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Joudaki H, Aria N, Moravej R, Rezaei Yazdi M, Emami-Karvani Z, Hamblin MR. Microbial Phytases: Properties and Applications in the Food Industry. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:374. [PMID: 37847302 PMCID: PMC10581959 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial phytases are enzymes that break down phytic acid, an anti-nutritional compound found in plant-based foods. These enzymes which are derived from bacteria and fungi have diverse properties and can function under different pH and temperature conditions. Their ability to convert phytic acid into inositol and inorganic phosphate makes them valuable in food processing. The application of microbial phytases in the food industry has several advantages. Firstly, adding them to animal feedstuff improves phosphorus availability, leading to improved nutrient utilization and growth in animals. This also reduces environmental pollution by phosphorus from animal waste. Secondly, microbial phytases enhance mineral bioavailability and nutrient assimilation in plant-based food products, counteracting the negative effects of phytic acid on human health. They can also improve the taste and functional properties of food and release bioactive compounds that have beneficial health effects. To effectively use microbial phytases in the food industry, factors like enzyme production, purification, and immobilization techniques are important. Genetic engineering and protein engineering have enabled the development of phytases with improved properties such as enhanced stability, substrate specificity, and resistance to degradation. This review provides an overview of the properties and function of phytases, the microbial strains that produce them, and their industrial applications, focusing on new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Joudaki
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negar Aria
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, Collect of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Moravej
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | | | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhao T, Yong X, Zhao Z, Dolce V, Li Y, Curcio R. Research status of Bacillus phytase. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:415. [PMID: 34485008 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytic acid is abundant in seeds, roots and stems of plants, it acts as an anti-nutrient in food and feed industry, since it affects the absorption of nutrients by humans and monogastric animals. Furthermore, phosphorus produced through its decomposition by microorganisms can cause environmental pollution. Phytase degrades phytic acid generating precursors of inositol that can be used in clinical practice; in addition, phytase treatment can minimize the anti-nutritional effect of phytic acid. The use of phytase synthesized from Bacillus is more advantageous due to its high activity. Additionally, its good heat resistance under neutral conditions greatly fills the gap of commercial utilization of acid phytase. In this review, we summarize the latest research results on Bacillus phytase, including its physiological and biochemical characteristics, molecular structure information, calcium effects on its catalytic activity and stability, its catalytic mechanism and molecular modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Faculty of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Faculty of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosita Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Yang SY, Huang TK, Kuo HF, Chiou TJ. Role of vacuoles in phosphorus storage and remobilization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3045-3055. [PMID: 28077447 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles play a fundamental role in storage and remobilization of various nutrients, including phosphorus (P), an essential element for cell growth and development. Cells acquire P primarily in the form of inorganic orthophosphate (Pi). However, the form of P stored in vacuoles varies by organism and tissue. Algae and yeast store polyphosphates (polyPs), whereas plants store Pi and inositol phosphates (InsPs) in vegetative tissues and seeds, respectively. In this review, we summarize how vacuolar P molecules are stored and reallocated and how these processes are regulated and co-ordinated. The roles of SYG1/PHO81/XPR1 (SPX)-domain-containing membrane proteins in allocating vacuolar P are outlined. We also highlight the importance of vacuolar P in buffering the cytoplasmic Pi concentration to maintain cellular homeostasis when the external P supply fluctuates, and present additional roles for vacuolar polyP and InsP besides being a P reserve. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of alternative pathways to recycle Pi from other P metabolites in vacuoles. Finally, future perspectives for researching this topic and its potential application in agriculture are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Kuei Huang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Kuo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Lozada-Salcedo EE, Núñez-Torres OP, Rosero-Peñaherrera MA, Aragadvay-Yungan RG. Efectos fisiopatológicos de los compuestos secundarios en la alimentación de monogástricos. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2017.040100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kumar V, Yadav AN, Verma P, Sangwan P, Saxena A, Kumar K, Singh B. β-Propeller phytases: Diversity, catalytic attributes, current developments and potential biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:595-609. [PMID: 28174082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are phosphatases which stepwise remove phosphates from phytic acid or its salts. β-Propeller phytase (BPPhy) belongs to a special class of microbial phytases that is regarded as most diverse, isolated and characterized from different microbes, mainly from Bacillus spp. BPPhy class is unique for its Ca2+-dependent catalytic activity, strict substrate specificity, active at neutral to alkaline pH and high thermostability. Numerous sequence and structure based studies have revealed unique attributes and catalytic properties of this class, as compared to other classes of phytases. Recent studies including cloning and expression and genetic engineering approaches have led to improvements in BPPhy which provide an opportunity for extended utilization of this class of phytases in improving animal nutrition, human health, plant growth promotion, and environmental protection, etc. This review describes the sources and diversity of BPPhy genes, biochemical properties, Ca2+ dependence, current developments in structural elucidation, heterogeneous expression and catalytic improvements, and multifarious applications of BPPhy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India.
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Punesh Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Abhishake Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
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Mootapally CS, Nathani NM, Patel AK, Jakhesara SJ, Joshi CG. Mining of Ruminant Microbial Phytase (RPHY1) from Metagenomic Data of Mehsani Buffalo Breed: Identification, Gene Cloning, and Characterization. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:252-60. [DOI: 10.1159/000445321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytases have been widely used as animal feed supplements to increase the availability of digestible phosphorus, especially in monogastric animals fed cereal grains. The present study describes the identification of a full-length phytase gene of <i>Prevotella</i> species present in Mehsani buffalo rumen. The gene, designated as RPHY1, consists of 1,251 bp and is expressed into protein with 417 amino acids. A homology search of the deduced amino acid sequence of the RPHY1 phytase gene in a nonredundant protein database showed that it shares 92% similarity with the histidine acid phosphatase domain. Subsequently, the RPHY1 gene was expressed using a pET32a expression vector in <i>Escherichia coli </i>BL21 and purified using a His60 Ni-NTA gravity column. The mass of the purified RPHY1 was estimated to be approximately 63 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal RPHY1 enzyme activity was observed at 55°C (pH 5) and exhibited good stability at 5°C and within the acidic pH range. Significant inhibition of RPHY1 activity was observed for Mg<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> metal ions, while Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, and Na<sup>+</sup> slightly inhibited enzyme activity. The RPHY1 phytase was susceptible to SDS, and it was highly stimulated in the presence of EDTA. Overall, the observed comparatively high enzyme activity levels and characteristics of the RPHY1 gene mined from rumen prove its promising candidature as a feed supplement enzyme in animal farming.
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Gruninger RJ, Dobing S, Smith AD, Bruder LM, Selinger LB, Wieden HJ, Mosimann SC. Substrate binding in protein-tyrosine phosphatase-like inositol polyphosphatases. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:9722-9730. [PMID: 22139834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.309872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase-like inositol polyphosphatases are microbial enzymes that catalyze the stepwise removal of one or more phosphates from highly phosphorylated myo-inositols via a relatively ordered pathway. To understand the substrate specificity and kinetic mechanism of these enzymes we have determined high resolution, single crystal, x-ray crystallographic structures of inactive Selenomonas ruminantium PhyA in complex with myo-inositol hexa- and pentakisphosphate. These structures provide the first glimpse of a myo-inositol polyphosphatase-ligand complex consistent with its known specificity and reveal novel features of the kinetic mechanism. To complement the structural studies, fluorescent binding assays have been developed and demonstrate that the K(d) for this enzyme is several orders of magnitude lower than the K(m). Together with rapid kinetics data, these results suggest that the protein tyrosine phosphatase-like inositol polyphosphatases have a two-step, substrate-binding mechanism that facilitates catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gruninger
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Selina Dobing
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Adam D Smith
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Lisza M Bruder
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - L Brent Selinger
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Hans-Joachim Wieden
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Steven C Mosimann
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4.
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Goyoaga C, Burbano C, Cuadrado C, Romero C, Guillamón E, Varela A, Pedrosa MM, Muzquiz M. Content and distribution of protein, sugars and inositol phosphates during the germination and seedling growth of two cultivars of Vicia faba. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Anastasio M, Pepe O, Cirillo T, Palomba S, Blaiotta G, Villani F. Selection and use of phytate-degrading LAB to improve cereal-based products by mineral solubilization during dough fermentation. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M28-35. [PMID: 20492182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New producers of phytate-degrading enzymes, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB), were used to improve mineral solubilization during dough fermentation. In all, among strains from different sources by microorganisms (150 lactic acid bacteria, 36 yeasts), 38 (24%) exhibited a clear zone around the colonies by hydrolyzing hexacalcium phytate contained in solid medium. When phytase-positive strains from plate assay were tested for phytase activity in liquid medium, 6 of the strains (37%) exhibited phytate-degrading activity in at least one of the 3 different media used. Of the LAB, the highest phytase values were found for Enterococcus faecium A86 (0.74 U/mL) and Lactobacillus plantarum H5 (0.71 U/mL). Two different starter cultures obtained by combinations of phytase-positive (phy+: L. plantarum H5 and L3, Leuconostoc gelidum A16, and E. faecium A86) or phytase-negative (phy-: L. gelidum LM249, L. plantarum H19, and L. plantarum L8) selected LAB strains, were used to measure mineral concentrations of iron, zinc, and manganese during dough fermentation. Although the 2 kinds of starter showed similar acidic values, the presence of phytate-degrading LAB strains increased mineral solubilization in comparison to the starter phy-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Anastasio
- Dipt. di Scienza degli Alimenti, Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Li R, Zhao J, Sun C, Lu W, Guo C, Xiao K. Biochemical properties, molecular characterizations, functions, and application perspectives of phytases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11703-010-0103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Puhl AA, Greiner R, Selinger LB. Stereospecificity of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate hydrolysis by a protein tyrosine phosphatase-like inositol polyphosphatase from Megasphaera elsdenii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 82:95-103. [PMID: 18853154 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphatases (IPPases), particularly those that can hydrolyze myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (Ins P(6)), are of biotechnological interest for their ability to reduce the metabolically unavailable organic phosphate content of feedstuffs and to produce lower inositol polyphosphates (IPPs) for research and pharmaceutical applications. Here, the gene coding for a new protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-like IPPase was cloned from Megasphaera elsdenii (phyAme), and the biochemical properties of the recombinant protein were determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of PhyAme is similar to known PTP-like IPPases (29-44% identity), and the recombinant enzyme displayed strict specificity for IPP substrates. Optimal IPPase activity was displayed at an ionic strength of 250 mM, a pH of 5.0, and a temperature of 60 degrees C. In order to elucidate its stereospecificity of Ins P(6) dephosphorylation, a combination of high-performance ion-pair chromatography and kinetic studies was conducted. PhyAme displayed a stereospecificity that is unique among enzymes belonging to this class in that it preferentially cleaved Ins P(6) at one of two phosphate positions, 1D-3 or 1D-4. PhyAme followed two distinct and specific routes of hydrolysis, predominantly degrading Ins P(6) to Ins(2)P via: (a) 1D-Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P(5), 1D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P(4), 1D-Ins(1,2,6)P(3), and 1D-Ins(1,2)P(2) (60%) and (b) 1D-Ins(1,2,3,5,6)P(5), 1D-Ins(1,2,3,6)P(4), Ins(1,2,3)P(3), and D/L-Ins(1,2)P(2)(35%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Puhl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Puhl AA, Greiner R, Selinger LB. Kinetics, substrate specificity, and stereospecificity of two new protein tyrosine phosphatase-like inositol polyphosphatases from Selenomonas lacticifex. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:322-30. [DOI: 10.1139/o08-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphatases (IPPases) play an important role in the metabolism of inositol polyphosphates, a class of molecules involved in signal transduction. Here we characterize 2 new protein tyrosine phosphatase-like IPPases (PhyAsl and PhyBsl) cloned from Selenomonas lacticifex that can hydrolyze myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) in vitro. To determine their preferred substrates and stereospecificity of InsP6 dephosphorylation, a combination of kinetic and high-performance ion pair chromatography studies were conducted. Despite only 33% amino acid sequence identity between them, both enzymes display strict specificity for IPP substrates and cleave InsP6 primarily at the d-3-phosphate position (>90%). Furthermore, both enzymes predominantly degrade InsP6 to Ins(2)P via identical and very specific routes of dephosphorylation (3,4,5,6,1). Despite these similarities, PhylAsl is shown to have a slight kinetic preference for the major inositol pentakisphosphate intermediate in its InsP6 hydrolysis pathway, whereas PhyBsl displays a unique and substantial preference for an inositol tetrakisphosphate intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Puhl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Greiner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L. Brent Selinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Puhl AA, Greiner R, Selinger LB. A protein tyrosine phosphatase-like inositol polyphosphatase from Selenomonas ruminantium subsp. lactilytica has specificity for the 5-phosphate of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2053-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Greiner R, Farouk AE, Carlsson NG, Konietzny U. myo-Inositol Phosphate Isomers Generated by the Action of a Phytase from a Malaysian Waste-water Bacterium. Protein J 2007; 26:577-84. [PMID: 17805950 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-007-9100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using a combination of High-Performance Ion Chromatography analysis and kinetic studies, the pathway of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate dephosphorylation by a phytase from a Malaysian waste-water bacterium was established. The data demonstrate that the phytase preferably dephosphorylates myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in a stereospecific way by sequential removal of phosphate groups via D-I(1,2,3,4,5)P(5), D-I(2,3,4,5)P(4), D-I(2,3,4)P(3), D-I(2,3)P(2) to finally I(2)P. It was estimated that more than 90% of phytate hydrolysis occurs via D-I(1,2,3,4,5)P(5). Thus, the phytase from the Malaysian waste-water bacterium has to be considered a 6-phytase (E.C. 3.1.3.26). A second pathway of minor importance could be proposed which is in accordance with the results obtained from analysis of the dephosphorylation products formed by the action of the phytase under investigation on myo-inositol hexakisphosphate. It proceeds via D/L-I(1,2,4,5,6)P(5), D/L-I(1,2,4,5)P(4), D/L-I(1,2,4)P(3), D/L-I(2,4)P(2) to finally I(2)P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Greiner
- Division of Bioprocess Engineering & Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, Federal University of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81531-970, Brazil.
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Puhl AA, Gruninger RJ, Greiner R, Janzen TW, Mosimann SC, Selinger LB. Kinetic and structural analysis of a bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase-like myo-inositol polyphosphatase. Protein Sci 2007; 16:1368-78. [PMID: 17567745 PMCID: PMC2206706 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062738307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PhyA from Selenomonas ruminantium (PhyAsr), is a bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-like inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (IPPase) that is distantly related to known PTPs. PhyAsr has a second substrate binding site referred to as a standby site and the P-loop (HCX5R) has been observed in both open (inactive) and closed (active) conformations. Site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic and structural studies indicate PhyAsr follows a classical PTP mechanism of hydrolysis and has a broad specificity toward polyphosphorylated myo-inositol substrates, including phosphoinositides. Kinetic and molecular docking experiments demonstrate PhyAsr preferentially cleaves the 3-phosphate position of Ins P6 and will produce Ins(2)P via a highly ordered series of sequential dephosphorylations: D-Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5, Ins(2,4,5,6)P4, D-Ins(2,4,5)P3, and D-Ins(2,4)P2. The data support a distributive enzyme mechanism and suggest the PhyAsr standby site is involved in the recruitment of substrate. Structural studies at physiological pH and high salt concentrations demonstrate the "closed" or active P-loop conformation can be induced in the absence of substrate. These results suggest PhyAsr should be reclassified as a D-3 myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase and suggest the PhyAsr reaction mechanism is more similar to that of PTPs than previously suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Puhl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Greiner R, Carlsson NG. myo-Inositol phosphate isomers generated by the action of a phytate-degrading enzyme from Klebsiella terrigena on phytate. Can J Microbiol 2006; 52:759-68. [PMID: 16917535 DOI: 10.1139/w06-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For the first time a dual pathway for dephosphorylation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate by a histidine acid phytase was established. The phytate-degrading enzyme of Klebsiella terrigena degrades myo-inositol hexakisphosphate by stepwise dephosphorylation, preferably via D-Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5, D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P4, D-Ins(1,2,6)P3, D-Ins(1,2)P2 and alternatively via D-Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5, Ins(2,4,5,6)P4, D-Ins(2,4,5)P3, D-Ins(2,4)P2 to finally Ins(2)P. It was estimated that more than 98% of phytate hydrolysis occurs via D-Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5. Therefore, the phytate-degrading enzyme from K. terrigena has to be considered a 3-phytase (EC 3.1.3.8). A second dual pathway of minor importance could be proposed that is in accordance with the results obtained by analysis of the dephosphorylation products formed by the action of the phytate-degrading enzyme of K. terrigena on myo-inositol hexakisphosphate. It proceeds preferably via D-Ins(1,2,3,5,6)P5, D-Ins(1,2,3,6)P4, Ins(1,2,3)P3, D-Ins(2,3)P2 and alternatively via D-Ins(1,2,3,5,6)P5, D-Ins(2,3,5,6)P4, D-Ins(2,3,5)P3, D-Ins(2,3)P2 to finally Ins(2)P. D-Ins(2,3,5,6)P4, D-Ins(2,3,5)P3, and D-Ins(2,4)P2 were reported for the first time as intermediates of enzymatic phytate dephosphorylation. A role of the phytate-degrading enzyme from K. terrigena in phytate breakdown could not be ruled out. Because of its cytoplasmatic localization and the suggestions for substrate recognition, D-Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 might be the natural substrate of this enzyme and, therefore, may play a role in microbial pathogenesis or cellular myo-inositol phosphate metabolism.Key words: myo-inositol phosphate isomers, phytate-degrading enzyme, phytate, phytase, Klebsiella terrigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Greiner
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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