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Muleya M, Li D, Chiutsi-Phiri G, Botoman L, Brameld JM, Salter AM. In vitro determination of the protein quality of maize varieties cultivated in Malawi using the INFOGEST digestion method. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19797. [PMID: 37809656 PMCID: PMC10559107 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to alleviate protein deficiencies in low-income countries where cereal-based diets dominate. The objective of this study was to use the INFOGEST static digestion method and a recently established analytical workflow to determine the in vitro amino acid digestibility and protein quality of seven maize varieties grown in Malawi. Protein quality was measured using the in vitro digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). Amino acid digestibility was higher for the dehulled, low fibre, provitamin A maize flour (66%), compared to whole grain maize flours (51-61%), suggesting that the presence of fibre reduced digestibility (p < 0.05). Lysine was the limiting amino acid in all varieties, with the following DIAAS values for each variety; Provitamin A maize - 24, SC 719 - 32, Mtsikinya - 37, SC 167 - 39, Quality protein maize (QPM) - 40, Bantum - 40, SC 403 - 44. In addition to the variety of maize, protein quality was dependent on the level of processing and the agronomic practice applied with higher protein quality for the SC 403 variety in which zinc enriched fertilizer was applied. Comparing protein quality data with published in vivo data showed that DIAAS data were in closer agreement than amino acid digestibility data, which was slightly lower than published values, with mean in vitro amino acid digestibilities of 56-70% compared to a mean in vivo value of 77%. Overall, the in vitro method was able to correctly predict both the direction and magnitude of response. The INFOGEST digestion method coupled with the new analytical workflow will therefore be useful in the screening of high protein cereal crops and subsequent development of cereal-based foods with high protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Muleya
- Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Biosciences, Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Dongfang Li
- School of Biosciences, Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gabriella Chiutsi-Phiri
- Faculty of Life Science and Natural Resources, Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Lester Botoman
- Department of Agricultural Research Services, Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - John M. Brameld
- Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Biosciences, Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Andrew M. Salter
- Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Biosciences, Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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Muleya M, Tang K, Broadley MR, Salter AM, Joy EJM. Limited Supply of Protein and Lysine Is Prevalent among the Poorest Households in Malawi and Exacerbated by Low Protein Quality. Nutrients 2022; 14:2430. [PMID: 35745160 PMCID: PMC9230964 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We estimated dietary supplies of total and available protein and indispensable amino acids (IAAs) and predicted the risk of deficiency in Malawi using Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey data. More than half of dietary protein was derived from cereal crops, while animal products provided only 11%. The supply of IAAs followed similar patterns to that of total proteins. In general, median protein and IAA supplies were reduced by approximately 17% after accounting for digestibility, with higher losses evident among the poorest households. At population level, 20% of households were at risk of protein deficiency due to inadequate available protein supplies. Of concern was lysine supply, which was inadequate for 33% of households at the population level and for the majority of the poorest households. The adoption of quality protein maize (QPM) has the potential to reduce the risk of protein and lysine deficiency in the most vulnerable households by up to 12% and 21%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Muleya
- School of Biosciences, Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (M.R.B.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Kevin Tang
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (K.T.); (E.J.M.J.)
| | - Martin R. Broadley
- School of Biosciences, Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (M.R.B.); (A.M.S.)
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Andrew M. Salter
- School of Biosciences, Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (M.R.B.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Edward J. M. Joy
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (K.T.); (E.J.M.J.)
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
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Sethi M, Kumar S, Singh A, Chaudhary DP. Temporal profiling of essential amino acids in developing maize kernel of normal, opaque- 2 and QPM germplasm. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:341-351. [PMID: 32158139 PMCID: PMC7036386 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Maize, an important cereal crop, has a poor quality of endosperm protein due to the deficiency of essential amino acids, especially lysine and tryptophan. Discovery of mutants such as opaque-2 led to the development of nutritionally improved maize with a higher concentration of lysine and tryptophan. However, the pleiotropic effects associated with opaque-2 mutants necessitated the development of nutritionally improved hard kernel genotype, the present-day quality protein maize (QPM). The aim of present study was to analyze and compare the temporal profile of lysine and tryptophan in the developing maize kernel of normal, opaque-2 and QPM lines. A declining trend in protein along with tryptophan and lysine content was observed with increasing kernel maturity in the experimental genotypes. However, opaque-2 retained the maximum concentration of lysine (3.43) and tryptophan (1.09) at maturity as compared to QPM (lysine-3.05, tryptophan-0.99) and normal (lysine-1.99, tryptophan-0.45) lines. Opaque-2 mutation affects protein quality but has no effect on protein quantity. All maize types are nutritionally rich at early stages of kernel development indicating that early harvest for cattle feed would ensure a higher intake of lysine and tryptophan. Two promising lines (CML44 and HKI 1105) can be used for breeding high value corn for cattle feed or human food in order to fill the protein inadequacy gap. Variation in lysine and tryptophan content within QPM lines revealed that differential expression of endosperm modifiers with varying genetic background significantly affects nutritional quality, indicating that identification of alleles affecting amino acid composition can further facilitate QPM breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Alla Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
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Nankar A, Holguin FO, Scott MP, Pratt RC. Grain and Nutritional Quality Traits of Southwestern U.S. Blue Maize Landraces. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-17-0079-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Nankar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, U.S.A
- Current address: Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 1102 East FM 1294, Lubbock, TX 79403, U.S.A
| | - F. Omar Holguin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, U.S.A
| | - M. Paul Scott
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Richard C. Pratt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, U.S.A
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Oladeji BS, Irinkoyenikan OA, Gbadamosi OS, Ibironke SI, Akanbi CT, Taiwo KA. Comparative analysis of physico-chemical properties and amino acids profile of three tropical maize hybrid cultivars in Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-10-2015-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the physico-chemical properties and amino acid profile of three maize hybrid cultivars grown in Nigeria.
Design/methodology/approach
Two normal maize endosperm varieties, yellow SUWAN-ISR (YNM) and white ART/98/SW05-OB-WC (WNM), and one yellow QPM variety, TZE-POP-DT-STR-QPM (YQPM), were selected for the study. Physico-chemical properties, physical tests, proximate composition analysis, functional properties and characteristics and amino acid profile tests were carried out on the grains using standard methods.
Findings
Protein was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in YQPM (10.49 per cent) than in normal endosperm, YNM (8.83 per cent) and WNM (8.50 per cent). Amino acid profile of the grains revealed that total amino acid of YQPM (94.67 g/100 g of protein) and essential amino acid of YQPM (39.070) were the highest among the three, with highest significantly different value of tryptophan (0.388 g/100 g of protein) at p < 0.05. The cooking quality of YQPM was found to be better than the other two, with highest hydration capacity and increase in volume after cooking (90.8 ± 0.01 g/1000 grains and 147.53 ± 0.02 per cent).
Originality/value
YQPM will be highly beneficial in the tropics, where maize is grown as the major staple food to reduce hunger and malnutrition because of its amino acid balance and its better cooking quality.
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Liu Q, Sun J, Pang Y, Jia Z. Optimization of Processing Technology of Instant Sea Cucumber with Fuzzy Mathematic Comprehensive Evaluation by Response Surface Methodology and Exploration on Nutritional Value of Instant Sea Cucumber. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.22.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Processing of Agricultural Products of Hebei Province
| | - Yahui Pang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei
| | - Ziyang Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei
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Wenefrida I, Utomo HS, Linscombe SD. Mutational breeding and genetic engineering in the development of high grain protein content. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11702-11710. [PMID: 23869957 DOI: 10.1021/jf4016812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are the most important crops in the world for both human consumption and animal feed. Improving their nutritional values, such as high protein content, will have significant implications, from establishing healthy lifestyles to helping remediate malnutrition problems worldwide. Besides providing a source of carbohydrate, grain is also a natural source of dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, specific oils, and other disease-fighting phytocompounds. Even though cereal grains contain relatively little protein compared to legume seeds, they provide protein for the nutrition of humans and livestock that is about 3 times that of legumes. Most cereal seeds lack a few essential amino acids; therefore, they have imbalanced amino acid profiles. Lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), methionine (Met), and tryptophan (Trp) are among the most critical and are a limiting factor in many grain crops for human nutrition. Tremendous research has been put into the efforts to improve these essential amino acids. Development of high protein content can be outlined in four different approaches through manipulating seed protein bodies, modulating certain biosynthetic pathways to overproduce essential and limiting amino acids, increasing nitrogen relocation to the grain through the introduction of transgenes, and exploiting new genetic variance. Various technologies have been employed to improve protein content including conventional and mutational breeding, genetic engineering, marker-assisted selection, and genomic analysis. Each approach involves a combination of these technologies. Advancements in nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics continue to improve public knowledge at a rapid pace on the importance of specific aspects of food nutrition for optimum fitness and health. An understanding of the molecular basis for human health and genetic predisposition to certain diseases through human genomes enables individuals to personalize their nutritional requirements. It is critically important, therefore, to improve grain protein quality. Highly nutritious grain can be tailored to functional foods to meet the needs for both specific individuals and human populations as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Wenefrida
- Rice Research Station, Lousiana State University Agricultural Center , Crowley, Louisiana 70526, United States
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Kirma M, Araújo WL, Fernie AR, Galili G. The multifaceted role of aspartate-family amino acids in plant metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4995-5001. [PMID: 22516796 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants represent the major sources of human foods and livestock feeds, worldwide. However, the limited content of the essential amino acid lysine in cereal grains represents a major nutritional problem for human and for livestock feeding in developed countries. Optimizing the level of lysine in cereal grains requires extensive knowledge on the biological processes regulating the homeostasis of this essential amino acid as well as the biological consequences of this homeostasis. Manipulating biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of lysine metabolism enabled an enhanced accumulation of this essential amino acid in seeds. However, this approach had a major effect on the levels of various metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, revealing a strong interaction between lysine metabolism and cellular energy metabolism. Recent studies discussed here have shed new light on the metabolic processes responsible for the catabolism of lysine, as well as isoleucine, another amino acid of the aspartate-family pathway, into the TCA cycle. Here we discuss progress being made to understand biological processes associated with the catabolism of amino acids of the aspartate-family pathway and its importance for optimal improvement of the nutritional quality of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menny Kirma
- Department of Plant Science, The Weizmnn Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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da Silva LS, Jung R, Zhao ZY, Glassman K, Taylor J, Taylor JR. Effect of suppressing the synthesis of different kafirin sub-classes on grain endosperm texture, protein body structure and protein nutritional quality in improved sorghum lines. J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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High-value products from transgenic maize. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:40-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Arvanitoyannis IS, Vlachos A. Maize authentication: quality control methods and multivariate analysis (chemometrics). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:501-37. [PMID: 19484633 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802068140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maize is one of the most important cereals because of its numerous applications in processed foods where it is the major or minor component. Apart from maize authenticity issues related to cultivar and geographical origin (national and/or international level), there is another important issue related to genetically modified maize. Various objective parameters such as fatty acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, heavy metals were determined in conjunction with subjective (sensory analysis) in order to identify the maize authenticity. However, the implementation of multivariate analysis (principal component analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, canonical analysis) is of great importance toward reaching valid conclusions on authenticity issues. This review summarized the most important finding of both objective and subjective evaluations of maize in five comprehensive tables in conjunction with the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Arvanitoyannis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture Animal Production and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Hellas, Greece.
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Pachón H, Ortiz D, Araujo C, Blair M, Restrepo J. Iron, Zinc, and Protein Bioavailability Proxy Measures of Meals Prepared with Nutritionally Enhanced Beans and Maize. J Food Sci 2009; 74:H147-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shepherd CT, Vignaux N, Peterson JM, Johnson LA, Scott MP. Green Fluorescent Protein as a Tissue Marker in Transgenic Maize Seed. Cereal Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-85-2-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. T. Shepherd
- Interdepartmental Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - N. Vignaux
- Center for Crops Utilization and Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - J. M. Peterson
- Center for Crops Utilization and Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - L. A. Johnson
- Center for Crops Utilization and Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Corresponding author. Phone: 515-294-6261. Fax: 515-294-4365. E-mail address:
| | - M. P. Scott
- USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Lopez-Valenzuela JA, Gibbon BC, Holding DR, Larkins BA. Cytoskeletal proteins are coordinately increased in maize genotypes with high levels of eEF1A. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:1784-97. [PMID: 15247373 PMCID: PMC519090 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.042259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The opaque2 (o2) mutation increases the Lys content of maize (Zea mays) endosperm by reducing the synthesis of zein storage proteins and increasing the accumulation of other types of cellular proteins. Elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is one of these proteins, and its concentration is highly correlated with the amount of other Lys-containing proteins in the endosperm. We investigated the basis for this relationship by comparing patterns of protein accumulation and gene expression between a high (Oh51Ao2) and a low (Oh545o2) eEF1A inbred, as well as between high and low eEF1A recombinant inbred lines obtained from their cross. The content of alpha-zein and several cytoskeletal proteins was measured in high and low eEF1A inbred lines, and the levels of these proteins were found to correlate with that of eEF1A. To extend this analysis, we used an endosperm expressed sequence tag microarray to examine steady-state levels of RNA transcripts in developing endosperm of these genotypes. We identified about 120 genes coordinately regulated in association with eEF1A content. These genes encode proteins involved in several biological structures and processes, including the actin cytoskeleton, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the protein synthesis apparatus. Thus, higher levels of eEF1A in o2 mutants may be related to a more extensive cytoskeletal network surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum and increased synthesis of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, all of which contribute significantly to the Lys content of the endosperm.
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