1
|
Romero CM, Redman AAPH, Owens J, Terry SA, Ribeiro GO, Gorzelak MA, Oldenburg TBP, Hazendonk P, Larney FJ, Hao X, Okine E, McAllister TA. Effects of feeding a pine-based biochar to beef cattle on subsequent manure nutrients, organic matter composition and greenhouse gas emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152267. [PMID: 34902397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar in ruminant diets is being assessed as a method for simultaneously improving animal production and reducing enteric CH4 emissions, but little is known about subsequent biochar-manure interactions post-excretion. We examined chemical properties, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and organic matter (OM) composition during farm scale stockpiling (SP) or composting (CP) of manure from cattle that either received a pine-based biochar in their diet (BM) or did not (RM). Manure piles were monitored hourly for temperature and weekly for top surface CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes over 90 d in a semiarid location near Lethbridge, AB, Canada. Results indicate that cumulative CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions were not affected by biochar, implying that BM was as labile as RM. The pH, total C (TC), NO3-N and Olsen P were also not influenced by biochar, although it was observed that NH4-N and OM extractability were both 13% lower in BM than RM. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that biochar increased stockpile/compost aromaticity, yet it did not alter the bulk C speciation of manure OM. Further analysis by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) revealed that dissolved OM was enriched by strongly reduced chemical constituents, with BM providing more humic-like OM precursors than RM. Inclusion of a pine-based biochar in cattle diets to generate BM is consistent with current trends in the circular economy, "closing the loop" in agricultural supply chains by returning C-rich organic amendments to croplands. Stockpiling/composting the resulting BM, however, may not provide a clear advantage over directly mixing low levels of biochar with manure. Further research is required to validate BM as a tool to reduce the C footprint of livestock waste management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Abby-Ann P H Redman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Jen Owens
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Terry
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Monika A Gorzelak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Thomas B P Oldenburg
- Petroleum Reservoir Group, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paul Hazendonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Francis J Larney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Xiying Hao
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Erasmus Okine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Whitworth KM, Green JA, Redel BK, Geisert RD, Lee K, Telugu BP, Wells KD, Prather RS. Improvements in pig agriculture through gene editing. CABI AGRICULTURE AND BIOSCIENCE 2022; 3:41. [PMID: 35755158 PMCID: PMC9209828 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-022-00111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of animals via selective breeding is the basis for modern agriculture. The current breeding paradigm however has limitations, chief among them is the requirement for the beneficial trait to exist within the population. Desirable alleles in geographically isolated breeds, or breeds selected for a different conformation and commercial application, and more importantly animals from different genera or species cannot be introgressed into the population via selective breeding. Additionally, linkage disequilibrium results in low heritability and necessitates breeding over successive generations to fix a beneficial trait within a population. Given the need to sustainably improve animal production to feed an anticipated 9 billion global population by 2030 against a backdrop of infectious diseases and a looming threat from climate change, there is a pressing need for responsive, precise, and agile breeding strategies. The availability of genome editing tools that allow for the introduction of precise genetic modification at a single nucleotide resolution, while also facilitating large transgene integration in the target population, offers a solution. Concordant with the developments in genomic sequencing approaches, progress among germline editing efforts is expected to reach feverish pace. The current manuscript reviews past and current developments in germline engineering in pigs, and the many advantages they confer for advancing animal agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Whitworth
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Green
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Bethany K. Redel
- United States Department of Agriculture – Agriculture Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Rodney D. Geisert
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Bhanu P. Telugu
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Kevin D. Wells
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Randall S. Prather
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Romero CM, Redman AAPH, Terry SA, Hazendonk P, Hao X, McAllister TA, Okine E. Molecular speciation and aromaticity of biochar-manure: Insights from elemental, stable isotope and solid-state DPMAS 13C NMR analyses. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111705. [PMID: 33298390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of biochar (BC) in feedlot cattle diets has recently been explored as an approach to simultaneously improving animal production and reducing enteric methane (CH4) emissions. This study examines the impact of BC on manure properties and whether BC affects manure composition and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) outputs from feedlot steers offered a barley-based diet with BC at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% (BC0, BC0.5, BC1 and BC2) of diet dry matter. Manure was sampled three times over a 235 day feeding trial conducted in southern Alberta, Canada. Results showed that BC2 increased total C and the C/N ratio by 5.7 and 6.6% relative to BC0, respectively (P < 0.05), while total N exhibited a quadratic response from BC0 to BC2 (P = 0.005). Manure 15δN signatures, ranging from +3.83 to +7.34‰, were not affected (P > 0.05) by BC treatment. DPMAS 13C NMR revealed similar structural features among BC0 and BC2; indigestible BC had a minor impact on the bulk-C speciation of manure organic matter (OM). Compositional changes were limited to the aromatic-C region of the 13C NMR spectra. Fused-ring domains, mainly pyrogenic-C, were increased by 1.56-fold at BC2 relative to BC0. Overall, results demonstrated that BC stabilizes recalcitrant-C in manure OM, potentially sequestering soil-C when applied to croplands. This approach provides an added value to its use in ruminant diets, mainly from a nutrient cycling perspective. However, whole-farm studies are further required to validate the incorporation of BC into beef production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Abby-Ann P H Redman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Terry
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Paul Hazendonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Xiying Hao
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403-1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Erasmus Okine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang Y, Ren C, Guo H, Guo M, Li W. Speciation Transformation of Phosphorus in Poultry Litter during Pyrolysis: Insights from X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13841-13849. [PMID: 31684726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Converting poultry litter (PL) into biochar by slow pyrolysis is a promising approach for recycling organic waste with enhanced phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency, which needs fundamental knowledge of in situ P speciation transformation for optimizing the biochar conversion conditions. In this study, solid-state NMR spectroscopy was employed to characterize solid-state P and C speciation of raw PL and PL-derived biochars prepared at various pyrolysis temperatures. The NMR analysis indicated that phytates were decomposed while hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) formed during conversion of PL to PL-derived biochar at a pyrolysis temperature above 300 °C. With increasing pyrolysis temperature to above 500 °C, farringtonite (Mg3(PO4)2) formed. The higher pyrolysis temperature also favored the formation of calcite and provided deeper carbonization (i.e., greater dominance of thermally stable aromatic structures) in the biochar products. Water extractable P decreased significantly from 2.9 g/kg in PL to less than 0.3 g/kg in the PL-derived biochars prepared above 300 °C, indicating the inhibition effect of pyrolysis on the P lability mainly through transformation of labile phosphates in PL into less soluble forms. Overall, this study suggested that different pyrolysis temperatures should be considered for selective conversion of PL to biochar products with distinct agricultural and environmental applications that demand special P release patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
| | - Chao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
| | - Mingxin Guo
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources , Delaware State University , Dover , Delaware 19901 , United States
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang J, Yu Z, Gao H, Yan X, Chang J, Wang C, Hu J, Zhang L. Chemical structures and characteristics of animal manures and composts during composting and assessment of maturity indices. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178110. [PMID: 28604783 PMCID: PMC5467826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in physicochemical characteristics, chemical structures and maturity of swine, cattle and chicken manures and composts during 70-day composting without addition of bulking agents were investigated. Physicochemical characteristics were measured by routine analyses and chemical structures by solid-state 13C NMR and FT-IR. Three manures were of distinct properties. Their changes in physicochemical characteristics, chemical structures, and maturity were different not only from each other but also from those with addition of bulking agents during composting. Aromaticity in chicken manure composts decreased at first, and then increased whereas that in cattle and swine manure composts increased. Enhanced ammonia volatilization occurred without addition of bulking agents. NMR structural information indicated that cattle and chicken composts were relatively stable at day 36 and 56, respectively, but swine manure composts were not mature up to day 70. Finally, the days required for three manures to reach the threshold values of different maturity indices were different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Huang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Yu
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Gao
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Hu
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligan Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berge ND, Ro KS, Mao J, Flora JRV, Chappell MA, Bae S. Hydrothermal carbonization of municipal waste streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5696-703. [PMID: 21671644 DOI: 10.1021/es2004528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a novel thermal conversion process that can be used to convert municipal waste streams into sterilized, value-added hydrochar. HTC has been mostly applied and studied on a limited number of feedstocks, ranging from pure substances to slightly more complex biomass such as wood, with an emphasis on nanostructure generation. There has been little work exploring the carbonization of complex waste streams or of utilizing HTC as a sustainable waste management technique. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the environmental implications associated with the carbonization of representative municipal waste streams (including gas and liquid products), to evaluate the physical, chemical, and thermal properties of the produced hydrochar, and to determine carbonization energetics associated with each waste stream. Results from batch carbonization experiments indicate 49-75% of the initially present carbon is retained within the char, while 20-37% and 2-11% of the carbon is transferred to the liquid- and gas-phases, respectively. The composition of the produced hydrochar suggests both dehydration and decarboxylation occur during carbonization, resulting in structures with high aromaticities. Process energetics suggest feedstock carbonization is exothermic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Berge
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|