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Pérez-Lucas G, Navarro G, Navarro S. Understanding How Chemical Pollutants Arise and Evolve in the Brewing Supply Chain: A Scoping Review. Foods 2024; 13:1709. [PMID: 38890939 PMCID: PMC11171931 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a critical review was carried out using the Web of ScienceTM Core Collection database to analyse the scientific literature published to date to identify lines of research and future perspectives on the presence of chemical pollutants in beer brewing. Beer is one of the world's most popular drinks and the most consumed alcoholic beverage. However, a widespread challenge with potential implications for human and animal health is the presence of physical, chemical, and/or microbiological contaminants in beer. Biogenic amines, heavy metals, mycotoxins, nitrosamines, pesticides, acrylamide, phthalates, bisphenols, microplastics, and, to a lesser extent, hydrocarbons (aliphatic chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic), carbonyls, furan-derivatives, polychlorinated biphenyls, and trihalomethanes are the main chemical pollutants found during the beer brewing process. Pollution sources include raw materials, technological process steps, the brewery environment, and packaging materials. Different chemical pollutants have been found during the beer brewing process, from barley to beer. Brewing steps such as steeping, kilning, mashing, boiling, fermentation, and clarification are critical in reducing the levels of many of these pollutants. As a result, their residual levels are usually below the maximum levels allowed by international regulations. Therefore, this work was aimed at assessing how chemical pollutants appear and evolve in the brewing process, according to research developed in the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simón Navarro
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, School of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.P.-L.); (G.N.)
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Sileoni V, Maranghi S, De Francesco G, Perretti G, Marconi O. Flavour Stability of a Cold-Stored Unpasteurized Low-Alcohol Beer Produced by Saccharomycodes ludwigii. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLow-alcohol beer (LAB) is a growing part of the brewing industry in terms of market volumes and consumer interest. Universities and research centres are making efforts to improve organoleptic profile and flavour stability of the product. One of the main limitations of such products is the stability. These beers must be severely filtered and pasteurized, causing a significant loss of quality in terms of flavour. Herein, flavour stability of an unpasteurized and unfiltered LAB was checked during 120 days of cold storage (4 ± 1 °C). The results showed that the beer remained stable for 120 days for many observed parameters. The alcohol content increased from 0.5 to 0.7% v/v. The beer without oxygen was more stable than that filled with oxygen in the headspace. The results confirmed the possibility to produce an unpasteurized craft LAB by Saccharomycodes ludwigii by the cold chain.
Graphical Abstract
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3
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Sensory-directed establishment of sensory wheel and characterization of key aroma-active compounds for spicy tallow hot pot seasoning. Food Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Jung R, Karabín M, Jelínek L, Dostálek P. Balance of volatile phenols originating from wood- and peat-smoked malt during the brewing process. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Gu Z, Jin Z, Schwarz P, Rao J, Chen B. Uncovering aroma boundary compositions of barley malts by untargeted and targeted flavoromics with HS-SPME-GC-MS/olfactometry. Food Chem 2022; 394:133541. [PMID: 35759835 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, HS-SPME/GC-MS based untargeted and targeted flavoromics combing with olfactometry were employed to uncover aroma boundary compositions of five types of commercial barley malts with a wide range of Lovibond (L), including kilned base malts (1.8 L and 3.5 L) and roasted caramel malts (10 L, 60 L, and 120 L). Thirty-two compounds were identified as aroma-active with modified detection frequency (MF) > 50%. 3-Methylbutanal (malty), (2E)-nonenal (fatty, cardboard-like), and 2-furfural (burnt, bready) were recognized as the most influential odorants with MF > 70% in all the malts. After untargeted flavoromics, twenty-eight aromas were retained and quantitated. Furthermore, aroma boundary compositions inside/among malt groups were explored with PLS-DA. Eight aroma markers, 3-methylbutanal, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-2-hexenal, (2E,4E)-Decadienal, 2-furfual, maltol, 2-acetylpyrrole, phenylacetaldehyde, and ethyl hexadecanoate were shortlisted for aroma boundary compositions regarding to the Lovibond of malts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Gu
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Paul Schwarz
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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Abstract
Nowadays, a general interest in improving health in order to achieve better conditions of life is increasing. Diet is a complex factor affecting health conditions. We analysed the biological activities of three types of alcohol-free lager beer (a blond, a pale-blond and a stout beer) as well as epicatechin gallate (ECG) as one of their most abundant phenols with the aim of revealing them as nutraceuticals. For that purpose, we carried out safety and protective assays of the tested substances in the well-known Drosophila melanogaster animal model. Moreover, chemoprevention studies on human leukaemia cells (HL-60) in an in vitro model were carried out to evaluate the viability and genomic damage potential of the studied compounds on the tumour cell line. Results suggest the safety properties of all compounds, although pale-blond and stout beer only showed genotoxic activity at the lowest concentrations assayed. Moreover, alcohol-free beers and phenols were able to protect against H2O2 oxidative damage as well as to induce an increase in longevity with an improvement of the quality of life in the in vivo animal model assayed. Promising results were obtained with the alcohol-free beers and ECG in the in vitro assays with human leukaemia cells as they inhibited the tumour cells’ growth, induced DNA damage and modified the methylation status of such a cancer cell line. To sum up, alcohol-free beers should be of interest not only because of their reduced calories and isotonic properties but because they can be recognised as nutraceutical substances.
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7
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Physico-Chemical and Sensory Characterization of a Fruit Beer Obtained with the Addition of Cv. Lambrusco Grapes Must. BEVERAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, Italian Grape Ale (IGA) beers have been included as a new provisional sub-category of special-type fruit beers by the Beer Judge Certification Program, including those products whose brewing process is carried out in presence of determined quantities of grape must. However, information on the effects of these additions on the composition of final beers are still scarce. This work is hence focused on the chromatic, volatile, phenolic and sensory characterization of IGA beers obtained with the addition of grape musts during brewing process. To this aim, different amounts of must (5, 10 and 20%) from cv. Lambrusco red grapes were added to a lager wort before primary fermentation. Beers were then characterized by HPLC-MS, GC-MS and sensory analysis in order to determine phenolic and aroma compounds along with their sensory attributes. Results confirmed the addition of must from cv. Lambrusco grapes capable to enrich beers in color, acids, phenolic (up to 7-folded increased) and volatile compounds, while giving complexity to beers. These results, which were confirmed by a trained sensory panel, are among the very first insights on the impact of red grape must in brewing, both from a compositional and sensory point of view.
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8
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Versatile Coordination Polymer Catalyst for Acid Reactions Involving Biobased Heterocyclic Chemicals. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical valorization/repurposing of biomass-derived chemicals contributes to a biobased economy. Furfural (Fur) is a recognized platform chemical produced from renewable lignocellulosic biomass, and furfuryl alcohol (FA) is its most important application. The aromatic aldehydes Fur and benzaldehyde (Bza) are commonly found in the slate of compounds produced via biomass pyrolysis. On the other hand, glycerol (Gly) is a by-product of the industrial production of biodiesel, derived from fatty acid components of biomass. This work focuses on acid catalyzed routes of Fur, Bza, Gly and FA, using a versatile crystalline lamellar coordination polymer catalyst, namely [Gd(H4nmp)(H2O)2]Cl·2H2O (1) [H6nmp=nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid)] synthesized via an ecofriendly, relatively fast, mild microwave-assisted approach (in water, 70 °C/40 min). This is the first among crystalline coordination polymers or metal-organic framework type materials studied for the Fur/Gly and Bza/Gly reactions, giving heterobicyclic products of the type dioxolane and dioxane, and was also effective for the FA/ethanol reaction. 1 was stable and promoted the target catalytic reactions, selectively leading to heterobicyclic dioxane and dioxolane type products in the Fur/Gly and Bza/Gly reactions (up to 91% and 95% total yields respectively, at 90 °C/4 h), and, on the other hand, 2-(ethoxymethyl)furan and ethyl levulinate from heterocyclic FA.
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Bustillo Trueba P, Jaskula-Goiris B, Ditrych M, Filipowska W, De Brabanter J, De Rouck G, Aerts G, De Cooman L, De Clippeleer J. Monitoring the evolution of free and cysteinylated aldehydes from malt to fresh and forced aged beer. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110049. [PMID: 33648274 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During storage, beer staling coincides with a gradual increase in the concentrations of aldehydes resulting in the appearance of undesirable flavours. Cysteinylated aldehydes, also referred to as 2-substituted 1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids, have been proposed as potential precursors of this increase. This study aimed to further understand the origin of aldehydes in aged beer, by monitoring both free and cysteinylated aldehydes throughout the brewing process, from the raw materials until the stored product. Quantification of free and cysteinylated aldehydes was performed for two different brews via headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), respectively. All selected marker aldehydes were quantified in malt, wort, and the resulting fresh and aged beer samples. Cysteinylated aldehydes were quantifiable in malt and up to the wort boiling phase. The highest levels of free aldehydes were found in malt, whereas cysteinylated aldehydes showed highest levels at mashing-in pointing to their formation during both malting and subsequent mashing-in. During beer ageing, an increase in all free aldehydes was measured. In particular, a rise in 2-methylpropanal and furfural is most striking. Although the presented experimental data obtained on malt and brewery samples do support the concept of bound-state aldehydes, cysteinylated aldehydes cannot be consider as the cause of increasing levels of staling aldehydes during beer ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bustillo Trueba
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - B Jaskula-Goiris
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - M Ditrych
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - W Filipowska
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - J De Brabanter
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - G De Rouck
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - G Aerts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - L De Cooman
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - J De Clippeleer
- Innovation centre for Brewing & Fermentation - IBF, Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Innovation centre for Brewing & Fermentation - IBF, HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Life Sciences and Industrial Technology, Research Centre AgroFoodNature, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Inhalation of odors containing DMHF generated by the Maillard reaction affects physiological parameters in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13931. [PMID: 32811855 PMCID: PMC7434782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of odors generated by the Maillard reaction from amino acids and reducing sugars on physiological parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, and oxidative stress levels) in Wistar rats were investigated in the present study. The Maillard reaction samples were obtained from glycine, arginine, or lysine of 1.0 mol/L and glucose of 1.0 mol/L with heat treatment. The odor-active compounds in the Maillard reaction samples were identified using the aroma extract dilution analysis. Among the odor-active compounds identified, 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF, FURANEOL and strawberry furanone) had the highest odor activity and its concentration was affected by amino acid types. The Maillard reaction odors generated from glycine or arginine significantly decreased systolic blood pressure and heart rate in rats when inhaled. These physiological effects were associated with DMHF. Furthermore, oxidative stress marker levels in rat plasma were decreased by the inhalation of DMHF. The inhalation of DMHF appears to at least partly affect physiological parameters by decreasing oxidative stress.
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11
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Alves V, Gonçalves J, Figueira JA, Ornelas LP, Branco RN, Câmara JS, Pereira JAM. Beer volatile fingerprinting at different brewing steps. Food Chem 2020; 326:126856. [PMID: 32450481 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Volatile fingerprints of a lager beer were carried out throughout five brewing steps to characterize the changes encompassing this process. Overall, 60 volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Specific profiles were observed at different brewing steps - aldehydes and furans dominate in wort, whereas the aliphatic esters and alcohols predominate in the following steps. Such variations can be assigned to specific VOMs, as 3-methylbutanal (wort), ethyl alcohol and ethyl octanoate (fermentation, maturation and filtration), or ethyl alcohol and isoamyl acetate (final product). These VOMs can influence the beer final flavour. Ethyl alcohol contributes to its strong and pungent smell and taste, while isoamyl acetate adds intense 'fruity' and 'banana' odours. These beer volatile fingerprints constitute a valuable tool to obtain insights on the impact of each brewing step on the final product, being also very useful for certification purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Alves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - João Gonçalves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - José A Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Laura P Ornelas
- ECM - Empresa de Cervejas da Madeira, PEZO, Parque Empresarial Zona Oeste, 9304-003 Câmara de Lobos Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ricardo N Branco
- ECM - Empresa de Cervejas da Madeira, PEZO, Parque Empresarial Zona Oeste, 9304-003 Câmara de Lobos Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
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Hernandes KC, Souza-Silva ÉA, Assumpção CF, Zini CA, Welke JE. Carbonyl compounds and furan derivatives with toxic potential evaluated in the brewing stages of craft beer. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:61-68. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1675911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina C. Hernandes
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Érica A. Souza-Silva
- Instituto de Química, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Carolina F. Assumpção
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Juliane E. Welke
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Michiu D, Socaci SA, Jimborean MA, Mudura E, Fărcaş AC, Biriş-Dorhoi SE, Tofană M. Determination of Volatile Markers from Magnum Hops in Beer by In-Tube Extraction—Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1458235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Michiu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sonia A. Socaci
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela A. Jimborean
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elena Mudura
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca C. Fărcaş
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Suzana E. Biriş-Dorhoi
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Tofană
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Marsili RT, Laskonis LC, Kenaan C. Evaluation of PDMS-Based Extraction Techniques and GC-TOFMS for the Analysis of Off-Flavor Chemicals in Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2007-0617-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. T. Marsili
- Marsili Consulting Group, Rockford College, Rockford, IL
| | - L. C. Laskonis
- Marsili Consulting Group, Rockford College, Rockford, IL
| | - C. Kenaan
- Marsili Consulting Group, Rockford College, Rockford, IL
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15
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Høie AH, Monien BH, Sakhi AK, Glatt H, Hjertholm H, Husøy T. Formation of DNA adducts in wild-type and transgenic mice expressing human sulfotransferases 1A1 and 1A2 after oral exposure to furfuryl alcohol. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:643-9. [PMID: 25904584 PMCID: PMC4540787 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Furfuryl alcohol (FFA) is present in many heat-treated foods as a result of its formation via dehydration of pentoses. It is also used legally as a flavouring agent. In an inhalation study conducted in the National Toxicology Program, FFA showed some evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats and mice. FFA was generally negative in conventional genotoxicity assays, which suggests that it may be a non-genotoxic carcinogen. However, it was recently found that FFA is mutagenic in Salmonella strains expressing appropriate sulfotransferases (SULTs), such as human or mouse SULT1A1. The same DNA adducts that were formed by FFA in these strains, mainly N (2)-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (N (2)-MF-dG), were also detected in tissues of FFA-exposed mice and even in human lung specimens. In the present study, a single oral dose of FFA (250 mg/kg body weight) or saline was administered to FVB/N mice and transgenic mice expressing human SULT1A1/1A2 on the FVB/N background. The transgenic mice were used, since human and mouse SULT1A1 substantially differ in substrate specificity and tissue distribution. DNA adducts were studied in liver, kidney, proximal and distal small intestine as well as colon, using isotope-dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS). Surprisingly, low levels of adducts that may represent N (2)-MF-dG were detected even in tissues of untreated mice. FFA exposure enhanced the adduct levels in colon and liver, but not in the remaining investigated tissues of wild-type (wt) mice. The situation was similar in transgenic mice, except that N (2)-MF-dG levels were also strongly enhanced in the proximal small intestine. These different results between wt and transgenic mice may be attributed to the fact that human SULT1A1, but not the orthologous mouse enzyme, is strongly expressed in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hortemo Høie
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway, Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany Present address: Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Hans Monien
- Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany, Present address: Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hege Hjertholm
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway, Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany Present address: Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Trine Husøy
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway, Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany Present address: Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Rakete S, Klaus A, Glomb MA. Investigations on the Maillard reaction of dextrins during aging of Pilsner type beer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9876-9884. [PMID: 25220643 DOI: 10.1021/jf503038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although Maillard reaction plays a pivotal role during preparation of food, only few investigations concerning the role of carbohydrate degradation in beer aging have been carried out. The formation of Maillard specific precursor structures and their follow-up products during degradation of low molecular carbohydrate dextrins in the presence of proline and lysine was studied in model incubations and in beer. Twenty-one α-dicarbonyl compounds were identified and quantitated as reactive intermediates. The oxidative formation of 3-deoxypentosone as the precursor of furfural from oligosaccharides was verified. N-Carboxymethylproline and N-formylproline were established as novel proline derived Maillard advanced glycation end products. Formation of N-carboxymethylproline and furfural responded considerably to the presence of oxygen and was positively correlated to aging of Pilsner type beer. The present study delivers an in-depth view on the mechanisms behind the formation of beer relevant aging parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rakete
- Food Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Rakete S, Berger R, Böhme S, Glomb MA. Oxidation of isohumulones induces the formation of carboxylic acids by hydrolytic cleavage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7541-9. [PMID: 25026227 DOI: 10.1021/jf501826h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of isohumulones in mechanistic experiments was investigated. Incubation of trans-isohumulone in the presence of l-proline led to the formation of carboxylic acids and their corresponding proline amides. In the context of isohumulones unknown amides were verified first in model incubations and then in beer for the first time by comparison with authentic reference standards via LC-MS analyses. Carboxylic acids and amides were formed preferably under oxidative conditions and increasing pH. Stable isotope experiments excluded the incorporation of molecular oxygen into carboxylic acids, strongly indicating a hydrolytic mechanism via β-dicarbonyl cleavage. The proposed mechanism includes oxidation and thereby incorporation of molecular oxygen to the isohumulone ring structure followed by hydrolytic cleavage leading to acids and amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rakete
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Rossi S, Sileoni V, Perretti G, Marconi O. Characterization of the volatile profiles of beer using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:919-28. [PMID: 23929274 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was a multivariate characterization of the volatile profile of beers. Such a characterization is timely considering the increasing worldwide consumption of beer, the continuous growth of microbreweries and the importance of volatile compounds to beer flavour. A method employing solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) was optimized and then applied to a sample set of 36 industrial and craft beers of various styles and fermentation types. RESULTS The volatile profiles of different beer styles is described, with particular attention paid to the volatile compounds characteristic of a spontaneously fermented lambic raspberry framboise beer. Furthermore, it was also possible to identify which specific volatile compounds are principally responsible for the differences in the volatile profiles of top- and bottom-fermented beers. Moreover, a volatile fingerprint of the craft top-fermented Italian beers was defined, as they show a very similar volatile profile. Finally, the volatile compounds that are characteristic of the bock-style beers are described. CONCLUSIONS The SPME-GC-MS analytical method optimized in this study is suitable for characterizing the volatile fingerprint of different beers, especially on the basis of the kind of fermentation (top, bottom or spontaneous), the method of production and the style of the beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Rossi
- Department of Economics and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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Fan W, Xu Y, Qian MC. Identification of Aroma Compounds in Chinese “Moutai” and “Langjiu” Liquors by Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography Fractionation Followed by Gas Chromatography/Olfactometry. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1104.ch017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlai Fan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, 214122
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, 214122
| | - Michael C. Qian
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, 214122
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Evaluation of beer deterioration by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/multivariate analysis: A rapid tool for assessing beer composition. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:990-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Callemien D, Collin S. Structure, Organoleptic Properties, Quantification Methods, and Stability of Phenolic Compounds in Beer—A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120903157954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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De Schutter DP, Saison D, Delvaux F, Derdelinckx G, Rock JM, Neven H, Delvaux FR. Release and evaporation of volatiles during boiling of unhopped wort. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5172-5180. [PMID: 18547048 DOI: 10.1021/jf800610x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The release and evaporation of volatile compounds was studied during boiling of wort. The observed parameters were boiling time, boiling intensity, wort pH, and wort density. The effect of every parameter was discussed and approached chemically, with an eye on beer-aging processes. The results indicated that pH highly influenced the release of flavor compounds and that the formation of Strecker aldehydes was linear with boiling time. However, because of evaporation of volatiles, information about the applied thermal load on wort is lost when using a volatile heat load indicator. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, which includes the nonvolatile precursors of volatile aging compounds, proved to be a more reliable method to determine all kinds of heat load on wort. Finally, it was discussed how the obtained insights could help to understand the mechanism of beer aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P De Schutter
- Centre for Malting and Brewing Science, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22 box 02463, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Depraetere SA, Delvaux F, Schutter DD, Williams IS, Winderickx J, Delvaux FR. The influence of wort aeration and yeast preoxygenation on beer staling processes. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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De Schutter DP, Saison D, Delvaux F, Derdelinckx G, Rock JM, Neven H, Delvaux FR. Optimisation of wort volatile analysis by headspace solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1179:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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De Schutter DP, Saison D, Delvaux F, Derdelinckx G, Rock JM, Neven H, Delvaux FR. Characterization of volatiles in unhopped wort. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:246-254. [PMID: 18078319 DOI: 10.1021/jf072619r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of wort components was studied during boiling. Not less than 118 volatile compounds were identified when unhopped pilsner wort was boiled and samples of wort and condensed vapors were analyzed with headspace SPME-GC/MS, of which 54 were confirmed with reference compounds. The wort samples contained 61 identifiable compounds, while the vapor condensate yielded 108 different compounds. Almost 30 known compounds were found that have not been described before in unhopped pilsner wort. One previously unknown aldol reaction product was tentatively identified as 2-phenyl-2-octenal. The detection of branched 2-alkenals underlines the importance of the aldol condensation in Maillard-type reactions, while the tentative identification of alkyloxazoles and alkylthiazoles could once more accentuate the central role of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds, aldehydes, and amino acids in flavor generation. The condensation of wort vapors joined with the SPME-GC/MS technique has proven to be a useful tool in volatile analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P De Schutter
- Centre for Malting and Brewing Science, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
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Vanderhaegen B, Delvaux F, Daenen L, Verachtert H, Delvaux FR. Aging characteristics of different beer types. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pinho O, Ferreira IMPLVO, Santos LHMLM. Method optimization by solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for analysis of beer volatile fraction. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1121:145-53. [PMID: 16687150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for the analysis of beer volatile compounds was optimised using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography with mass detection. Headspace SPME using a 75 microm Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (CAR-PDMS) fiber provided effective sample enrichment and enabled extraction of a wide variety of compounds. The reproducibility depended on the compounds, with a mean value of 1.4% for alcohols, 3.3% for ethers, 6.7% for aldehydes, 3.4% for acids, 1.7% for aromatic compounds, 2.4% for esters, 7.4% for hydrocarbons, 1.8% for alicyclic compounds, and 3.4% for heterocyclic compounds. The optimised methodology can be used to compare volatile profile from different types of beers and eventually to study the evolution of a particular beer during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Pinho
- REQUIMTE-Serviço de Bromatologia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.
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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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