velezensis SN-14 fibrinolytic enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:601-609. [PMID: 33636270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fermented bean foods are a crucial source of fibrinolytic enzymes. The presented study aimed to purify, characterize, and chemically modify Bacillus velezensis SN-14 fibrinolytic enzyme. The fibrinolytic enzyme was purified using CTAB/isooctane/hexyl alcohol/n-butyl alcohol reverse micellar system, and the purified enzyme was chemically modified to improve its enzymatic activity and stability. Enzyme activity recovery and the purification fold for this enzyme were 44.5 ± 1.9% and 4.93 ± 0.05 fold, respectively. SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of the purified fibrinolytic enzyme was around 28 kDa. Besides, the optimum temperature and pH of the purified fibrinolytic enzyme were 37 °C and 8-9, respectively. Fe2+, mPEG5000, and pepsin were used for chemical modification and for improving the activity and stability of the purified enzyme. Thermal and acid-base stability of chemically modified enzymes increased significantly, whereas enzymatic activity increased by 7.3 times. After 30 d of frozen storage, the modified enzyme's activity was remarkably lower (33.2%) than the unmodified enzyme (60.6%). The current study on B. velezensis SN-14 fibrinolytic enzyme and chemical modification method using Fe2+, mPEG5000, and pepsin provide a reference for developing fibrinolytic drugs and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Zexin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Shuqi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jia Long
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Laping He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
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Pinontoan R, Elvina, Sanjaya A, Jo J. Fibrinolytic characteristics of Bacillus subtilis G8 isolated from natto. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2021; 40:144-149. [PMID: 34285859 PMCID: PMC8279889 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence of vascular obstructive diseases, discovering potent, safe,
and affordable fibrinolytic agents is of importance. There is particular interest
concerning the use of functional foods that have a fibrinolytic activity, such as natto, a
Japanese fermented soy-based product made with Bacillus subtilis (natto)
strain BEST195. We recently isolated another bacterial strain from natto commercialized in
Indonesia, B. subtilis G8, which has proven to exert fibrinolytic
activity. Herein, a further characterization of B. subtilis G8 was
assessed through a comparison with commercialized nattokinase, the major fibrinolytic
enzyme of B. subtilis, by utilizing various in vitro
fibrinolytic assays, namely whole blood clot lysis, euglobulin clot lysis, the fibrin
plate method, and zymography. Both nattokinase and B. subtilis G8 were
able to dissolve both whole blood and euglobulin clots. Furthermore, both nattokinase and
B. subtilis G8 were able to lyse blood clots, presumably due to their
ability to directly lyse fibrin. Finally, a crude extract of B. subtilis
G8 displayed six zymogram bands of approximately 42.0, 35.5, 30.8, 26.7, 20.0, and 13.7
kDa, with the strongest activity observed at 20.0 kDa. This indicates that B.
subtilis G8 contained several fibrinolytic enzymes, which might have comprised
nattokinase and other fibrinolytic enzymes. In summary, we demonstrated that a crude
extract of B. subtilis G8 has potent fibrinolytic activity and that the
activity was mediated by various fibrinolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Pinontoan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang 15811, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Elvina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang 15811, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Astia Sanjaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang 15811, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Juandy Jo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang 15811, Banten, Indonesia
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Li X, Yang X, Umar M, Zhang Z, Luo W, Fan Y, Ma D, Li M. Expression of a novel dual-functional polypeptide and its pharmacological action research. Life Sci 2020; 267:118890. [PMID: 33359743 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a dual-functional medicine for hypoglycemic and anti-thrombus. MAIN METHODS The long-acting glucagon like peptide-1 (5×GLP-1) and nattokinase (NK) were cloned by SOE PCR and gained the GLP-1 and NK fusion polypeptide after transformed into E. coli. Use of mice models for the hypoglycemic and anti-thrombus activity of the fusion polypeptide. Balb/C mice were given the carrageenan by intraperitoneal injection to induce tail thrombus models. Type 2 diabetes mellitus mice model was used to research the hypoglycemic function of the fusion polypeptide. KEY FINDINGS Results showed that the fusion polypeptide could significantly prevent thrombus formation after oral administration. Continuous administration for 15 days, fasting blood glucose levels of the experimental group decreased to nearly normal levels. SIGNIFICANCE The present study investigated the expression, purification and functional activity of the rolGLP-1 and NK fusion polypeptide, which provided a foundation for further studying the detailed pharmaceutical mechanism and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China; School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Xingkai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Muhammad Umar
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Wenya Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Daocheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Minggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China.
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SYAHBANU F, KEZIA E, PUERA N, GIRIWONO PE, TJANDRAWINATA RR, SUHARTONO MT. Fibrinolytic bacteria of Indonesian fermented soybean: preliminary study on enzyme activity and protein profile. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.23919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Yao Z, Meng Y, Le HG, Lee SJ, Jeon HS, Yoo JY, Kim HJ, Kim JH. Cloning of a Novel vpr Gene Encoding a Minor Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Bacillus subtilis SJ4 and the Properties of Vpr. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1720-1728. [PMID: 32830189 PMCID: PMC9728201 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2006.06014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously characterized AprESJ4, the major fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis SJ4 (Yao et al., 2019). During that study, we observed a 68 kDa protein with fibrinolytic activity. In this study, we cloned the gene (vprSJ4) encoding the 68 kDa protein, a mature Vpr and minor protease secreted by Bacillus species. vprSJ4 encodes a preproenzyme consisting of 810 amino acids (aa) including signal sequence (28 aa) and prosequence (132 aa). The mature enzyme (650 aa) has a predicted molecular weight of 68,467.35. Unlike Vprs from other B. subtilis strains, VprSJ4 has 4 additional amino acids (DEFA) at the C-terminus. vprSJ4 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. PreproVprSJ4 was localized in inclusion bodies, and subjected to in vitro renaturation and purification by an affinity column. SDS-PAGE and western blot showed that autoprocessing of preproVprSJ4 occurred and 68 kDa and smaller proteins were produced. The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant VprSJ4 were pH 7.0 and 40°C, respectively. Kinetic parameters of recombinant VprSJ4 were measured by using an artificial substrate, N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phe-p-nitroanilide. Coexpression of vprSJ4 and aprESJ4 using pHY300PLK increased the fibrinolytic activity a further 117% when compared with aprESJ4 single expression using the same vector in B. subtilis WB600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Yao
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK2 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Meng
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK2 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Huong Giang Le
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK2 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK2 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK2 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK2 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK2 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK2 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 588, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-55-772-1904 Fax: +82-55-772-1909 E-mail:
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18
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Heo SJ, Kim AJ, Park MJ, Kang K, Soung DY. Nutritional and Functional Properties of Fermented Mixed Grains by Solid-State Fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 245. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111693. [PMID: 33228003 PMCID: PMC7699218 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods have several advantages, including increased nutritional value, improved bioavailability, and functional health properties. We examined that these outcomes were also observed in fermented mixed grains (FMG) containing wheat germ, wheat bran, oats, brown rice, barley, quinoa, and lentils following solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 245. The metabolic profile during fermentation was screened using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF-MS). The amino acids were quantitatively measured for the validation of the changes in metabolites. The activity of enzymes (e.g., amylase, protease, and fibrinolysis) and antioxidant capacity was also assessed to elucidate the functionality of FMG. The essential amino acid contents gradually increased as fermentation progressed. As the metabolites involved in the urea cycle and polyamine pathway were changed by fermentation, arginine was used as a substance to produce citrulline, ornithine, and agmatine. FMG showed dramatic increases in enzyme activity. FMG incubated for 36 h also displayed higher total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging ability than MG. The data suggest that FMG produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 245 possess improved nutritional and functional quality, leading to their potential use as dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Heo
- Food Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea; (S.J.H.); (A.-J.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Ah-Jin Kim
- Food Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea; (S.J.H.); (A.-J.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Min-Ju Park
- BIO Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea;
| | - Kimoon Kang
- Food Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea; (S.J.H.); (A.-J.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Do Yu Soung
- Food Research Institute, CJ Cheil Jedang, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16495, Korea; (S.J.H.); (A.-J.K.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-8099-1244
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19
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Moula Ali AM, Bavisetty SCB. Purification, physicochemical properties, and statistical optimization of fibrinolytic enzymes especially from fermented foods: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1498-1517. [PMID: 32781120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes are proteases responsible for cleavage of fibrin mesh in thrombus clots, which are the primary causative agents in cardiovascular diseases. Developing safe, effective and cheap thrombolytic agents are important for prevention and cure of thrombosis. Although a wide variety of sources have been discovered for fibrinolytic enzymes, only few of them have been employed in clinical and therapeutic applications due to the drawbacks such as high cost of production, low stability of enzyme or therapeutic side effects. However, the discovery of new fibrinolytic enzymes requires complex purification stages and characterization, which gives an insight into their diverse modes of action. Post-discovery, approaches such as a) statistical optimization for fermentative bioprocessing and b) genetic engineering are advantageous in providing economic viability by finding simple and cost-effective medium, strain development with sufficient nutrient supplements for stable and high-level production of recombinant enzyme. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of different sources, purification techniques, production through genetic engineering approaches and statistical optimization of fermentation parameters as proteases have a wide variety of industrial and biotechnological applications making 60% of total enzyme market worldwide. New strategies targeting increased enzyme yields, non-denaturing environments, improved stability, enzyme activity and strain improvement have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Muhammed Moula Ali
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food-Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Sri Charan Bindu Bavisetty
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Food-Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
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Amin K, Zeng X, You Y, Hu Y, Sun H, Lyu B, Piao C, Yu H. Enhanced thermostability and antioxidant activity of Nattokinase by biogenic enrichment of selenium. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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D'Souza DH, Bhattacharya S, Das A. Fibrinolytic protease from Bacillus cereus S46: Purification, characterization, and evaluation of its in vitro thrombolytic potential. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:661-668. [PMID: 32515847 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intravascular thrombosis is a prime cause of cardiac complications worldwide. Microbial fibrinolytic proteases are of clinical significance in thrombosis treatment. The present study discusses the purification and characterization of a protease from Bacillus cereus S46, ascertaining its in vitro thrombolytic activity against a blood clot. By the three-step purification involving precipitation, dialysis, and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, a 12.37-fold purification of the enzyme to homogeneity was achieved. The apparent molecular mass of the protease was 30 kDa, as found by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum activity of the enzyme was observed at pH 8.0 and 40°C. The enzyme retained an 82.19% residual activity at pH 8.0 and 40°C for 1 h. The Km and Vmax values of the protease with casein were 0.0027 mM and 9.712 µmol/min, respectively. In an in vitro assay, the purified protease resulted in 97.02% lysis of the blood clot. The fibrinolytic potential of the enzyme, together with its characteristics of being active and stable under near-physiological conditions, may suggest its application as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desrie H D'Souza
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sourav Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arijit Das
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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22
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Isolation and Optimal Fermentation Condition of the Bacillus subtilis Subsp. natto Strain WTC016 for Nattokinase Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase is a serine protease in the subtilisin family which is produced by Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto and exhibits vigorous fibrinolytic activity that has been suggested to be able to prevent and treat thromboembolic diseases. In this study, WTC016, a spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium with fibrinolytic activity was successfully isolated from soil, which was identified as Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto based on morphological and physiological tests, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrA. According to the growth curve of WTC016, the nattokinase production reached the highest amount in the stationary phase. To optimize the liquid fermentation condition for nattokinase yield of WTC016, further optimal tests of four factors, including the temperature, pH, inoculum size, and loading volume, followed by orthogonal test of all these factors, was performed. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined as 30 °C, 7.0 pH, 2% inoculum size, and 60 mL of loading volume in 250 mL conical flask, which indicates the highest nattokinase production of 3284 ± 58 IU/mL while fermented for 26 h. This work laid the foundation for producing nattokinase using Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto WTC016.
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Wu R, Chen G, Pan S, Zeng J, Liang Z. Cost-effective fibrinolytic enzyme production by Bacillus subtilis WR350 using medium supplemented with corn steep powder and sucrose. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6824. [PMID: 31048760 PMCID: PMC6497689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop a cheap and simple medium and to optimize fermentation parameters for fibrinolytic enzyme production by Bacillus subtilis WR350. A low-cost medium containing 35 g/L sucrose, 20 g/L corn steep powder and 2 g/L MgSO4·7H2O was developed via single-factor and orthogonal experiments. A cheap nitrogen source, corn steep powder, was used to replace the soy peptone present in the initial medium. The highest fibrinolytic activity of 5865 U/mL was achieved using the optimized medium in a 100-L fermenter with an aeration rate of 1.0 vvm and an agitation speed of 200 rpm. The resulting enzyme yield was among the highest described in the literature with respect to fibrinolytic activity, as determined by the fibrin plate method. Techno-economic evaluation indicated that the cost of the optimized medium was only 8.5% of the cost of the initial medium, and the total fermentation cost of fibrinolytic enzyme production using the optimized medium was 23.35% of the cost of using the initial medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology; College of Life Science and Technology; Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Guiguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology; College of Life Science and Technology; Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shihan Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology; College of Life Science and Technology; Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingjing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology; College of Life Science and Technology; Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqun Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology; College of Life Science and Technology; Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Xin X, Ambati RR, Cai Z, Lei B. Development of universal purification protocols for fibrinolytic enzyme-producing bacilli. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2018.1561521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xin
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ranga Rao Ambati
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Agriculture Product Quality and Food Safety, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University (VFSTRU), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Agriculture Product Quality and Food Safety, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Agriculture Product Quality and Food Safety, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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25
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Yao Z, Kim JA, Kim JH. Gene Cloning, Expression, and Properties of a Fibrinolytic Enzyme Secreted by Bacillus pumilus BS15 Isolated from Gul (Oyster) Jeotgal. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yao Z, Kim JA, Kim JH. Properties of a fibrinolytic enzyme secreted by Bacillus subtilis JS2 isolated from saeu (small shrimp) jeotgal. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:765-772. [PMID: 30263802 PMCID: PMC6049664 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus species were screened to be used as starters for jeotgals, salted and fermented Korean sea foods. A strain, JS2, showing strong fibrinolytic activity was isolated from saeu (small shrimp) jeotgal, and identified as Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis JS2 grew well at 20% (w/v) NaCl concentration. SDS-PAGE of culture supernatant from JS2 showed 3 major bands of 27, 29, and 60 kDa in size. Fibrin zymography showed that the 27 kDa band was the major fibrinolytic protein. The gene, aprEJS2, was cloned and introduced into B. subtilis WB600 using pHY300PLK. A B. subtilis transformant harboring pHYJS2 showed higher fibrinolytic activity than B. subtilis JS2. aprEJS2 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The optimum pH and temperature for AprEJS2 were pH 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Km and Vmax values were determined. AprEJS2 has strong α-fibrinogenase activity and moderate β-fibrinogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Yao
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Korea
| | - Jeong A Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Korea
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Devaraj Y, Rajender SK, Halami PM. Purification and characterization of fibrinolytic protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MCC2606 and analysis of fibrin degradation product by MS/MS. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:172-180. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1421964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Devaraj
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Savita Kumari Rajender
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Prakash Motiram Halami
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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28
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Ren Y, Pan X, Lyu Q, Liu W. Biochemical characterization of a fibrinolytic enzyme composed of multiple fragments. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:227-229. [PMID: 29309704 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mohanasrinivasan V, Mohanapriya A, Potdar S, Chatterji S, Konne S, Kumari S, Keziah SM, Subathra Devi C. In vitro and in silico studies on fibrinolytic activity of nattokinase: A clot buster from Bacillus sp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Purification and characterization of a fibrinolytic enzyme from the food-grade fungus, Neurospora sitophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Bio-prospecting of cuttle fish waste and cow dung for the production of fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus cereus IND5 in solid state fermentation. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:231. [PMID: 28330303 PMCID: PMC5234527 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The process parameters governing the production of fibrinolytic enzyme
in solid state fermentation employing Bacillus
cereus IND5 and using cuttle fish waste and cow dung substrate were
optimized. The pH value of the medium, moisture content, sucrose, casein and
magnesium sulfate were considered for two-level full factorial design and pH, casein
and magnesium sulfate were identified as the important factors for fibrinolytic
enzyme production. Central composite design was applied to investigate the
interactive effect among variables (pH, casein and magnesium sulfate) and response
surface plots were created to find the pinnacle of process response. The optimized
levels of factors were pH 7.8, 1.1% casein and 0.1% magnesium sulfate. Enzyme
production was increased 2.5-fold after statistical approach. The enzyme was
purified up to a specific activity of 364.5 U/g proteins and its molecular weight
was 47 kDa. It was stable at pH 8.0 and was highly active at 50 °C. The mixture of
cuttle fish waste and cow dung could find great application as solid substrate for
the production of fibrinolytic enzyme.
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32
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Yogesh D, Halami PM. A fibrin degrading serine metallo protease of Bacillus circulans with α-chain specificity. FOOD BIOSCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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33
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Jhample SB, Bhagwat PK, Dandge PB. Statistical media optimization for enhanced production of fibrinolytic enzyme from newly isolated Proteus penneri SP-20. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Kotb E. Purification and partial characterization of serine fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus megaterium KSK-07 isolated from kishk, a traditional Egyptian fermented food. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381501007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Vijayaragh P, Raj SF, Prakash Vi SG. Purification and Characterization of Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Pseudoalteromonas sp., IND11 and its in vitro Activity on Blood Clot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijbc.2015.11.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Thokchom S, Joshi SR. Screening of fibrinolytic enzymes from lactic acid bacterial isolates associated with traditional fermented soybean foods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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37
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Nattokinase: production and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Lin HTV, Hwang PA, Lin TC, Tsai GJ. Production of Bacillus subtilis-fermented red alga Porphyra dentata suspension with fibrinolytic and immune-enhancing activities. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1074-81. [PMID: 25036138 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.915726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The fermented marine alga Porphyra dentata suspension was tested for its fibrinolytic and immune-enhancing activities. An isolated Bacillus subtilis N2 strain was selected for its fibrinolytic activity on fibrin plates. After investigating the effects of biomass amounts of P. dentata powder in water, various additives including sugars, nitrogen-containing substances, lipids and minerals, and cultural conditions of temperature and agitation in flask, the highest fibrinolytic activity in the cultural filtrate was obtained by cultivating N2 strain in 3% (w/v) P. dentata powder suspension containing 1% peanut oil at 37 °C, 150 rpm for 48 h. A fermentor system was further established using the same medium with controlled pH value of 7.0 at 37 °C, 150 rpm, 2.0 vvm for 48 h for the best fibrinolytic activity. The fermented product also showed its immune-enhancing activity by increasing cell proliferation and stimulating the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in J774.1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ting Victor Lin
- a Department of Food Science , National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung , Taiwan, R.O.C
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39
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Garg R, Thorat BN. Nattokinase purification by three phase partitioning and impact of t-butanol on freeze drying. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Kotb E. The biotechnological potential of fibrinolytic enzymes in the dissolution of endogenous blood thrombi. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:656-72. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Science; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt 44519
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41
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Kumar DJM, Rakshitha R, Vidhya MA, Jennifer PS, Prasad S, Kumar MR, Kalaichelvan PT. Production, optimization and characterization of fibrinolytic enzyme by Bacillus subtilis RJAS19. Pak J Biol Sci 2014; 17:529-534. [PMID: 25911841 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.529.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at the production, purification and characterization of fibrinolytic nattokinase enzyme from the bacteria isolated from natto food. For the purpose, a fibrinolytic bacterium was isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The strain was employed for the production and optimization of fibrinolytic enzyme. The strain showed better enzyme production during 72nd h of incubation time with 50 degrees C at the pH 9. The lactose and peptone were found to be increasing the enzyme production rate. The enzyme produced was purified and also characterized with the help of SDS-PAGE analysis. The activity and stability profile of the purified enzyme was tested against different temperature and pH. The observations suggesting that the potential of fibrinolytic enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis RJAS 19 for its applications in preventive medicines.
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42
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Park CS. Characterization of a recombinant l-rhamnose isomerase from Bacillus subtilis and its application on production of l-lyxose and l-mannose. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Kotb E. Purification and partial characterization of a chymotrypsin-like serine fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FCF-11 using corn husk as a novel substrate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2071-80. [PMID: 24609498 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A non-toxic, direct-acting fibrinolytic enzyme, FCF-11, from a newly isolated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FCF-11 was purified, characterized and assayed both in vitro and in vivo for its thrombolytic potential. Corn husk was used as for the first time as the sole carbon/nitrogen source for enzyme production. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 18.2 kDa and purification increased its specific activity 443.5-fold with a recovery of 17 %. Maximal activity was attained at a temperature of 40 °C and pH of 8.0. Additionally the isoelectric point of this protein was 10 ± 0.2. Tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone, phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and aprotinin highly repressed this activity. The presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and two metalloprotease inhibitors, 2,2'-bipyridine and o-phenanthroline, didn't affect the enzymatic activity. Furthermore, it was found to exhibit a higher specificity for the chromogenic substrate S-2586 for chymotrypsin, indicating that the enzyme is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease. Its apparent K(m) and V(max) for the synthetic substrate N-Suc-Phe-pNA were 0.45 mM and 8.26 μmoles/mg/min, respectively. FCF-11 showed direct action upon blood clots in vitro and prolonged the blood clotting time to 4.1-fold, suggesting this enzyme be a beneficial thrombolytic agent especially, with regard with low molecular weight and non specificity to other plasma proteins. FCF-11 could not degrade collagen and was non-cytotoxic to HT29 cells or mammalian erythrocytes. Further, enzyme at a dose of 2 mg/kg was devoid of toxicity as well as hemorrhagic activity on BALB/c mouse model, supporting its suitability for the development of a better and safer thrombolytic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Research Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt,
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44
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Fadl NN, Ahmed HH, Booles HF, Sayed AH. Serrapeptase and nattokinase intervention for relieving Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in rat model. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 32:721-35. [PMID: 23821590 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112467040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serrapeptase (SP) and nattokinase (NK) are proteolytic enzymes belonging to serine proteases. In this study, we hypothesized that SP and NK could modulate certain factors that are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology in the experimental model. Oral administration of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) in a dose of 17 mg/kg body weight (bw) daily for 45 days induced AD-like pathology in male rats with a significant increase in brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), Fas and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Meanwhile, AlCl3 supplementation produced significant decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) when compared with control values. Also, AlCl3 administration caused significant decline in the expression levels of disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 9 (ADAM9) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 10 (ADAM10) genes in the brain. Histological investigation of brain tissue of rat model of AD showed neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus and focal hyalinosis with cellular as well as a cellular amyloid plaques formation. Oral administration of SP or NK in a rat model of AD daily for 45 days resulted in a significant decrease in brain AchE activity, TGF-β, Fas and IL-6 levels. Also, the treatment with these enzymes produced significant increase in BDNF and IGF-1 levels when compared with the untreated AD-induced rats. Moreover, both SP and NK could markedly increase the expression levels of ADAM9 and ADAM10 genes in the brain tissue of the treated rats. These findings were well confirmed by the histological examination of the brain tissue of the treated rats. The present results support our hypothesis that the oral administration of proteolytitc enzymes, SP and/or NK, would have an effective role in modulating certain factors characterizing AD. Thus, these enzymes may have a therapeutic application in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Fadl
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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45
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Vijayaraghavan P, Prakash Vincent SG. Medium optimization for the production of fibrinolytic enzyme by Paenibacillus sp. IND8 using response surface methodology. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:276942. [PMID: 24523635 PMCID: PMC3913018 DOI: 10.1155/2014/276942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of fibrinolytic enzyme by a newly isolated Paenibacillus sp. IND8 was optimized using wheat bran in solid state fermentation. A 2(5) full factorial design (first-order model) was applied to elucidate the key factors as moisture, pH, sucrose, yeast extract, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Statistical analysis of the results has shown that moisture, sucrose, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate have the most significant effects on fibrinolytic enzymes production (P < 0.05). Central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the optimal concentrations of these three components and the experimental results were fitted with a second-order polynomial model at 95% level (P < 0.05). Overall, 4.5-fold increase in fibrinolytic enzyme production was achieved in the optimized medium as compared with the unoptimized medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan
- International Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu 629 502, India
| | - Samuel Gnana Prakash Vincent
- International Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu 629 502, India
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46
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47
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Biochemical characteristics of a fibrinolytic enzyme purified from a marine bacterium, Bacillus subtilis HQS-3. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 62:124-30. [PMID: 24004684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A fibrinolytic enzyme isolated from marine Bacillus subtilis HQS-3 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using ammonium sulphate precipitation, alkaline solution treatment, membrane concentration, dialysis, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography showed that it was a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular weight of 26 kDa. The purified enzyme was active at pH 6.0-10.0 with an optimum pH of 8.0. It was stable at temperatures ranging from 25 to 37 °C, exhibiting maximum activity between 45 °C and 50 °C. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 9.0-9.2, which was higher than those of other known fibrinolytic enzymes from Bacillus species. PMSF, EDTA, Cu(2+), Zn(2+), and Co(2+) inhibited the enzyme activity significantly. This enzyme did not cause hemolysis in vitro and preferred direct degradation of fibrin in the following order: α, β, and γ-γ chains. Thus, these results suggest that the marine-derived enzyme is a plasmin-like serine metalloprotease, which is distinct from other fibrinolytic enzymes from genus Bacillus.
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48
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Activity assessment of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6647-65. [PMID: 23812278 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin inside blood vessels results in thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases. In general, there are four therapy options: surgical operation, intake of antiplatelets, anticoagulants, or fibrinolytic enzymes. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes have attracted much more attention than typical thrombolytic agents because of the expensive prices and the side effects of the latter. The fibrinolytic enzymes were successively discovered from different microorganisms, the most important among which is the genus Bacillus. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes, especially those from food-grade microorganisms, have the potential to be developed as functional food additives and drugs to prevent or cure thrombosis and other related diseases. There are several assay methods for these enzymes; this may due to the insolubility of substrate, fibrin. Existing assay methods can be divided into three major groups. The first group consists of assay of fibrinolytic activity with natural proteins as substrates, e.g., fibrin plate methods. The second and third groups of assays are suitable for kinetic studies and are based on the determination of hydrolysis of synthetic peptide esters. This review will deal primarily with the microorganisms that have been reported in literature to produce fibrinolytic enzymes and the first review discussing the methods used to assay the fibrinolytic activity.
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49
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Anticoagulant activity of Moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) tentacle extract. Toxicon 2012; 60:719-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Liang TW, Hsieh JL, Wang SL. Production and purification of a protease, a chitosanase, and chitin oligosaccharides by Bacillus cereus TKU022 fermentation. Carbohydr Res 2012; 362:38-46. [PMID: 23079238 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A protease- and chitosanase-producing strain was isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus TKU022. The protease and chitosanase were both produced using 1.5% (w/v) shrimp head powder (SHP) as the sole carbon/nitrogen source, and these enzymes were purified from the culture supernatant. The molecular masses of the TKU022 protease and chitosanase determined using SDS-PAGE were approximately 45 and 44kDa, respectively. The high stability of the TKU022 protease toward surfactants, an optimal pH of 10 and an optimal temperature of 50-60°C suggest that this high-alkaline protease has potential applications for various industrial processes. Concomitant with the production of the TKU022 chitosanase, N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides were also observed in the culture supernatant, including (GlcNAc)(2), (GlcNAc)(4), (GlcNAc)(5), and (GlcNAc)(6) at concentrations of 201.5, 12.4, 0.5, and 0.3μg/mL, respectively, as determined using an HPLC analysis. The chitin oligosaccharides products were also characterized using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. A combination of the HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS results showed that the chitin oligosaccharides of the TKU022 culture supernatant comprise oligomers with degree of polymerization (DP) from 2 to 6. Using this method, the production of a protease, a chitosanase, and chitin oligosaccharides may be useful for various industrial and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen Liang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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