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Toxicological evaluation of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, a unique radiolytic compound of palmitic acid. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:639-647. [PMID: 30268793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects and potency of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-dDCB), a unique compound derived from palmitic acid via irradiation. In a series of assays of bacterial reverse-mutation, in vitro chromosomal aberration, and in vivo micronucleus, negative responses were found by the treatment of 2-dDCB comparing vehicle control, dimethyl sulfoxide or corn oil. In the acute oral toxicity test, all of the mice administrated 2-dDCB survived, and there were no clinical and necropsy signs observed at any doses (0, 300, and 2000 mg/kg body weight) during the experimental period of 14 days. These results suggested that 2-dDCB is a relatively non-toxic substance with median lethality dose higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Moreover, there were no adverse effects noted in rats orally administrated 2-dDCB everyday via gavage for 28 days, even at the highest dose (2.0 mg/kg body weight/day) tested, which is 1000-times higher than the human daily intake of 2-dDCB estimated through an extreme exposure scenario. Overall, these results indicate that 2-dDCB is not likely to raise any human health concerns and irradiated foods containing palmitic acid can be recognized as safe for human consumption under the current international regulation systems for food irradiation.
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Yamakage K, Sui H, Ohta R, Toyoizumi T, Kawakami K, Matsumoto H, Takahashi T, Sasaki K, Ikezumi M, Negishi S, Izumi K, Todoriki S, Takashi K, Furuta M. Genotoxic potential and in vitro tumour-promoting potential of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone, two radiolytic products of fatty acids. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 770:95-104. [PMID: 25344170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-damaging and tumour-promoting effects of two 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs), which are found in irradiated fat-containing foods, were investigated by use of the comet assay and in an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon-carcinogenesis study in rats, respectively. We conducted genotoxicity tests of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-dDCB) and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-tDCB) according to the test guidelines for chemicals or drugs. In addition, a cell-transformation assay with Bhas 42 cells was performed to investigate their promoting potential in vitro. The Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (Ames test), conducted with five tester strains, revealed that neither 2-dDCB nor 2-tDCB possessed mutagenic activity. Moreover, both in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test on CHL/IU cells and the in vivo bone-marrow micronucleus test where mice were given 2-dDCB and 2-tDCB (orally, up to 2000 mg/kg bw/day), we did not detect any clastogenic effects. Furthermore, DNA strand-breaks were not detected in the in vitro comet assay with CHL/IU cells, and DNA adducts derived from 2-dDCB and 2-tDCB were not detected in the colon tissues of the mice used for the micronucleus tests, in rats from a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity test (0.03% 2-tDCB in the diet), or in rats from the AOM-induced carcinogenesis study (0.025% 2-tDCB in the diet). An in vitro tumour-promotion assay with Bhas 42 cells revealed that the number of transformed foci increased significantly following treatment of cells in the stationary phase with 2-dDCB or 2-tDCB for 10 days. Our results indicate that neither 2-dDCB nor 2-tDCB were genotoxic chemicals. However, they exhibited promoting activity, at least in vitro, when Bhas 42 cells were continuously exposed to these chemicals at toxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamakage
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan.
| | - Hajime Sui
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohta
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Toyoizumi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kawakami
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Takahashi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sasaki
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Mayu Ikezumi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Saki Negishi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Keisuke Izumi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Setsuko Todoriki
- Food Safety Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Kondo Takashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Laboratory of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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Song BS, Choi SJ, Jin YB, Park JH, Kim JK, Byun EB, Kim JH, Lee JW, Kim GS, Marchioni E. A critical review on toxicological safety of 2-alkylcyclobutanones. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hijaz F, Shrestha TB, Bossman SH, Hussain F, Smith JS. In vitro and in vivo metabolism of the radiolytic compound 2-dodecylcyclobutanone. J Food Sci 2010; 75:T72-80. [PMID: 20546430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge about the metabolism of alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) is limited, and the lack of literature on the metabolism of 2-ACBs causes consumers to doubt the safety of irradiated foods. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the metabolism of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) and identify any possible metabolite. The 2-DCB was mixed with rat S9 (postmitochondrial supernatant fraction) and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C. Then, the incubation mixture was mixed with sodium sulfate and extracted with n-hexane by using a Soxhlet apparatus. The hexane extract was concentrated under nitrogen and injected into the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) machine running in selective ion monitoring mode (SIM) to measure 2-DCB concentration. The hexane extract from the in vitro and in vivo studies was also derivatized with a silylation reagent and injected into a GC-MS running in full scan mode. The average percentage of 2-DCB recovered from the test incubations was 23%, compared with 50% from the controls. The GC-MS chromatograms of the derivatized samples showed a unique peak in the in vitro test incubations and in the hexane extract of the rat feces that were given 2-DCB. This peak was later identified as 2-doecylcyclobutanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hijaz
- Food Science Inst., Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, 208 Call Hall, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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O'Bryan CA, Crandall PG, Ricke SC, Olson DG. Impact of irradiation on the safety and quality of poultry and meat products: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:442-57. [PMID: 18464033 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701425698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
For more than 100 years research on food irradiation has demonstrated that radiation will make food safer and improve the shelf life of irradiated foods. Using the current food safety technology, we may have reached the point of diminishing returns even though recent figures from the CDC show a significant drop in the number of foodborne illnesses. However, too many people continue to get sick and die from eating contaminated food. New and under utilized technologies such as food irradiation need to be re-examined to achieve new levels of safety for the food supply. Effects of irradiation on the safety and quality of meat and poultry are discussed. Irradiation control of the principle microbial pathogens including viruses, the differences among at-risk sub-populations, factors affecting the diminished rate of improvement in food safety and published D values for irradiating raw meat and poultry are presented. Currently permitted levels of irradiation are probably not sufficient to control pathogenic viruses. Typical gram-negative spoilage organisms are very sensitive to irradiation. Their destruction leads to a significant increase in the acceptable shelf life. In addition, the destruction of these normal spoilage organisms did not provide a competitive growth advantage for irradiation injured food pathogens. Another of the main focuses of this review is a detailed compilation of the effects of most of the food additives that have been proposed to minimize the negative quality effect of irradiation. Most of the antimicrobials and antioxidants used singly or in combination produced an increased lethality of irradiation and a decrease in oxidation by-products. Combinations of dosage, temperature, dietary and direct additives, storage temperature and packaging atmosphere can produce meats that the average consumer will find indistinguishable from non-irradiated meats. A discussion of the production of unique radiological by-products is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corliss A O'Bryan
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
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Zanardi E, Battaglia A, Ghidini S, Conter M, Badiani A, Ianieri A. Evaluation of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated cured pork products during vacuum-packed storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:4264-70. [PMID: 17447788 DOI: 10.1021/jf063704m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2-Alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) content was determined in three Italian cured pork products (salame Milano, coppa, and pancetta) irradiated at different targeted irradiation doses (2, 5, and 8 kGy) during vacuum-packed storage. Among 2-ACBs, three different compounds were investigated, namely, 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone, and 2-(tetradec-5'-enyl)cyclobutanone. 2-ACBs were absent from the nonirradiated samples, whereas their content increased with irradiation dose. Their presence was recorded occasionally at 2 kGy and constantly at higher irradiation doses (5 and 8 kGy). The plot of 2-ACBs content against targeted irradiation doses showed an exponential relationship. The effect of vacuum-packed storage time on the 2-ACBs content was dependent on the irradiation dose. During vacuum-packed storage for up to 60 days, the 2-ACBs content remained unchanged in the cured pork products irradiated at 2 and 5 kGy, whereas a significant increase was observed in the pork products irradiated at 8 kGy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Zanardi
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio, 8, I-43100 Parma, Italy.
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