Design of a multifunctional nanohybrid system of the phytohormone gibberellic acid using an inorganic layered double-hydroxide material

Application of Data Modeling, Instrument Engineering and Nanomaterials in Selected Medid the Scientific Recinal Plant Tissue Culture

At present, most precious compounds are still obtained by plant cultivation such as ginsenosides, glycyrrhizic acid, and paclitaxel, which cannot be easily obtained by artificial synthesis. Plant tissue culture technology is the most commonly used biotechnology tool, which can be used for a variety of studies such as the production of natural compounds, functional gene research, plant micropropagation, plant breeding, and crop improvement. Tissue culture material is a basic and important part of this issue. The formation of different plant tissues and natural products is affected by growth conditions and endogenous substances. The accumulation of secondary metabolites are affected by plant tissue type, culture method, and environmental stress. Multi-domain technologies are developing rapidly, and they have made outstanding contributions to the application of plant tissue culture. The modes of action have their own characteristics, covering the whole process of plant tissue from the induction, culture, and production of natural secondary metabolites. This paper reviews the induction mechanism of different plant tissues and the application of multi-domain technologies such as artificial intelligence, biosensors, bioreactors, multi-omics monitoring, and nanomaterials in plant tissue culture and the production of secondary metabolites. This will help to improve the tissue culture technology of medicinal plants and increase the availability and the yield of natural metabolites.

Layered Double Hydroxides for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment: An Overview

Agricultural practices in modern society have a detrimental impact on the health of the ecosystem, environment, and consumers. The significantly high usage rate of chemicals causes serious harm, and the sector demands the development of innovative materials that can foster improved food production and lessen ecological impacts. The majority of layered double hydroxides (LDH) are synthetic. At the same time, some of them occur in the form of natural minerals (hydrotalcite), which have recently emerged as favorable materials and provided advanced and ingenious frontiers in various fields of agriculture through practical application possibilities that can replace conventional agricultural systems. LDH can exchange anions intercalated between the layers in the interlayer structure, and there is evidence that atmospheric carbon dioxide and moisture can completely break down LDH over time. Due to certain unique properties such as tunable structure, specific intercalation chemistry, pH-dependent stability, as well as retention of the guest molecules within interlayers and their subsequent controlled release, LDHs are increasingly investigated as materials to enhance yield, quality of crops, and soil in recent times. This review aims to present the current research progress in the design and development of LDH-based materials as nanoscale agrochemicals to illustrate its relevance in making agro-practices more sustainable and efficient. Specific emphasis is given to the functionality of these materials as effective materials for the slow release of fertilizers and plant growth factors as well as adsorption of toxic agrochemical residues and contaminants. Relevant research efforts have been briefly reviewed, and the potential of LDH as new generation green materials to provide solutions to agricultural problems for improving food productivity and security has been summarized.

A nanohybrid layered double hydroxide as an effective carrier for delivery and application of the phytohormone indole acetic acid

The increasing need for agricultural production on the one hand, and requirements for greener and more sustainable agricultural practices on the other, have led to a growing demand for efficient and eco-friendly materials for the delivery of agrochemicals. Here we describe, the use of layered double hydroxide (LDH) particles as a carrier for a plant hormone. Magnesium-aluminum LDH intercalated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was synthesized by co-precipitation method, characterized, and examined for real-life applications. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that both pristine and IAA-intercalated LDH particles exhibit hexagonal platelet morphology. X-ray diffraction showed a hydrotalcite-like structure and, together with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, verified the efficacious intercalation of IAA anions. The intercalation protected the IAA from enzymatic degradation and allowed its sustained release, as demonstrated by enzymatic stability and release tests, correspondingly. In-vivo assay revealed that intercalation inside LDH significantly increases the biological activity of IAA in promoting adventitious root development in plant cuttings. Results demonstrate the applicability of LDH as an advanced, effective, and sustainable carrier that overcomes the practical limitations of agrochemicals and significantly enhances their efficiency.

Gibberellic acid surface complexation on ferrihydrite at different pH values: Outer-sphere complexes versus inner-sphere complexes

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is a widely used plant growth regulator and environmental toxin especially in China, but no study has focused on the mechanism of the interactions between GA₃ and minerals/soils. In this study, the GA₃ surface complexation mechanism on ferrihydrite (Fh) was investigated by combining sorption-desorption batch experiments with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and moving-window two-dimensional (MW2D) correlation spectroscopy. The results showed that the Fh-GA₃ surface complexes and retention after desorption depended strongly on the pH. For pH > 2.9, electrostatic interactions played an important role in GA₃ sorption on Fh in two ways. One was directly forming an outer-sphere complex by electrostatic attraction to a minor extent. The other was acting as a driving force to facilitate the formations of surface hydration-shared ion pair (mainly formed at pH < 5.7) and solvent-surface hydration-separated ion pair (mainly formed at pH > 5.7). Those three outer-sphere complexes were partially reversible according to the high total desorption percentage of GA₃ (69-80%). For pH ≤ 2.9, the generated monodentate complex was observed and increased with decreasing pH, which showed more retention on Fh after desorption than the outer-sphere complexes according to the lower total desorption percentage of GA₃ (37%). At the typical soil and groundwater pH values (4.5-9), the outer-sphere complexes predominate, where GA₃ could be out-competed by nitrate and other anions and then easily desorbed from Fh. This increases the risk of groundwater contamination.

Synthesis of a New Nitrate-Fertilizer Form with a Controlled Release Behavior via an Incorporation Technique into a Clay Material

The current study shows an advanced synesthetic technique of a nitrate-fertilizer with a controlled release behavior into different soils (normal and acidic agriculture soils solutions) at different climate temperatures. The environmentally friendly and the biocompatible layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay material was used as a host to accommodate the nitrate anion into its interlayer gallery by applying a reconstruction-incorporation technique (the memory effect property of LDH that allows calcined LDH to memorize its original structure). The prepared materials were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques including; X-ray powder spectroscopy, IR, SEM, TEM, and TGA analyses. A remarkable loading ratio of the nitrate anion fertilizer was recorded into the LDH structure. Around 90 wt% of the intercalated nitrate anion was released in a sustained controlled behavior over around 24 days, while the same amount of nitrate was released over 10 days in the acidic soil. Accordingly, the present study offers a new passway for the formulation of controlled release fertilizers by using the hosting anionic clay LDH materials.

Tailoring of a Potential Nanoformulated Form of Gibberellic Acid: Synthesis, Characterization, and Field Applications on Vegetation and Flowering

Nanoformulation of agrochemicals has become a potential choice to improve the physicochemical properties, enhance the utilization efficiency, and reduce the side effects and ecotoxicity of many hazardous chemicals. Here, we tailored a new formulation platform for gibberellic acid (GA) using the layered double hydroxides (LDH) as a potential carrier. Typically, we synthesized, characterized, and potentially applied the newly nanoformulated form of GA on the quantity and quality properties of Dendranthema grandiflorum cultivar. We also evaluated the synergetic effect of the carrier LDH on the release behavior of GA, showing a remarkable impact on the utilization efficiency of GA. The nanohybrid structure of GA also showed an enhanced thermal stability and safe preservation for the incorporated moieties. Taking into account the hazardous effect of free GA on the environment and human health, the hybrid technique of GA is one of the best choices among all of the studied protocols.