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Ding B, Wang F, Zhang B, Feng M, Chang L, Shao Y, Sun Y, Jiang Y, Wang R, Wang L, Xie J, Qian C. Flavor Characteristics of Ten Peanut Varieties from China. Foods 2023; 12:4380. [PMID: 38137184 PMCID: PMC10743137 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the flavor characteristics of peanuts grown in Jiangsu, China, ten local varieties were selected. The amino acids, 5'-nucleotides and volatile substances were detected, and the flavor and odor characteristics of these varieties were estimated using an electronic tongue and nose. The results showed that the fat and protein contents of ten peanut varieties changed significantly (p < 0.05), and may have been negatively correlated with those of the Taihua 6 variety-in particular, having the highest protein content and the lowest fat content. The amino acid contents of the peanuts were 20.08 g/100 g (Taihua 4)-27.18 g/100 g (Taihua 6). Taihua 6 also contained the highest bitter (10.41 g/100 g) and sweet (6.06 g/100 g) amino acids, and Taihua 10 had the highest monosodium glutamate-like amino acids (7.61 g/100 g). The content of 5'-nucleotides ranged from 0.08 mg/g (Taihua 9725) to 0.14 mg/g (Taihua 0122-601). Additionally, 5'-cytidylate monophosphate (5'-CMP) and 5'-adenosine monophosphate (5'-AMP) were the major 5'-nucleotides detected in the peanuts. A total of 42 kinds of volatile flavor compounds were detected, with both Taihua 4 and 6 showing the most (18 kinds) and the highest content being in Taihua 4 (7.46%). Both Taihua 9725 and 9922 exhibited the fewest kinds (nine kinds) of volatile components, and the lowest content was in Taihua 9725 (3.15%). Formic acid hexyl ester was the most abundant volatile substance in peanuts, and the highest level (3.63%) was detected in Taihua 7506. The electronic tongue and nose indicated that the greatest taste difference among the ten varieties of peanuts was mainly related to sourness, and Taihua 4 and Taihua 9922 had special taste characteristics. On the other hand, the greatest smell difference among the ten varieties of peanuts was mostly for methane and sulfur organic substances, and Taihua 0605-2 had a special and strong smell characteristic. In conclusion, the content and composition differences of the flavor substances of ten peanut varieties were responsible for their divergences in taste and smell. These results will provide guidelines for the further use (freshly consumed or processed) of these ten peanut varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ding
- Taizhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou 210014, China; (B.D.); (M.F.); (L.C.); (Y.J.); (R.W.)
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China; (F.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China; (F.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mengshi Feng
- Taizhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou 210014, China; (B.D.); (M.F.); (L.C.); (Y.J.); (R.W.)
| | - Lei Chang
- Taizhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou 210014, China; (B.D.); (M.F.); (L.C.); (Y.J.); (R.W.)
| | - Yuyang Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China; (F.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China; (F.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ying Jiang
- Taizhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou 210014, China; (B.D.); (M.F.); (L.C.); (Y.J.); (R.W.)
| | - Rui Wang
- Taizhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou 210014, China; (B.D.); (M.F.); (L.C.); (Y.J.); (R.W.)
| | - Libin Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Jixian Xie
- Taizhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou 210014, China; (B.D.); (M.F.); (L.C.); (Y.J.); (R.W.)
| | - Chunlu Qian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China; (F.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.)
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. The Utilization of Activated Charcoal in the Management of Anaphylaxis: A Case Series. Cureus 2022; 14:e31949. [PMID: 36582570 PMCID: PMC9794912 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a sudden onset of systemic hypersensitivity caused by mast cell and basophil degranulation. Food, Hymenoptera venom, and drug allergy are among the leading causes of anaphylaxis, particularly in adults. We can consider anaphylaxis caused by swallowing food or medication as a form of poisoning. Because in anaphylaxis, just like in poisoning, an allergen entering the body poses a life-threatening risk. Therefore, the allergen should be removed from the digestive system immediately. However, the decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract is not routinely used to prevent further absorption of allergens from the intestine into the systemic circulation. Among the gastrointestinal decontamination methods is the use of activated charcoal. In this article, we present four patients who developed anaphylaxis due to drug and food intake and were administered oral activated charcoal after their primary treatment (on average, 15-45 minutes after the first presentation) was completed. The youngest of the patients was 22 years old, and the oldest was 40. No side effects, prolonged anaphylactic state, and biphasic reactions were observed in the follow-up of the patients. All patients were discharged after 48-72 hours of hospitalization. The routine approach to poisoning treatment includes patient stabilization, toxidrome recognition, antidote administration, and supportive care, as well as measures to enhance toxin elimination. In anaphylaxis caused by oral allergens, the substance that initiates the reaction can be compared to a kind of toxin. Eliminating the allergen and reducing its absorption could be achieved by administering activated charcoal. Activated charcoal should be considered adjunctive therapy in treating food and oral drug-induced anaphylaxis. This treatment, when administered in a timely manner, might prevent the development of biphasic reactions and the prolongation of the allergic process in anaphylaxis.
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Yang Q, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Ji W, Guan DX, Liu X, Yu T, Wang L, Zhuo X, Ji J. Transferability of heavy metal(loid)s from karstic soils with high geochemical background to peanut seeds. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118819. [PMID: 35026322 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally distributed karstic soils are characterized by the high accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s, such as Cd. Biogeochemistries and transferability of metal(loid)s in such soils are notably different from that in soils of anthropogenic pollution as evidenced by increasing studies about rice and maize. To solve the question about metal(loid) background and transferability in the system of karstic soils and crops with underground fruits, we designedly collected 246 paired soil-peanut seed samples in a world-famous karstic region in Southwestern China covering an area of 98,700 km2. The concentrations of eight regulatory metal(loid)s (Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soil samples exceeded current standards to different degrees, demonstrating a typical high background. However, the transferability of metal(loid)s from soils to peanut seeds is quite low, resulting in a low exceedance rate of metal(loid)s (Cd, 12.2% and Pb, 1.2%) in seeds ("seed metal(loid)s"), in accordance with the results that metal(loid)s in soils mostly distributed in the inert/residual fractions. Based on the distinct response characteristics of peanut seed metal(loid)s to soil status from rice/maize grain metals, a model was further developed for effectively predicting the concentration of Cd in peanut seeds. Collectively, this study provides a basis for the assessment of soil environmental quality and safety zoning of upland field in karst areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yang
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhongfang Yang
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Qizuan Zhang
- Guangxi Bureau of Geology & Mineral Prospecting & Exploitation, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Wenbing Ji
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Dong-Xing Guan
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tao Yu
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Guangxi Bureau of Geology & Mineral Prospecting & Exploitation, Nanning, 530023, China; Geology Team No.4 of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomic Region, Nanning, 530031, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zhuo
- Guangxi Bureau of Geology & Mineral Prospecting & Exploitation, Nanning, 530023, China; Guangxi Institute of Geological Survey, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Schneiderman S, Zhang L, Fong H, Menkhaus TJ. Surface-functionalized electrospun carbon nanofiber mats as an innovative type of protein adsorption/purification medium with high capacity and high throughput. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8989-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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