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Anticancer Impacts of Terminalia catappa Extract on SW480 Colorectal Neoplasm Cell Line. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:99-105. [PMID: 31823219 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal and prevalent cancers throughout the world. Despite the remarkable advance in the field, drug resistance still remains as an unresolved problem in cancer. Hence, finding effective compounds with minimal side effects to fight cancer is of central priority. Herbal products have been traditionally used to prevent and treat a variety of diseases. METHODS In the present study, the antitumor effect of Terminalia catappa plant ethanolic extract (TCE) was assessed on SW480 CRC model cell line. In this regard, effects of TCE were evaluated on the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of SW480 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Annexin V/PI flow cytometry, and scratch tests, respectively. Furthermore, changes in the expression of genes involved in these events including Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, MMP-13, miR-21, and miR-34a were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS According to the MTT results, TCE reduced the proliferation of SW480 cells significantly. The flow cytometry test also revealed a notable rate of apoptosis induction after TCE treatment. An inhibitory effect on cell migration was also evident in scratch test. Expression patterns of the assessed genes also changed subsequent to TCE treatment. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated that T. catappa could be considered as a potential source of anticancer compounds and a candidate for further investigations.
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Zarredar H, Khamaneh AM, Firouzi Amoodizaj F, Shanaehbandi D, Seyedrezazadeh E, Sabagh Jadid H, Asadi M, Zafari V, Khalili Y, Soleimani Z, Ansarin A, Khalili M. Terminalia Catappa Extract (TCE) Reduces Proliferation of Lung and Breast Cancer Cell by Modulating miR-21 and miR-34a Expressions. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:1157-1163. [PMID: 33906308 PMCID: PMC8325118 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.4.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: After cardiovascular illness, cancer is the one of the main and second cause of death in the worldwide. Despite significant advances in this field, low survival, drug resistance, and side effects of chemotherapy remain an unsolved problem. Due to the high mortality rate among cancer patients, finding the new substance to treatment with low side effects is important. Previous studies have been informed that positive effects of herbal medicines on cancer patients, which are very efficient in the treatment of cancer. Methods: In this study, the antitumor effect of ethanolic Terminalia catappa leaf extract (TCE) on MCF-7, MDA-231, and A549 cell lines was examined. For this reason, the effects of TCE on cell migration, gene expression, and growth were investigated by scratch, test, real-time PCR (qPCR) qPCR, and MTT tests respectively. Results: As a reported by the MTT outcomes, TCE significantly decreased the viability of A549, MCF-7, and MDA-231 cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, genes expression patterns that are related to proliferation (miR-21, miR-34a), migration (MMP-13, Vimentin), and apoptosis (Cas-3, Cas-8, Cas-9, Bcl-2, Bax) also have changed significantly after treatment with TCE. Also, in the A549 cell line, Bax (p value: 0.029), Cas-9 (p value: 0.00023), miR-34a (p value: 0.031), Bcl-2 (p value: 0.0076), MMP-13 (p value: 0.041), Cas-3 (p value: 0.00051) and in MCF-7 cell line Bax (p value: 0.0004), Cas-3 (p value: 0.0003), Cas-9(p value: 0.037), miR-34a (p value: 0.005), Bcl-2(pvalue:0.0007), mir-21(p value:0.016), MMP-13(p value: 0.011) and in MDA-231 cell line Bax(p value<0.0001), Cas-3(p value: 0.003), Cas-9(p value: 0.0004). mir-34a (p value:0.0019), Bcl-2(p value:0.0023), MMP-13(p value: 0.032) have significantly changed compare to control group. Conclusion: The outcomes of this research determined that T. Catappa might be a potential source of antitumor compounds and could be a candidate for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Daneshgah Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mahdi Khamaneh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center & Rahat Breathe and Sleep Resaerch, Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Dariush Shanaehbandi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center & Rahat Breathe and Sleep Resaerch, Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Seyedrezazadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Daneshgah Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Sabagh Jadid
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Daneshgah Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Asadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Venus Zafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Daneshgah Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Khalili
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center & Rahat Breathe and Sleep Resaerch, Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Soleimani
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Daneshgah Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ansarin
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Daneshgah Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Khalili
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center & Rahat Breathe and Sleep Resaerch, Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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Santos OV, Lorenzo ND, Souza ALG, Costa CEF, Conceição LRV, Lannes SCDS, Teixeira-Costa BE. CO 2 supercritical fluid extraction of pulp and nut oils from Terminalia catappa fruits: Thermogravimetric behavior, spectroscopic and fatty acid profiles. Food Res Int 2020; 139:109814. [PMID: 33509453 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the attributes of the pulp and nut oils from Terminalia catappa fruits obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with pressurized CO2. The yield, physico-chemical characterization and fatty acid profiles of both oils were assessed based on their acidity and peroxide indices, thermogravimetric behavior, infrared spectroscopic and gas chromatographic analyses. The extraction yields were 7.4% and 61.5% for the pulp and nut from T. catappa, respectively. The pulp and nut oils exhibited low levels of acidity, 3.3 and 1.9 mg KOH g-1, and peroxides, 3.8 and 1.7 mEq kg-1, respectively. These values are lower than the maximum recommended levels given by the Codex Alimentarius for virgin oils (4.0 mg KOH g-1 and 15 mEq Kg-1, respectively). Unsaturated fatty acids were a major constituent of the oils (58%), of which omegas 3 and 6 were predominant. The infrared spectroscopy of the nut oil showed high intensity bands between 2912 and 716 cm-1, representative of chemical groups commonly present in unsaturated fatty acids. The pulp oil displayed higher thermal stability than the nut oil, whereby the initial degradation temperatures (Tonset) were 280 °C and 230 °C, respectively. This difference may be related to a greater amount of saturated fatty acids in the pulp oil compared to the nut oil. Thus, both pulp and nut oils displayed good physicochemical properties, which are desirable in diverse industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Dantas Lorenzo
- Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research - EMBRAPA Eastern Amazon, Rua Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, Curió Utinga, 66095-100 Belém, PA, Brazil
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Lee CY, Yang SF, Wang PH, Su CW, Hsu HF, Tsai HT, Hsiao YH. Antimetastatic effects of Terminalia catappa leaf extracts on cervical cancer through the inhibition of matrix metalloprotein-9 and MAPK pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:60-66. [PMID: 30259628 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Terminalia catappa leaf extracts (TCE) have been widely investigated, including its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activity, as well as its antimetastatic effects on several types of human cancer. However, no study has examined the antimetastatic potential of TCE in cervical cancer cells. This study aimed to elucidate the potential antimetastatic properties of ethanol extracts of Terminalia catappa in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treated human cervical cancer cells and investigate the signaling pathway of this process. We demonstrated that TCE elicited very low cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited cellular migration and invasion in human HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cells. Moreover, the gelatin zymography, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and real-time PCR analysis revealed that the activity and mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were inhibited by TCE in a concentration-dependent manner. The Western blot results demonstrated that the highest concentration of TCE (100 μg/ml) reduced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) by 46% in the HeLa cell lines. In conclusion, it was revealed that TCE exerted antimetastatic effects on cervical cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of MMP-9 through the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yuan Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wen Su
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Fen Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ting Tsai
- Post-Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Hsiao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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Beserra AMSES, Vilegas W, Tangerina MMP, Ascêncio SD, Soares IM, Pavan E, Damazo AS, Ribeiro RV, Martins DTDO. Chemical characterisation and toxicity assessment in vitro and in vivo of the hydroethanolic extract of Terminalia argentea Mart. leaves. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 227:56-68. [PMID: 30142424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia argentea Mart. (Combretaceae), known mainly as "capitão", is a native tree, not endemic, that occurs in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Leaf infusion is popularly mentioned by riverine communities that inhabit the microregion of Northern Araguaia (Mato Grosso, Brazil) for the treatment of gastric ulcer, bronchitis and haemorrhage. Considering the wide medicinal use, lack of studies that evaluate the safety of use and the scarcity of phytochemical studies of T. argentea leaves, this work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of T. argentea Mart. (HETa) in experimental models in vivo and in vitro, as well as to advance the phytochemical analysis of HETa. MATERIALS AND METHODS HETa was prepared by macerating the leaf powder in hydroethanolic solution. Phytochemical characterisation was carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry through direct flow infusion coupled with electrospray ionization and ion-trap analyzer (DFI-ESI-IT-MS analyses) The contents of phenols, flavonoids and phytosterols were analysed by colorimetric methods. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the Alamar blue assay on Chinese hamster ovary epithelial cells (CHO-K1) and human gastric adenocarcinoma cells (AGS). In vitro genotoxicity of HETa (10, 30 or 100 μg/mL) was assessed by micronucleus (MN) and comet tests using CHO-K1 cells. The acute toxicity assessment was performed by oral administration of HETa in single dose Swiss mice (males and females) up to 2000 mg/kg and sub-chronic toxicity by daily oral administration of HETa (50, 200 and 800 mg/kg) in Wistar rats for 30 days. The parameters related to the clinical and toxicological observations were determined every 6 days and at the end of the treatment the blood was collected for biochemical and haematological analysis, and some organs were removed for macroscopic and histopathological analysis. RESULTS Preliminary phytochemistry and TLC analysis of HETa revealed the presence of phenolic compounds (18.8%), flavonoids (10.8%), saponins, tannins and phytosterols (19%). The HPLC data revealed the presence of gallic acid, rutin, ellagic acid, catechin, quercetin and kaempferol. In the analysis by DFI-ESI-IT-MS, the presence of gallic acid, rutin, ellagic acid and quercetin was confirmed and identified caffeic acid, quinic acid, galloylmucic acid, quercetin xyloside, quercetin rhamnoside, quercetin glucoside, caffeoyl ellagic acid, quercetin galloyl xyloside, terminalin, quercetin galloyl glucose, corilagin, quercetin digalloyl xyloside, quercetin digalloyl glucoside, punicalin and punicalagin. HETa showed no cytotoxic effect on CHO-K1 and AGS cells. In the MN assay, HETa increased the number of MNs and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in binucleate cells at the three concentrations tested and the nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) number at 30 μg/mL. In the comet test, HETa (10 and 100 μg/mL) alone showed a genotoxic effect on CHO-K1 cells. In pre-treatment, HETa at all concentrations tested prevented DNA damage induced by H2O2. In co-treatment with H2O2, HETa showed genotoxic effects at the three concentrations, and post-treatment DNA damage in exposed CHO-K1 cells to H2O2 was repaired in 22.5% with 10 μg/mL HETa. In the acute toxicity test, the HETa did not cause death in the mice, being verified only by piloerection and reversible in 2 h in males and in 4 days in females. No macroscopic changes were observed in the analysed organs. In the sub-chronic toxicity test, the HETa did not cause death in the rats after 30 days and the few changes were: absolute (103/mm3) and relative (%) values of basophils increased by 477.8% and 423% (p < 0.001), respectively, with 50 mg/kg; reduction in feed intake (23.6%, p < 0.01) only on day 18; total cholesterol concentration (13.1%, p < 0.05) and relative heart weight (13.2% %, p < 0.05) at a dose of 800 mg/kg. These effects were not dose-dependent nor followed by clinical signs and symptoms of intoxication, nor of macroscopic and histopathological changes in the organs of animals treated with HETa. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that HETa had no cytotoxic in vitro effects for CHO-K1 and AGS cells. In in vitro genotoxicity assays, the HETa induced different responses, according to concentration and experimental condition. In the MN test the HETa presented genotoxic potential by increasing the number of MNs, NBUDs and NPBs. In the comet assay, HETa was genotoxic by itself and in the co-treatment protocol with H2O2. In pre-treatment or post-treatment protocols with H2O2, HETa presented an antigenotoxic effect by preventing or repairing, respectively, the genotoxicity induced by H2O2. In the in vivo models, HETa was shown to be relatively safe after acute administration in mice [no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 2000 mg/kg] and sub-chronic in rats (NOAEL of 800 mg/kg), confirming the riverine information that it is non-toxic in the dosage used. Phytochemical analysis of HETa revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phytosterols. Among the flavonoids and tannins, we highlight gallic acid, rutin, ellagic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, quinic acid, corilagin, punicalin and punicalagin. Thus, it can be stated that HETa has a good safety margin for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Márcia Selhorst E Silva Beserra
- Área de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório de Bioprospecção de Produtos Naturais, câmpus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Marucci Pereira Tangerina
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório de Bioprospecção de Produtos Naturais, câmpus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Donizeti Ascêncio
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Tocantins (UFT), Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Ilsamar Mendes Soares
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Tocantins (UFT), Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Pavan
- Área de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Sabino Damazo
- Laboratório de Histologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Vicente Ribeiro
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso (IFMT), Campus Avançado de Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira Martins
- Área de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Irondi EA, Agboola SO, Boligon AA. Inhibitory effects of tropical almond leaf extract on xanthine oxidase, pancreatic lipase, and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme, in vitro. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samson Olalekan Agboola
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology; University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Industrial Pharmacy; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
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Périco LL, Heredia-Vieira SC, Beserra FP, de Cássia Dos Santos R, Weiss MB, Resende FA, Dos Santos Ramos MA, Bonifácio BV, Bauab TM, Varanda EA, de Gobbi JIF, da Rocha LRM, Vilegas W, Hiruma-Lima CA. Does the gastroprotective action of a medicinal plant ensure healing effects? An integrative study of the biological effects of Serjania marginata Casar. (Sapindaceae) in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:312-324. [PMID: 26099637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Serjania marginata (Sapindaceae), a medicinal plant commonly found in the Brazilian Cerrado, Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina, is also known as "cipó-uva" or "cipó-timbó". Ethnopharmacological studies indicate that the leaves from this medicinal plant are used in folk medicine to treat gastric pain. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective and healing effect of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from S. marginata (HESM) leaves using rodent experimental models. As part of the integrative study of this medicinal plant, we also evaluated the acute toxicity, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, (anti)mutagenic, and hemodynamic effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a pharmacological study to test the acute toxicity and antimutagenic effect (Ames assay) of the HESM. The HESM was tested against different necrosis-promoting agents and experimental manipulations, such as absolute ethanol, cysteamine, pyloric ligature, and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The gastroprotective effect of the HESM was assessed by analyzing the gastric juice (volume, pH, total acidity) and the mucus in the gastric mucosa from rats. We assessed the levels of NO, sulfhydryl compounds, PGE2, vanilloid receptor, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The gastric healing effects of the HESM were evaluated during 7 or 14 days of treatment. The intestinal motility, antidiarrheal action, and antibacterial effects (microdilution methods) of the HESM were also evaluated. RESULTS The phytochemical analysis of the HESM revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoid glycosides, and tannins. The extract exhibited no sign of acute toxicity or mutagenic effect in vitro. In contrast, this extract exhibited a protective effect against the mutagenic action of direct- and indirect-acting mutagens. Only the oral administration of HESM (250mg/kg) significantly decreased the severity of gastric damage induced by ethanol (60.13%) and I/R (58.31%). The HESM exerts its gastroprotective effects by decreasing the MPO and MDA activities in the gastric tissue and by increasing the amount of adherent mucus covering the gastric mucosa. In vitro, the extract also displayed evident antimicrobial effects against Helicobacter pylori. However, the preventive effect of the HESM was not accompanied by an ulcer-healing effect. The treatment with HESM (14 days) significantly increased gastric lesions in 99% of the tested animals compared with the control group. This result represents a highly relevant piece of evidence that should resonate as an alert against the chronic use of this medicinal plant as an antiulcer in folk medicine. CONCLUSIONS Despite the anti-H. pylori and gastroprotective actions of S. marginata in experimental models, the gastric injuries aggravation induced after chronic treatment with the HESM argues against the use of this plant species in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lucena Périco
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Pereira Beserra
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Cássia Dos Santos
- Universidade São Francisco, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Unidade Integrada de Farmacologia e Gastroenterologia, CEP 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio Barczyszyn Weiss
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 14800-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia Aparecida Resende
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 14800-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Vidal Bonifácio
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 14800-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Taís Maria Bauab
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 14800-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida Varanda
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, CEP 14800-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcia Regina Machado da Rocha
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, CEP 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Yeh CB, Yu YL, Lin CW, Chiou HL, Hsieh MJ, Yang SF. Terminalia catappa attenuates urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression through Erk pathways in Hepatocellular carcinoma. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:141. [PMID: 24886639 PMCID: PMC4012530 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background The survival rate of malignant tumors, and especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has not improved primarily because of uncontrolled metastasis. In our previous studies, we have reported that Terminalia catappa leaf extract (TCE) exerts antimetastasis effects on HCC cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in HCC metastasis have not been thoroughly investigated, and remain poorly understood. Methods The activities and protein levels of u-PA were determined by casein zymography and western blotting. Transcriptional levels of u-PA were detected by real-time PCR and promoter assays. Results We found that treatment of Huh7 cells with TCE significantly reduced the activities, protein levels and mRNA levels of u-PA. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that TCE inhibited the transcription protein of nuclear factors SP-1 and NF-κB. TCE also did inhibit the effects of u-PA by reducing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 pathway. Conclusions These results show that u-PA expression may be a potent therapeutic target in the TCE-mediated suppression of HCC metastasis.
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Characterization and Quantification of Compounds in the Hydroalcoholic Extract of the Leaves from Terminalia catappa Linn. (Combretaceae) and Their Mutagenic Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:676902. [PMID: 24734110 PMCID: PMC3966358 DOI: 10.1155/2014/676902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Terminalia is a genus of Combretaceous plants widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the majority compounds of the hydroalcoholic extract (7 : 3, v/v) of the leaves from T. catappa by HPLC-PDA, chemically characterize by hyphenated techniques (HPLC-ESI-IT-MSn) and NMR, and evaluate its mutagenic activity by the Salmonella/microsome assay on S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA97a, TA100, and TA102. The quantification of analytes was performed using an external calibration standard. Punicalagin is the most abundant polyphenol found in the leaves. The presence of this compound as a mixture of anomers was confirmed using HPLC-PDA and 1H and 13C NMR. Mutagenic activity was observed in strains TA100 and TA97a. As the extract is a complex mixture of punicalagin, its derivatives, and several other compounds, the observed mutagenicity may be explained in part by possible synergistic interaction between the compounds present in the extract. These studies show that mutagenic activity of T. catappa in the Ames test can only be observed when measured at high concentrations. However, considering the mutagenic effects observed for T. catappa, this plant should be used cautiously for medicinal purposes.
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Kaur R, Kaur J, Mahajan J, Kumar R, Arora S. Oxidative stress--implications, source and its prevention. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1599-1613. [PMID: 24170504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been a major predicament of present day living. It has been the product of imbalance between the processes involved in free radical generation and their neutralization by enzymatic and non-enzymatic defence mechanisms. The oxidative stress has been contributed by numerous factors including heavy metals, organic compound-rich industrial effluents, air pollutants and changing lifestyle pattern focussing mainly on alcohol consumption, dietary habits, sun exposure, nuclear emissions, etc. The most common outcome of oxidative stress is the increased damage of lipid, DNA and proteins that resulted in the development of different pathologies. Among these pathologies, cancer is the most devastating and linked to multiple mutations arising due to oxidative DNA and protein damage that ultimately affect the integrity of the genome. The chemopreventive agents particularly nutraceuticals are found to be effective in reducing cancer incidences as these components have immense antioxidative, antimutagenic and antiproliferative potentials and are an important part of our dietary components. These secondary metabolites, due to their unique chemical structure, facilitate cell-to-cell communication, repair DNA damage by the downregulation of transcription factors and inhibit the activity of protein kinases and cytochrome P450-dependent mixed function oxidases. These phytochemicals, therefore, are most appropriate in combating oxidative stress-related disorders due to their tendency to exert better protective effect without having any distinct side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajbir Kaur
- Department of Botany, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, Sri Anandpur Sahib, Ropar, 140118, Punjab, India.
| | - Jasmit Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Mahajan
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
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Pádua PFMR, Dihl RR, Lehmann M, de Abreu BRR, Richter MF, de Andrade HHR. Genotoxic, antigenotoxic and phytochemical assessment of Terminalia actinophylla ethanolic extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:521-7. [PMID: 24071477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Terminalia actinophylla has been used for anti-diarrheic and haemostatic purposes in Brazil. The fly spot data obtained after exposure of marker-heterozygous Drosophila melanogaster larvae to T. actinophylla ethanolic extract (TAE) in the standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses revealed that TAE did not induce any statistically significant increment in any spot categories. Differences between the two crosses are related to cytochrome P450 (CYPs) levels. In this sense, our data pointed out the absence of TAE-direct and indirect mutagenic and recombinagenic action in the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART). When the anti-genotoxicity of TAE was analyzed, neither mitomycin C (MMC) nor ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) genotoxicity was modified by the post-exposure to TAE, which suggests that TAE has no effect on the mechanisms involved in the processing of the lesions induced by both genotoxins. In the mwh/flr(3) genotype, co-treatment with TAE may lead to a significant protection against the genotoxicity of MMC and a weak but significant effect in the toxic genetic action of EMS. The overall findings suggested that the favorable modulations by TAE could be, at least in part, due to its antioxidative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F M R Pádua
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Toxicologia Aplicada (PPGGTA), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
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Terminalia catappa Exerts Antimetastatic Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Transcriptional Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 by Modulating NF-κB and AP-1 Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:595292. [PMID: 23258989 PMCID: PMC3522499 DOI: 10.1155/2012/595292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High mortality and morbidity rates for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Taiwan primarily result from uncontrolled tumor metastasis. Previous studies have identified that Terminalia catappa leaf extracts (TCE) exert hepatoprotective, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, anticancer, and antimetastatic activities. However, the effects of TCE on HCC and the underlying molecular mechanisms of its activities have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study's findings demonstrate that TCE concentration dependently inhibits human HCC migration/invasion. Zymographic and western blot analyses revealed that TCE inhibited the activities and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Assessment of mRNA levels, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR, and promoter assays confirmed the inhibitory effects of TCE on MMP-9 expression in HCC cells. The inhibitory effects of TCE on MMP-9 proceeded by upregulating tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), as well as suppressing nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1) on the MMP-9 promoter in Huh7 cells. In conclusion, TCE inhibits MMP-9 expression and HCC cell metastasis and, thus, has potential use as a chemopreventive agent. Its inhibitory effects are associated with downregulation of the binding activities of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1.
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Naitik P, Prakash T, Kotresha D, Rao NR. Effect of Terminalia catappa on lipid profile in transplanted fibrosarcoma in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2012; 44:390-2. [PMID: 22701253 PMCID: PMC3371466 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.96345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of an antitumor activity of Terminalia catappa on lipid lowering activity in transplanted fibrosarcoma in Wistar albino rats. Methylcholantherene–induced fibrosarcoma was transplanted in rats. After 30th day when tumor became palpable, started the treatment of ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa by orally (250 and 500 mg/kg) for a period of 20 days. The blood sample was collected on 21st day, and the liver and the kidney were also removed for studying the lipid profile in serum and the tissues. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were markedly elevated and high density lipoprotein (HDL) was markedly decreased in the serum of tumor bearing rats. Significant alterations were also observed in the lipid profile of liver and kidney. These changes were significantly reversed in Terminalia catappa (500 mg/kg) treated animals. The reversal of altered lipid levels to normal values in rats with experimentally induced tumor was showed antitumor activity by Terminalia catappa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandya Naitik
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya and BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Taganna JC, Quanico JP, Perono RMG, Amor EC, Rivera WL. Tannin-rich fraction from Terminalia catappa inhibits quorum sensing (QS) in Chromobacterium violaceum and the QS-controlled biofilm maturation and LasA staphylolytic activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:865-871. [PMID: 21291979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to test the activity of Terminalia catappa L. against bacterial quorum sensing (QS) in order to provide a potential scientific basis for the traditional use of leaf extracts of this plant as an antiseptic. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-QS activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Terminalia catappa was detected through the inhibition of the QS-controlled violacein pigment production in Chromobacterium violaceum. Fractions resulting from size-exclusion chromatography were assayed. The most active fraction was characterized through qualitative phytochemical detection methods. The effect of this fraction on known QS-controlled phenotypes in test strains was assessed. RESULTS The fraction with the highest activity (labeled as TCF12) was characterized to be tannin-rich. It specifically inhibited QS-controlled violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum with 50% reduction achieved at 62.5 μg mL(-1) without significantly affecting growth up to about 962 μg mL(-1). The assessment of its effects on LasA activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 found that the production of this virulence determinant is reduced in a concentration dependent manner with about 50% reduction at 62.5 μg mL(-1). Furthermore, it was found that TCF12 was able to inhibit the maturation of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a phenotype that has also been known to be QS-regulated. CONCLUSION Therefore, tannin-rich components of Terminalia catappa leaves are able to inhibit certain phenotypic expression of QS in the test strains used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joemar C Taganna
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
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Ferguson LR. Antimutagenesis Studies: Where Have They Been and Where Are They Heading? Genes Environ 2011. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.33.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chen LG, Huang WT, Lee LT, Wang CC. Ellagitannins from Terminalia calamansanai induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:603-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chang JS, Bae JT, Oh EJ, Kim JY, Park SH, Lee KR. Cancer Preventive Potential of Methanol Extracts of Hypsizigus marmoreus. J Med Food 2009; 12:493-500. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Sun Chang
- Bioindustry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Tae Bae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Oh
- Department of Advanced Organic Material's Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kap Rang Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Republic of Korea
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Chu SC, Yang SF, Liu SJ, Kuo WH, Chang YZ, Hsieh YS. In vitro and in vivo antimetastatic effects of Terminalia catappa L. leaves on lung cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1194-201. [PMID: 17303298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Terminalia catappa L. was a popular folk medicine and has several proven biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The present study investigated the effect of the extract of T. catappa leaves (TCE) on invasion and motility of tumor cells to find that TCE exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the invasion and motility of highly metastatic A549 and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. To further investigate the precise involvement of TCE in tumor metastasis, A549 and LLC cells were treated with TCE at various concentrations, up to 100 microg/mL, for a specified period and results from zymography and Western blotting showed that a TCE treatment may decrease the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9, urokinase plasminogen activator and their endogenous inhibitors, that is tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of TCE on the growth and metastasis of LLC cells in vivo was proven. These results indicated that TCE could be applied to be a potential antimetastatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan
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Łabieniec M, Gabryelak T. Oxidatively modified proteins and DNA in digestive gland cells of the fresh-water mussel Unio tumidus in the presence of tannic acid and its derivatives. Mutat Res 2006; 603:48-55. [PMID: 16387525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative effect of tannic acid and its two derivatives (ellagic and gallic acid), naturally occurring plant polyphenols, has been studied on digestive gland cells of the fresh-water mussel Unio tumidus. A spectrophotometric method was used to determine the protein thiol groups after incubation of the cells with the polyphenols at concentrations of 1, 15 and 60 microM. The results showed that the oxidative modification of proteins increased in a concentration-dependent manner but no changes were observed at the concentration of 1 microM. The comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis assay) with the formamido-pyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) protein was used to assess oxidative DNA base damage. The cells were treated with polyphenols at the concentrations of 30 and 60 microM and post-incubated with FPG. FPG strongly enhanced DNA damage induced by the polyphenols, indicating that N-7 guanine oxidation is responsible for the observed effect. Using the comet assay in combination with proteinase K we were able to demonstrate the presence of DNA-protein cross-links as the probable cause of the decrease in DNA migration. After treatment of the cells with tannic acid and its metabolites at concentrations of 120, 180 and 240 microM, they were post-incubated with proteinase K. After this treatment an increased DNA migration was observed, indicating the presence of DNA-protein cross-links. We have also used a fluorescence method with Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide DNA-binding dyes to study the extent of DNA fragmentation after exposure of the cells to polyphenols at concentrations of 1, 5 and 60 microM. The results demonstrate that the polyphenols can induce apoptosis and necrosis at higher concentrations (5 and 60 microM). All experimental data suggest that tannic, ellagic and gallic acids at concentrations above 1 microM are able to interact with proteins and DNA, which leads to their degradation or changes in their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Łabieniec
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., Lodz 90-237, Poland
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Chen PS, Li JH. Chemopreventive effect of punicalagin, a novel tannin component isolated from Terminalia catappa, on H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells. Toxicol Lett 2005; 163:44-53. [PMID: 16242868 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Terminalia catappa and its major tannin component, punicalagin, have been characterized to possess antioxidative and anti-genotoxic activities. However, their effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated carcinogenesis are still unclear. In the present study, H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells were used to evaluate the chemopreventive effect of T. catappa water extract (TCE) and punicalagin. In the cell proliferation assay, TCE and punicalagin suppressed the proliferation of H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells with a dose-dependent manner but only partially affected non-transformed NIH3T3 cells proliferation. The differential cytotoxicity of TCE/punicalagin on the H-ras-transformed and non-transformed NIH3T3 cells indicated the selectivity of TCE/punicalagin against H-ras induced transformation. TCE or punicalagin treatment reduced anchorage-independent growth that could be due to a cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. The intracellular superoxide level, known to modulate downstream signaling of Ras protein, was decreased by punicalagin treatments. The levels of phosphorylated JNK-1 and p38 were also decreased with punicalagin treatments. Thus, the chemopreventive effect of punicalagin against H-ras induced transformation could result from inhibition of the intracellular redox status and JNK-1/p38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Shern Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Phamacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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