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Carazo A, Macáková K, Matoušová K, Krčmová LK, Protti M, Mladěnka P. Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity. Nutrients 2021; 13:1703. [PMID: 34069881 PMCID: PMC8157347 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a group of vital micronutrients widely present in the human diet. Animal-based products are a rich source of the retinyl ester form of the vitamin, while vegetables and fruits contain carotenoids, most of which are provitamin A. Vitamin A plays a key role in the correct functioning of multiple physiological functions. The human organism can metabolize natural forms of vitamin A and provitamin A into biologically active forms (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid), which interact with multiple molecular targets, including nuclear receptors, opsin in the retina and, according to the latest research, also some enzymes. In this review, we aim to provide a complex view on the present knowledge about vitamin A ranging from its sources through its physiological functions to consequences of its deficiency and metabolic fate up to possible pharmacological administration and potential toxicity. Current analytical methods used for its detection in real samples are included as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Matoušová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.K.K.)
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.K.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michele Protti
- The Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
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Luo Y, Liu Y, Guo H, Fu H. Evaluation of the bioaccessibility of carotenoid esters from Lycium barbarum L. in nano-emulsions: A kinetic approach. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Marigold carotenoids: Much more than lutein esters. Food Res Int 2019; 119:653-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Petry FC, Mercadante AZ. Impact of in vitro digestion phases on the stability and bioaccessibility of carotenoids and their esters in mandarin pulps. Food Funct 2018; 8:3951-3963. [PMID: 28972218 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The composition of carotenoids (carotenes and free and acylated xanthophylls) and their bioaccessibilities were determined for the first time in pulps of mandarins cultivated in Brazil. Two cultivars of mandarin, Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. 'Ponkan' and Citrus reticulata × C. sinensis cv. 'Murcott', showed higher contents of most carotenoids compared to those found in C. deliciosa Tenore cv. 'Rio'. The major carotenoids in mandarin cv. 'Ponkan' and 'Murcott' were (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin laurate (19-21%), (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin myristate (15-17%) and (Z)-ζ-carotene (7-12%), followed by (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin palmitate (4-7%), free (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin (5-6%) and (all-E)-β-carotene (4-5%), while in mandarin cv. 'Rio' (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin myristate (22%) was the major compound, followed by (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin laurate (16%), (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin palmitate (11%), (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin (9%) and (all-E)-β-carotene (6%). After in vitro digestion, the qualitative carotenoid profile of the supernatant containing the micellarized carotenoids was similar to that of fresh fruits, but the contents were significantly lower. Carotenoid and mandarin physico-chemical properties influenced the bioaccessibility of carotenoids. Free (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin showed the highest bioaccessibility in all mandarin cultivars (33-42%), while the bioaccessibilities of β-carotene (16-36%) and the major carotenoid esters (18-33%) were lower. The overall recovery of carotenoids during in vitro digestion was around 98% after the oral phase, 79% after oral + gastric phases and 77% after oral + gastric + duodenal phases, with free (all-E)-β-cryptoxanthin and (all-E)-β-carotene being the most stable ones. Besides possible E-Z isomerization and ester hydrolysis, evident losses occurred in total carotenoid contents and also in the most individual carotenoids and they were not compensated for by the former reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Cristina Petry
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil.
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Mercadante AZ, Rodrigues DB, Petry FC, Mariutti LRB. Carotenoid esters in foods - A review and practical directions on analysis and occurrence. Food Res Int 2016; 99:830-850. [PMID: 28847421 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are naturally found in both free form and esterified with fatty acids in most fruits and some vegetables; however, up to now the great majority of studies presents data on carotenoid composition only after saponification. The reasons for this approach are that a single xanthophyll can be esterified with several different fatty acids, generating a great number of different compounds with similar chemical and structural characteristics, thus, increasing the complexity of analysis compared to the respective saponified extract. This means that since UV/Vis spectrum does not change due to esterification, differentiation between free and acylated xanthophylls is dependent at least on elution order and mass spectrometry (MS) features. The presence of interfering compounds, especially triacylglycerides (TAGs), in the non-saponified extract of carotenoids can also impair carotenoid ester analyses by MS due to high background noise and ionization suppression since TAGs can be present in much higher concentrations than the carotenoid esters. This leads to the need of development of new and effective clean-up procedures to remove the potential interferents. In addition, only few standards of xanthophyll esters are commercially available, making identification and quantification of such compounds even more difficult. Xanthophyll esterification may also alter some properties of these compounds, including solubility, thermostability and bioavailability. Considering that commonly consumed foods are dietary sources of xanthophyll esters and that it is the actual form of ingestion of such compounds, an increasing interest on the native carotenoid composition of foods is observed nowadays. This review presents a compilation of the current available information about xanthophyll ester analyses and occurrence and a practical guide for extraction, pre-chromatographic procedures, separation and identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniele B Rodrigues
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiane C Petry
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Regina Barros Mariutti
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Petry FC, Mercadante AZ. Composition by LC-MS/MS of New Carotenoid Esters in Mango and Citrus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8207-8224. [PMID: 27712060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the composition of carotenoid esters of fruits is growing because esterification may affect their bioavailability. Thus, the aim was to provide a detailed identification of carotenoid esters in citrus and mango. Orange cv. 'Valencia' and cv. 'Pera' presented 9 free carotenoids, 38 monoesters, and 60 diesters. Violaxanthin and luteoxanthin derivatives were the major ones, followed by antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin esters, many of them reported for the first time in orange pulp. The carotenoid ester composition of tangor cv. 'Murcott', reported for the first time, showed 8 free carotenoids, 34 monoesters, and 33 diesters, with β-cryptoxanthin esters as major compounds, followed by violaxanthin and zeaxanthin esters. In citrus, carotenoids were acylated mainly with capric, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids. In mango, 5 free carotenoids, 2 monoesters, and 19 diesters were identified, from which many violaxanthin and neoxanthin esters were reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane C Petry
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Z Mercadante
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Hadjal T, Dhuique-Mayer C, Madani K, Dornier M, Achir N. Thermal degradation kinetics of xanthophylls from blood orange in model and real food systems. Food Chem 2012; 138:2442-50. [PMID: 23497907 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermal degradation kinetics of the major blood orange xanthophylls (cis-violaxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and cis-antheraxanthin) were investigated at 45, 60, 75, and 90°C in real juice and three model systems formulated to evaluate the impact of xanthophyll form (esterified or free) and pH (acid or neutral). Xanthophylls were monitored by HPLC-DAD and kinetic parameters were identified by non-linear regression. A second order model best fitted the degradation curves of xanthophylls. All degradation rates were the lowest in real juice. Esterified forms were more stable than were the free forms. In all acidic media, β-cryptoxanthin exhibited the lowest degradation rates followed by lutein and zeaxanthin. In comparison, the epoxy carotenoids cis-violaxanthin and cis-antheraxanthin degraded around 3-fold faster in their esterified form. In their free form, cis-antheraxanthin degraded 30-fold faster while cis-violaxanthin instantaneously disappeared because of the isomerisation of its 5,6-epoxy groups into 5,8-epoxy. By contrast, in neutral medium, free epoxy-xanthophylls were about 2-fold more stable than were the free hydroxy xanthophylls lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. Kinetic behaviours of xanthophylls were closely dependent on their chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiziri Hadjal
- 3bs Laboratory, A. Mira University, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
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Bamba T, Lee JW, Matsubara A, Fukusaki E. Metabolic profiling of lipids by supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1250:212-9. [PMID: 22709604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the usefulness of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for the metabolic profiling of lipids. First, non-targeted lipid profiling by SFC/MS is described. The use of SFC/MS allows for high-throughput, exhaustive analysis of diverse lipids, and hence, this technique finds potential applications in lipidomics. Development of a polar lipid profiling method with trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization widens the scope of applicability of SFC/MS. SFC is a high-resolution technique that is suitable for non-targeted profiling aimed at the simultaneous analysis of many components. Next, targeted lipid profiling by SFC/MS is described. SFC is useful for the separation of lipids, such as carotenoids and triacylglycerols, which have numerous analogs with similar structures. In addition, SFC/MS shows the maximum efficiency for the target analysis of lipids in a biological sample that includes many matrices. Finally, a high-resolution, high-throughput analytical system based on SFC/MS is stated to be suitable for lipidomics because it is useful not only for the screening of lipid mixtures (as a fingerprint method) but also for the detailed profiling of individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Wada Y, Matsubara A, Uchikata T, Iwasaki Y, Morimoto S, Kan K, Okura T, Fukusaki E, Bamba T. Metabolic profiling of β-cryptoxanthin and its fatty acid esters by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3546-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fu H, Xie B, Fan G, Ma S, Zhu X, Pan S. Effect of esterification with fatty acid of β-cryptoxanthin on its thermal stability and antioxidant activity by chemiluminescence method. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fratianni A, Cinquanta L, Panfili G. Degradation of carotenoids in orange juice during microwave heating. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bai L, Kim EH, DellaPenna D, Brutnell TP. Novel lycopene epsilon cyclase activities in maize revealed through perturbation of carotenoid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:588-99. [PMID: 19392686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In maize, human selection for yellow endosperm has led to diversification of grain carotenoid content and composition. This variation has remained largely untapped in modern breeding programs that have focused nearly exclusively on yield gains. In this paper, we show that carotenoid accumulation patterns differ in maize embryo and endosperm tissues, and that this tissue-specific accumulation is largely mediated through differential expression of genes encoding lycopene beta-cyclase and lycopene epsilon-cyclase (LcyB and LcyE). In the absence of LCYB function, LCYE produces a number of unusual carotenes, including delta-carotene, epsilon-carotene and lactucaxanthin (epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol), in endosperm tissue. A similar carotene cyclization profile is seen when LcyE is introduced into lycopene-accumulating Escherichia coli cells, suggesting that the carotenoid profile in the endosperm tissue of the lcyB mutant is largely due to the activity of LCYE in the absence of LCYB. Using site-directed mutagenesis of LcyE, critical amino acids were defined that regulate the product specificity of the enzyme. Finally, we show that several genes encoding enzymes in isoprenoid and carotenoid biosynthesis are probably subject to negative transcriptional regulation, mediated by a carotenoid or a molecule derived from a carotenoid. The implications of these findings with respect to breeding for carotenoid composition in maize grain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Bai
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Dugo P, Giuffrida D, Herrero M, Donato P, Mondello L. Epoxycarotenoids esters analysis in intact orange juices using two-dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:973-80. [PMID: 19266547 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the native carotenoid pattern of different orange juices was studied by LC x LC-DAD/APCI-IT-TOF-MS for the first time. Special attention was given to the epoxycarotenoids components. It has been already proposed that the relative proportions and composition of these epoxycarotenoids can be used to estimate the age and freshness of an orange juice. Re-arrangements from 5,6- to 5,8-epoxides can occur with time, partially due to the natural acidity of the juices. Thus, the study of these carotenoids in their intact form, that is, esterified with fatty acids, is of great interest. Besides, other free carotenoid and carotenoids esters were identified in seven different monovarietal orange juices and a commercial orange juice. Moreover, the higher separation power of the present LC x LC approach allowed a clearer identification of the compounds contained in the sample compared to the more commonly used approach which uses C(30) stationary phases in conventional LC, thanks to the attainment of clearer MS spectra due to the higher resolution and separation degree obtained in LC x LC. This method could also be used to establish authenticity markers among orange varieties that could be potentially used to prevent or detect adulterations or to establish ripeness indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Facoltà di Scienze, Messina, Italy
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Dugo P, Herrero M, Giuffrida D, Ragonese C, Dugo G, Mondello L. Analysis of native carotenoid composition in orange juice using C30columns in tandem. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2151-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dugo P, Herrero M, Giuffrida D, Kumm T, Dugo G, Mondello L. Application of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography to elucidate the native carotenoid composition in red orange essential oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:3478-3485. [PMID: 18444662 DOI: 10.1021/jf800144v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the ability of a LC x LC-DAD/APCI-MS method developed at this laboratory to identify the native composition of carotenoid in an extremely complex matrix such as red orange essential oil was demonstrated. To carry out this task, two independent and orthogonal separation mechanisms were coupled through a 10-port switching valve that simultaneously collected the eluent from a microbore cyano column used as the first dimension in normal phase mode and injected it to a conventional reversed phase monolithic C(18) column in the second dimension separation. By using this novel analytical technique together with the use of DAD and APCI-MS detectors it was possible to identify in the sample, without the need of any pretreatment, 40 different carotenoids. Among them, 16 carotenoid monoesters were identified, mainly beta-cryptoxanthin palmitate (C(16:0)), myristate (C(14:0)), and laureate (C(12:0)) as well as several lutein, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and luteoxanthin monoesters. Moreover, 21 carotenoid diesters composed by several antheraxanthin, luteoxanthin, violaxanthin, and auroxanthin diesters were found in the native carotenoid composition of the orange oil. The main carotenoid diesters were the laureate palmitate (C(12:0), C(16:0)), myristate palmitate (C(14:0), C(16:0)), and dipalmitate (C(16:0), C(16:0)) diesters, although other diesters were also identified. Besides, two different free carotenes, zeta-carotene and phytofluene, and a xanthophyll, lutein, were also determined. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that carotenoid diesters are described and identified in orange essential oil. Likewise, it has been demonstrated that the LC x LC approach proposed in this study is capable of coping with the direct analysis and identification of a complex natural source of carotenoids such as the orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Facoltà di Scienze, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Dugo P, Herrero M, Kumm T, Giuffrida D, Dugo G, Mondello L. Comprehensive normal-phase×reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection for the analysis of free carotenoids and carotenoid esters from mandarin. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:196-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Herrero M, Cacciola F, Donato P, Giuffrida D, Dugo G, Dugo P, Mondello L. Serial coupled columns reversed-phase separations in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:208-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Agócs A, Nagy V, Szabó Z, Márk L, Ohmacht R, Deli J. Comparative study on the carotenoid composition of the peel and the pulp of different citrus species. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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de Rosso VV, Mercadante AZ. Identification and quantification of carotenoids, by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS, from Amazonian fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:5062-72. [PMID: 17530774 DOI: 10.1021/jf0705421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The major and minor carotenoids from six fruits, buriti (Mauritia vinifera), mamey (Mammea americana), marimari (Geoffrola striata), peach palm (Bactrys gasipaes), physalis (Physalis angulata), and tucuma (Astrocaryum aculeatum), all native to the Amazonia region, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector-mass spectrometry detector (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS), fulfilling the recommended criteria for identification. A total of 60 different carotenoids were separated on a C30 column, all-trans-beta-carotene being the major carotenoid found in all fruits. The presence of apo-10'-beta-carotenol, found in mamey, was not previously reported in foods. In addition, this is the first time that the identification of beta-zeacarotene in natural sources is supported by MS data. The total carotenoid content ranged from 38 microg/g in marimari to 514 microg/g in buriti. All fruits analyzed can be considered good sources of provitamin A, especially buriti, with 7280 RE/100 g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridiana V de Rosso
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Breithaupt DE, Yahia EM, Velázquez FJV. Comparison of the absorption efficiency of alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin in female Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:329-36. [PMID: 17298702 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507336751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Xanthophylls, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, have received increasing interest in recent years because of positive correlations between their consumption and the prevention of eye diseases. Numerous human intervention studies have been conducted with lutein to estimate the bioavailability from different formulations. The present study was designed to obtain basic data on the absorbance efficiency of the monohydroxylated counterparts of lutein and zeaxanthin: alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin. A corn-oil-based diet comprising beta-cryptoxanthin from papaya purée and alpha-cryptoxanthin from green carrot leaves was fed to five female Wistar rats for 8 consecutive days at a rate of 17.3 nmol/d and 9.2 nmol/d, respectively. The identity of the xanthophylls in the supplement was ascertained by LC-(APCI)MS analyses, and xanthophylls present in liver and plasma samples were determined by HPLC/diode array detector (DAD). The beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations of rat livers in the treatment group were statistically distinguishable (P < 0.01) from those present in the livers of the control group that were fed a basic diet. Alpha-cryptoxanthin, the second xanthophyll present in the supplement, was not found in rat livers in the treatment group. Plasma samples were free of xanthophylls. This is the first report proving that beta-cryptoxanthin has a higher absorption efficiency than alpha-cryptoxanthin in rats, at least from a minimally processed oil-based xanthophyll supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar E Breithaupt
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Dhuique-Mayer C, Tbatou M, Carail M, Caris-Veyrat C, Dornier M, Amiot MJ. Thermal degradation of antioxidant micronutrients in citrus juice: kinetics and newly formed compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:4209-16. [PMID: 17451252 DOI: 10.1021/jf0700529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The thermal degradation kinetics of vitamin C, two carotenoids (beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin), and hesperidin, as a function of temperature, were determined for Citrus juice [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan]. The influence of dissolved oxygen on the rate of ascorbic acid degradation was also assessed. Analysis of kinetic data suggested a first-order reaction for the degradation of vitamin C and carotenoids. The kinetics parameters Dtheta, z, and Ea have been calculated. Following the Arrhenius relationship, the activation energy of ascorbic acid was 35.9 kJ mol-1 and agreed with the range of literature reported value. The results on vitamin C and carotenoids from citrus juice made it possible to validate the predicting model. Thermal degradation of carotenoids revealed differences in stability among the main provitamin A carotenoids and between these and other carotenoids belonging to the xanthophyll family. The activation energies for the two provitamin A carotenoids were 110 and 156 kJ mol-1 for beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, respectively. On the other hand, no degradation of hesperidin was observed during thermal treatment. Finally, the vitamin C in citrus juice was not as heat sensitive as expected and the main provitamin A carotenoids present in citrus juice displayed a relative heat stability. The high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry analysis of degradation products showed that the isomerization of the epoxide function in position 5,6 into a furanoxide function in position 5,8 was a common reaction for several xanthophylls. These findings will help determine optimal processing conditions for minimizing the degradation of important quality factors such as vitamin C and carotenoid in citrus juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Dhuique-Mayer
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Département PERSYST UMR 95 Tropical Food Quality, TA B-95/16, 73 Av. J.F Breton 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Vicario IM, Heredia FJ. Carotenoids, color, and ascorbic acid content of a novel frozen-marketed orange juice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:1347-55. [PMID: 17253722 DOI: 10.1021/jf063025b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A recently developed food, the so-called ultrafrozen orange juice (UFOJ), has been characterized in terms of carotenoid pigments, ascorbic acid, and color. The juice, obtained from Valencia late oranges, is frozen immediately after the squeezing of the oranges, which makes it a product showing good organoleptic and nutritional quality. In relation to the carotenoid profile, it was observed that the 5,6-epoxy carotenoids violaxanthin and antheraxanthin (specifically (9Z)-violaxanthin and (9Z)- or (9'Z)-antheraxanthin), were by far the major pigments and that dihydroxycarotenoids predominate over monohydroxycarotenoids. As far as color was concerned, it was seen that there were little differences among the juices analyzed. The hue of the samples, ranging from 77.19 degrees to 80.15 degrees and from 79.99 degrees to 83.04 degrees depending on the kind of instrumental measurement, and their chroma (ranging from 63.06 to 72.25 and from 44.40 to 58.38) revealed readily that the juice surveyed exhibited a deep orangeish coloration, the color coordinate best correlated with the total carotenoid content being b*. The levels of ascorbic acid ranged from 332.64 to 441.44 mg/L, with an average content of 391.06 +/- 28.86 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Laboratory of Food Color & Quality, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Opinion of the Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the safety of use of colouring agents in animal nutrition PART II. Capsanthin, Citranaxanthin, and Cryptoxanthin. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Schlatterer J, Breithaupt DE, Wolters M, Hahn A. Plasma responses in human subjects after ingestions of multiple doses of natural alpha-cryptoxanthin: a pilot study. Br J Nutr 2006; 96:371-6. [PMID: 16923233 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20061848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Xanthophylls have attracted a lot of interest since their health benefits were documented. Unfortunately, studying their intestinal absorption is often affected by high baseline levels present in the fasting plasma. As alpha-cryptoxanthin is rarely found in the traditional European diet, its concentration in human plasma is extremely low. A pilot human intervention study was designed using alpha-cryptoxanthin for the first time as a marker xanthophyll in a minimally formulated cellulose-based supplement. Alpha-cryptoxanthin was administered in gelatin soft-gel capsules in multiple doses of 156 microg/d to three male volunteers (age 27.3 (SD 4.7) years; BMI 21.6 (SD 0.3) kg/m(2)) for 16 d after a 2-week carotenoid depletion period. Fasting blood samples were taken before the intervention and after 3, 6, 9, 13 and 16 d. Plasma HPLC analyses allowed for determination of the concentration; liquid chromatography-MS in the single ion monitoring mode was used to confirm peak assignment. The concentrations of alpha-cryptoxanthin increased significantly after only 3 d of supplementation. The concentration-time plots showed a characteristic shape with a first maximum after day 6, a decline until day 9 and a gradual second rise until the end of the study. Standardisation of plasma alpha-cryptoxanthin concentrations to triacylglycerol or total cholesterol did not influence the characteristics. The maximum concentrations reached at the end of the intervention period ranged from 0.077 to 0.160 micromol/l. These results suggest a high intestinal absorption and an enrichment of alpha-cryptoxanthin in the plasma even from a minimally formulated cellulose-based supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schlatterer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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