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Li J, Zhang S, Kuang Y, Bi Y, Wang H. A review on losses and transformation mechanisms of common antioxidants. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Shuning Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yongyan Kuang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yanlan Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan China
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2
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Lux PE, Fuchs L, Wiedmaier-Czerny N, Frank J. Oxidative stability of tocochromanols, carotenoids, and fatty acids in maize (Zea mays L.) porridges with varying phytate concentrations during cooking and in vitro digestion. Food Chem 2022; 378:132053. [PMID: 35033718 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytic acid, the main storage form of phosphate in maize (Zea mays L.) grains, is known as antinutrient due to its chelating properties but may also prevent oxidation. Thus, the impact of phytic acid on the degradation of tocochromanols, carotenoids, fatty acids, and oxidation products in maize during cooking and subsequent in vitro digestion was examined. Maize porridges from low phytic acid maize flour with or without admixed phytate, or from high phytic acid maize flour were prepared, and digestion experiments conducted. HPLC-(MS) or GC-MS analyses revealed a significant decrease in tocochromanols, carotenoids, and unsaturated fatty acids in the digesta compared to the maize porridges while α-tocopherylquinone and malondialdehyde concentrations increased. The addition of phytic acid did not affect the digestive stabilities of total tocochromanols and carotenoids, but increased micellarisation efficiencies of carotenoids. In conclusion, phytate did not exert antioxidant effects in maize porridge during cooking or simulated digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Lux
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Biofunctionality, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Larissa Fuchs
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Biofunctionality, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nina Wiedmaier-Czerny
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Biofunctionality, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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3
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Duffy B, Li L, Lu S, Durocher L, Dittmar M, Delaney-Baldwin E, Panawennage D, LeMaster D, Navarette K, Spink D. Analysis of Cannabinoid-Containing Fluids in Illicit Vaping Cartridges Recovered from Pulmonary Injury Patients: Identification of Vitamin E Acetate as a Major Diluent. TOXICS 2020; 8:E8. [PMID: 31991538 PMCID: PMC7151740 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in June of 2019, there was a marked increase in reported cases of serious pulmonary injury associated with vaping. The condition, referred to as e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI), does not appear to involve an infectious agent; rather, a chemical adulterant or contaminant in vaping fluids is suspected. In August of 2019, the Wadsworth Center began receiving vaporizer cartridges recovered from patients with EVALI for analysis. Having no a priori information of what might be in the cartridges, we employed untargeted analyses using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify components of concern. Additionally, we employed targeted analyses used for New York medical marijuana products. Here, we report on the analyses of 38 samples from the first 10 New York cases of EVALI for which we obtained cartridges. The illicit fluids had relatively low cannabinoid content, sometimes with unusual Δ9-/Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol ratios, sometimes containing pesticides and many containing diluents. A notable diluent was α-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate; VEA), which was found in 64% of the cannabinoid-containing fluids. To investigate potential sources of the VEA, we analyzed six commercial cannabis-oil diluents/thickeners. Three were found to be >95% VEA, two were found to be primarily squalane, and one was primarily α-bisabolol. The cause(s) of EVALI is unknown. VEA and squalane are components of some personal care products; however, there is growing concern that vaping large amounts of these compounds is not safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Duffy
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (B.D.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (L.D.); (M.D.); (E.D.-B.); (D.P.)
| | - Lingyun Li
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (B.D.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (L.D.); (M.D.); (E.D.-B.); (D.P.)
| | - Shijun Lu
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (B.D.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (L.D.); (M.D.); (E.D.-B.); (D.P.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Lorie Durocher
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (B.D.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (L.D.); (M.D.); (E.D.-B.); (D.P.)
| | - Mark Dittmar
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (B.D.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (L.D.); (M.D.); (E.D.-B.); (D.P.)
| | - Emily Delaney-Baldwin
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (B.D.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (L.D.); (M.D.); (E.D.-B.); (D.P.)
| | - Deepika Panawennage
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (B.D.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (L.D.); (M.D.); (E.D.-B.); (D.P.)
| | - David LeMaster
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA;
| | - Kristen Navarette
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA;
- Albany Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David Spink
- Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; (B.D.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (L.D.); (M.D.); (E.D.-B.); (D.P.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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4
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Zheng L, Jin J, Shi L, Huang J, Chang M, Wang X, Zhang H, Jin Q. Gamma tocopherol, its dimmers, and quinones: Past and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3916-3930. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1711704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyou Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Longkai Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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5
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Tang C, Tao G, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li J. Identification of α-Tocopherol and Its Oxidation Products by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:669-677. [PMID: 31855428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine α-tocopherol (α-T) and its thermal oxidation products simultaneously. A novel method based on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was developed. This approach was achieved by means of a BEH C18 analytical column under gradient elution conditions with eluents of acetonitrile/isopropanol (1:9, v/v) and acetonitrile/water (4:6, v/v). Compounds were elucidated through exact molecular mass and fragmentation ions obtained from the Q-TOF-MS detector. Two oxidation products, α-tocopheryl quinone and 5-formyl-γ-tocopherol, were identified, and one new compound was determined. This approach offered a simple, precise, and reliable method to determine oxidation products of α-T, which may give a way to understand the mechanism of the thermal oxidative process of α-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , People's Republic of China
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6
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Kreps F, Burčová Z, Schmidt Š. Degradation of fatty acids and tocopherols to form tocopheryl quinone as risk factor during microwave heating, pan‐frying and deep‐fat frying. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- František Kreps
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Food Science and TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Burčová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Food Science and TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Štefan Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Food Science and TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
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7
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Kreps F, Kyselka J, Burčová Z, Schmidt Š, Rajchl A, Filip V, Ház A, Jablonský M, Sládková A, Šurina I. Influence of deodorization temperature on formation of tocopherol esters and fatty acids polymers in vegetable oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- František Kreps
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Food Science and TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Jan Kyselka
- Department of DairyFat and Cosmetics, University of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Zuzana Burčová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Food Science and TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Štefan Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Department of Food Science and TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Aleš Rajchl
- Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vladimír Filip
- Department of DairyFat and Cosmetics, University of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Aleš Ház
- Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologyDepartment of Wood, Pulp and PaperSlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Michal Jablonský
- Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologyDepartment of Wood, Pulp and PaperSlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Sládková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologyDepartment of Wood, Pulp and PaperSlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Igor Šurina
- Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologyDepartment of Wood, Pulp and PaperSlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
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8
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Aladedunye FA. Curbing thermo-oxidative degradation of frying oils: Current knowledge and challenges. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix A. Aladedunye
- Human Nutritional Sciences; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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9
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Kreps F, Kyselka J, Burčová Z, Schmidt Š, Filip V, Dubaj T, Gajdoš P, Čertík M. Synthesis and analysis of tocopheryl quinone and tocopherol esters with fatty acids in heated sunflower oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- František Kreps
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Jan Kyselka
- Department of Dairy, Fat and CosmeticsUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Zuzana Burčová
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Štefan Schmidt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Filip
- Department of Dairy, Fat and CosmeticsUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Tibor Dubaj
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Peter Gajdoš
- Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
| | - Milan Čertík
- Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of Technology in BratislavaBratislavaSlovak Republic
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10
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Aladedunye F, Przybylski R, Matthaus B. Performance of antioxidative compounds under frying conditions: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:1539-1561. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.777686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Chemical alterations taken place during deep-fat frying based on certain reaction products: A review. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:662-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Büsing A, Drotleff AM, Ternes W. Identification of α-tocotrienolquinone epoxides and development of an efficient molecular distillation procedure for quantitation of α-tocotrienol oxidation products in food matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8302-8313. [PMID: 22747466 DOI: 10.1021/jf301137b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the most important oxidation products of α-tocotrienol (α-T3) along with other tocochromanols in lipid matrices and tocotrienol-rich foods. For this purpose, an efficient molecular distillation procedure was developed for the extraction of analytes, and α-T3-spiked and thermally oxidized natural lipids (lard and wheat germ oil) and α-T3-rich foods (wholemeal rye bread and oil from dried brewer's spent grain) were investigated through HPLC-DAD-F. The following α-T3 oxidation products were extractable from lipid matrices along with tocochromanols: α-tocotrienolquinone (α-T3Q), α-tocotrienolquinone-4a,5-epoxide (α-T3Q-4a,5-E), α-tocotrienolquinone-7,8-epoxide (α-T3Q-7,8-E), 7-formyl-β-tocotrienol (7-FβT3), and 5-formyl-γ-tocotrienol (5-FγT3). Recovery rates were as high as 88% and enrichment factors up to 124. The proposed method allows the investigation of α-T3Q, α-T3Q-4a,5-E, α-T3Q-7,8-E, 7-FβT3, and 5-FγT3 in small quantities (<0.78 μg/g) in lipid matrices, which is necessary for the investigation and analysis of the formation kinetics of these oxidation products in fat, oils, and tocotrienol-rich foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Büsing
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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13
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Dobarganes MC, Marmesat S, Morales A, Velasco J. Action and fate of natural and synthetic antioxidants during frying. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2010. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.021910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cornwell DG, Ma J. Nutritional benefit of olive oil: the biological effects of hydroxytyrosol and its arylating quinone adducts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8774-8786. [PMID: 18783241 DOI: 10.1021/jf8015877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Olive oil is the essential component of the Mediterranean diet, a nutritional regimen gaining ever-increasing renown for its beneficial effects on inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. A unique characteristic of olive oil is its enrichment in oleuropein, a member of the secoiridoid family, which hydrolyzes to the catechol hydroxytyrosol and functions as a hydrophilic phenolic antioxidant that is oxidized to its catechol quinone during redox cycling. Little effort has been spent on exploring the biological properties of the catechol hydroxytyrosol quinone, a strong arylating electrophile that forms Michael adducts with thiol nucleophiles in glutathione and proteins. This study compares the chemical and biological characteristics of hydroxytyrosol with those of the tocopherol family in which Michael adducts of arylating desmethyltocopherol quinones have been identified and correlated with biologic properties including cytotoxicity and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. It is noted that hydroxytyrosol and desmethyltocopherols share many similarities, suggesting that Michael adduct formation by an arylating quinone electrophile may contribute to the biological properties of both families, including the unique nutritional benefit of olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Cornwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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15
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Cornwell DG, Ma J. Studies in Vitamin E: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Tocopherol Quinones. VITAMIN E 2007; 76:99-134. [PMID: 17628173 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(07)76005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols, parent congeners in the vitamin E family, function as phenolic antioxidants. However, there has been little interest in their quinone electrophiles formed as a consequence of oxidation reactions, even though unique biological properties were suggested by early studies conducted immediately after the discovery of vitamin E. Oxidation of tocopherols and tocotrienols produces para- and ortho-quinones, and quinone methides, while oxidation of their carboxyethyl hydroxychroman derivatives produces quinone lactones. These quinone electrophiles are grouped in two subclasses, the nonarylating fully methylated alpha-family and the arylating desmethyl beta-, gamma-, and delta-family. Arylating quinone electrophiles form Michael adducts with thiol nucleophiles, provided by cysteinyl proteins or peptides, which can be identified and quantified by tetramethylammonium hydroxide thermochemolysis. They have striking biological properties which differ significantly from their nonarylating congeners. They are highly cytotoxic, inducing characteristic apoptotic changes in cultured cells. Cytotoxicity is intimately associated with the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and a consequent unfolded protein response involving the pancreatic ER kinase (PERK) signaling pathway that commits overstressed cells to apoptosis. The step-function difference between arylating and nonarylating tocopherol quinones is conceivably the basis for distinct biological properties of parent tocopherols, including the epigenetic modification of a histone thiol, the ceramide pathway, natriuresis, and the activity of COX-2, NF-kappaB, PPARgamma, and cyclin. The role of alpha-tocopherol in the origin and evolution of the western hominin diet, the so-called "Mediterranean" diet, and the prominence of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum, mother's milk, and infant nutrition are considered. Finally, the discordance introduced into the diet by arylating tocopherol quinone precursors through the wide use of vegetable oils in deep-frying is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Cornwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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