1
|
Chang LC, Hsu YC, Chiu HM, Ueda K, Wu MS, Kao CH, Shen TL. Exploration of the Proteomic Landscape of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Serum as Biomarkers for Early Detection of Colorectal Neoplasia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:732743. [PMID: 34589434 PMCID: PMC8473825 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.732743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patient participation in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening via a stool test and colonoscopy is suboptimal, but participation can be improved by the development of a blood test. However, the suboptimal detection abilities of blood tests for advanced neoplasia, including advanced adenoma (AA) and CRC, limit their application. We aimed to investigate the proteomic landscape of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from the serum of patients with colorectal neoplasia and identify specific sEV proteins that could serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis. Materials and Methods We enrolled 100 patients including 13 healthy subjects, 12 non-AAs, 13 AAs, and 16 stage-I, 15 stage-II, 16 stage-III, and 15 stage-IV CRCs. These patients were classified as normal control, early neoplasia, and advanced neoplasia. The sEV proteome was explored by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Generalized association plots were used to integrate the clustering methods, visualize the data matrix, and analyze the relationship. The specific sEV biomarkers were identified by a decision tree via Orange3 software. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted by using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis platform. Results The sEV protein matrix was identified from the serum of 100 patients and contained 3353 proteins, of which 1921 proteins from 98 patients were finally analyzed. Compared with the normal control, subjects with early and advanced neoplasia exhibited a distinct proteomic distribution in the data matrix plot. Six sEV proteins were identified, namely, GCLM, KEL, APOF, CFB, PDE5A, and ATIC, which properly distinguished normal control, early neoplasia, and advanced neoplasia patients from each other. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that APOF+ and CFB+ sEV associated with clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling and the complement system, which have critical implications for CRC carcinogenesis. Conclusion Patients with colorectal neoplasia had a distinct sEV proteome expression pattern in serum compared with those patients who were healthy and did not have neoplasms. Moreover, the six identified specific sEV proteins had the potential to discriminate colorectal neoplasia between early-stage and advanced neoplasia. Collectively, our study provided a six-sEV protein biomarker panel for CRC diagnosis at early or advanced stages. Furthermore, the implication of the sEV proteome in CRC carcinogenesis via specific signaling pathways was explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Health Management Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Mo Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Health Management Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-How Kao
- Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao Y, Zhang L, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Yang R, Yan J, Huang R, Zheng C, Xiao W, Huang C, Wang Y. Predicting the herbal medicine triggering innate anti-tumor immunity from a system pharmacology perspective. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112105. [PMID: 34560533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the main focus of immuno-oncology has been manipulating the adaptive immune system, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are the main infiltrating component in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a critical role in cancer progression. TAMs are mainly divided into two different subtypes: macrophages with antitumor or killing activity are called M1 while tumor-promoting or healing macrophages are named M2. Therefore, controlling the polarization of TAMs is an important strategy for cancer treatment, but there is no particularly effective means to regulate the polarization process. Here, combined systems pharmacology targets and pathways analysis strategy, we uncovered Scutellariae Radix (SR) has the potential to regulate TAMs polarization to inhibit the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Firstly, systems pharmacology approach was used to reveal the active components of SR targeting macrophages in TME through compound target prediction and target-microenvironment phenotypic association analysis. Secondly, in vitro experiment verified that WBB (wogonin, baicalein and baicalin), major active ingredients of SR are significantly related to macrophages and survival, initiated macrophages programming to M1-like macrophages to promoted the apoptosis of tumor cells. Finally, we evidenced that WBB effectively inhibited tumor growth in LLC (Lewis lung carcinoma) tumor-bearing mice and increased the infiltration of M1-type macrophages in TME. Overall, the systems pharmacology strategy offers a paradigm to understand the mechanism of polypharmacology of natural products targeting TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yuru Zhang
- Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Ruijie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jiangna Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ruifei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Chunli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China; Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Analysis of protein-network formation of different vegetable proteins during emulsification to produce solid fat substitutes. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPlant-based emulsion gels can be used as solid animal fat substitutes for vegan sausages. For this reason, commercially available protein isolates with different amino acid profiles from pea, soy and potato (Pea-1, Pea-2, Soy, Potato) have been tested for their ability to form shape stable emulsions gels at neutral pH and upon heating to 72 °C. In order to obtain emulsion gels that are as solid as possible, the protein concentrations in the continuous phase (CPC, 8.0–11.5% (w/w)) and the oil mass fractions (65–80%) were varied. For leguminous proteins, a positive correlation of both parameters on emulsion rigidity was shown, indicating that both, interfacial and protein–protein interactions, are involved in structure reinforcement. Firmness increased with increasing content in cysteine (Pea-1 < Pea-2 < Soy) and the interactions were of electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature. Potato emulsion rigidity was independent of CPC and oil content. The emulsions showed a much higher degree in crosslinking, and very low charge density. Temperature-sweep analysis and CLSM revealed that Potato protein gelled as consequence to low temperature stability. Hence, the structure reinforcement in Potato emulsions mainly contributed to the protein network, with 70% oil and CPC 11.5% forming a hybrid gel with highest firmness. However, gelling of Potato protein also resulted in interfacial adsorption of protein aggregates and reduced interfacial stability with increasing CPC. This was demonstrated in the amount of extractable fat which was 2.0 and 0.6% for Pea-1 and 2 emulsions, 6.4% for Soy and 34.4% of total fat for Potato emulsions.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Z, An R, Du G, Liang K, Li G. Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous detection of diverse components of Qinxing Qingre Zhike Granule in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study after oral administration to rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4524. [PMID: 30821835 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and validated method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established to test the plasma concentrations of active ingredients in Qinxing Qingre Zhike Granule, namely geniposide, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhetinic acid. The analysis was performed on an Ultimate XB-C18 column at the flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1 in a single run of 18 min. The mobile phase was composed of 0.05% formic acid in water and acetonitrile with gradient elution. Positive and negative scanning and selected multiple reaction monitoring modes were applied for quantization. The proposed method showed good linearity in the given ranges from 0.6800-340.0 to 3.920-1960 ng mL-1 with r2 > 0.9917 for all the analytes. The precision (RSD) was no more than 12%, and the accuracy (RE) was less than ±11% for intra- and inter-day. The extract recovery and matrix effect were acceptable for the requirements of biological sample analysis. Moreover, the developed method was effectively applied to the pharmacokinetic investigation of Qinxing Qingre Zhike Granule after oral administration in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilingyun Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui An
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangli Du
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowen Li
- Shanghai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tahtah Y, Kongstad KT, Wubshet SG, Nyberg NT, Jønsson LH, Jäger AK, Qinglei S, Staerk D. Triple aldose reductase/α-glucosidase/radical scavenging high-resolution profiling combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for identification of antidiabetic constituents in crude extract of Radix Scutellariae. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:125-32. [PMID: 26187760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, development of a new microplate-based high-resolution profiling assay using recombinant human aldose reductase is presented. Used together with high-resolution radical scavenging and high-resolution α-glucosidase assays, it provided the first report of a triple aldose reductase/α-glucosidase/radical scavenging high-resolution inhibition profile - allowing proof of concept with Radix Scutellariae crude extract as a polypharmacological herbal drug. The triple bioactivity high-resolution profiles were used to pinpoint bioactive compounds, and subsequent structure elucidation was performed with hyphenated high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-solid-phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The only α-glucosidase inhibitor was baicalein, whereas main aldose reductase inhibitors in the crude extract were baicalein and skullcapflavone II, and main radical scavengers were ganhuangemin, viscidulin III, baicalin, oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, and skullcapflavone II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousof Tahtah
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth T Kongstad
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sileshi G Wubshet
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils T Nyberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise H Jønsson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna K Jäger
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sun Qinglei
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chinese medicine herbal treatment based on syndrome differentiation improves the overall survival of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 21:49-57. [PMID: 25533651 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Chinese medicine (CM) herbal treatment based on syndrome differentiation on patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A total of 94 patients with unresectable HCC were reviewed between June 2008 and June 2011. Survival analysis was performed between patients who received CM with/without non-curative antitumor treatments of Western medicine (WM) (CM group, 30 cases) and patients who were not treated with CM but with non-curative antitumor treatments of WM or supportive treatment alone (non-CM group, 64 cases). Then, survival analysis was performed between patients treated with CM combined with non-curative antitumor treatments of WM (combination therapy group, 25 cases) and patients with non-curative antitumor treatments of WM alone (non-curative antitumor treatments group of WM, 52 cases). The survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method and prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) were assessed by the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS The median survival time (MST), 1- and 2-year survival rates of the CM group and the non-CM group were 36 months, 76.7%, 56.1% and 12 months, 48.4%, 26.6%, respectively. The Log-rank test revealed significant difference between the two groups in OS (P<0.01). Cox proportional multivariate analysis revealed that CM was an independent favorable prognostic factor for OS. The MST, 1- and 2-year survival rates of combination therapy group and non-curative antitumor treatments group of WM were 36 months, 76.0%, 55.5% and 13 months, 55.8%, 30.8%, respectively. There was significant difference in OS between the two groups (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS CM herbs based on syndrome differentiation have positive effects on survival of patients with unresectable HCC. Furthermore, combination therapy of CM and WM are recommended in HCC treatment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li C, Lin G, Zuo Z. Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics properties of Radix Scutellariae and its bioactive flavones. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2011; 32:427-45. [PMID: 21928297 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radix Scutellariae is the dried root of the medicinal plant Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi. It exhibits a variety of therapeutic effects and has a long history of application in traditional formulations as well as in modern herbal medications. It has been confirmed that flavonoids are the most abundant constituents and induce these therapeutic effects. Six flavones are proven to be the major bioactive flavones in Radix Scutellariae existing in the forms of aglycones (baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A) and glycosides (baicalin, wogonoside, oroxylin A-7-glucuronide). All six flavones are pharmacologically active and show great potential in the treatment of inflammation, cancers and virus-related diseases. The current review covers the preparation of the herb Radix Scutellariae, quantification of its major bioactive ingredients, and pharmacological effects of the proposed six bioactive flavones. In addition, this review summarizes the pharmacokinetic profiles of the bioactive flavones reported so far that could be used for further improvement of their pharmacokinetic study. Moreover, due to abundant co-occurring bioactive components in Radix Scutellariae, our review further documents the pharmacokinetic interactions among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jacob F, Goldstein DR, Fink D, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V. Proteogenomic studies in epithelial ovarian cancer: established knowledge and future needs. Biomark Med 2009; 3:743-56. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a concerted effort over the last decade to improve our understanding of the complex biology of ovarian cancer. A linear growth in published proteogenomic studies has addressed a variety of questions regarding its molecular pathogenesis. A number of genes have been identified by transcriptomic approaches, some of which are being investigated as putative tumor markers (HE4, OPN, Ep-CAM and Mesothelin), whilst others are potential targets for molecular therapeutic approaches (VEGF, IO4, EGFR, MUC1, CLDN4 and SLPI). Proteogenomics has the potential to further change our current characterization and treatment of ovarian cancer. Additional advances will depend on integrated study designs, interdisciplinary collaborations, use of robust high-throughput platforms, as well as uniform guidelines for bioinformatic analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Jacob
- Translational Research Group, Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Nord I D222, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darlene R Goldstein
- Institut de mathématiques, Ecole Polytéchnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fink
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viola Heinzelmann-Schwarz
- Translational Research Group, Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Nord I D222, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheong J, Goh D, Wan Hong Yong J, Ngin Tan S, Shi Ong E. Inhibitory effect of kinetin riboside in human heptamoa, HepG2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:91-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b712807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
10
|
Tan YL, Goh D, Ong ES. Investigation of differentially expressed proteins due to the inhibitory effects of berberine in human liver cancer cell line HepG2. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2006; 2:250-8. [PMID: 16880943 DOI: 10.1039/b517116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of differentially expressed proteins was used together with other techniques to study the inhibitory effects of two different doses of berberine in human liver cancer cell line HepG2. For HepG2 cells treated with 24.0 mg l(-1) of berberine, an increase in the sub G(0) phase that was indicative of cell death was observed in cell cycle analysis with flow cytometry. However, no significant increase in sub G(0) was observed in HepG2 cells treated with 4.0 mg l(-1) of berberine. Using flow cytometric analysis, significant activation of caspase 3 was not observed with HepG2 cells treated with 4.0 and 24.0 mg l(-1) of berberine. In this work, labeling of cells with stable isotope was not used in the proposed method developed. The whole cell lysates from the control and treated cells were digested with trypsin and the peptides were separated by two-dimensional (cation exchange and reversed phase) liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Our preliminary data showed that the proposed platform provided a rapid approach to study the molecular mechanism due to the inhibitory effects of different doses of the berberine on HepG2 cell lines. This included a network of proteins involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorelay systems, metabolism, regulation of cell cycle and DNA damage response. The differentially expressed proteins identified using the current approach were consistent with the data obtained from cell cycle analysis with flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin Tan
- Applied Science School, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1110-21. [PMID: 16106339 DOI: 10.1002/jms.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
|
12
|
Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2005. [PMCID: PMC2447508 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|