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Zou ZB, Wu TZ, Yang LH, He XW, Liu WY, Zhang K, Xie CL, Xie MM, Zhang Y, Yang XW, Wang JS. Hepialiamides A-C: Aminated Fusaric Acid Derivatives and Related Metabolites with Anti-Inflammatory Activity from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Samsoniella hepiali W7. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:596. [PMID: 37999419 PMCID: PMC10672582 DOI: 10.3390/md21110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic investigation combined with a Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking approach, was conducted on the metabolites of the deep-sea-derived fungus Samsoniella hepiali W7, leading to the isolation of three new fusaric acid derivatives, hepialiamides A-C (1-3) and one novel hybrid polyketide hepialide (4), together with 18 known miscellaneous compounds (5-22). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated through detailed spectroscopic analysis. as well as TD-DFT-based ECD calculation. All isolates were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Under a concentration of 1 µM, compounds 8, 11, 13, 21, and 22 showed potent inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia cells, with inhibition rates of 34.2%, 30.7%, 32.9%, 38.6%, and 58.2%, respectively. Of particularly note is compound 22, which exhibited the most remarkable inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 426.2 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Biao Zou
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.-B.Z.); (W.-Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Tai-Zong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Long-He Yang
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (L.-H.Y.); (X.-W.H.)
| | - Xi-Wen He
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (L.-H.Y.); (X.-W.H.)
| | - Wen-Ya Liu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.-B.Z.); (W.-Y.L.)
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chun-Lan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ming-Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.-B.Z.); (W.-Y.L.)
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Bright Side of Fusarium oxysporum: Secondary Metabolites Bioactivities and Industrial Relevance in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110943. [PMID: 34829230 PMCID: PMC8625159 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have been assured to be one of the wealthiest pools of bio-metabolites with remarkable potential for discovering new drugs. The pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum affects many valuable trees and crops all over the world, producing wilt. This fungus is a source of different enzymes that have variable industrial and biotechnological applications. Additionally, it is widely employed for the synthesis of different types of metal nanoparticles with various biotechnological, pharmaceutical, industrial, and medicinal applications. Moreover, it possesses a mysterious capacity to produce a wide array of metabolites with a broad spectrum of bioactivities such as alkaloids, jasmonates, anthranilates, cyclic peptides, cyclic depsipeptides, xanthones, quinones, and terpenoids. Therefore, this review will cover the previously reported data on F. oxysporum, especially its metabolites and their bioactivities, as well as industrial relevance in biotechnology and nanotechnology in the period from 1967 to 2021. In this work, 180 metabolites have been listed and 203 references have been cited.
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Mendoza-Vargas LA, Villamarín-Romero WP, Cotrino-Tierradentro AS, Ramírez-Gil JG, Chávez-Arias CC, Restrepo-Díaz H, Gómez-Caro S. Physiological Response of Cape Gooseberry Plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali, Fusaric Acid, and Water Deficit in a Hydrophonic System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702842. [PMID: 34421951 PMCID: PMC8374548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cape gooseberry production has been limited by vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph). Fusaric acid (FA) is a mycotoxin produced by many Fusarium species such as F. oxysporum formae speciales. The effects of the interaction between this mycotoxin and plants (such as cape gooseberry) under biotic stress (water deficit, WD) have been little explored. Three experiments were carried out. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) different Foph inoculum densities (1 × 104 and 1 × 106 conidia ml-1; experiment (1); (ii) the effect of times of exposure (0, 6, 9, and 12 h) and FA concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1; experiment (2), and (iii) the interaction between Foph (1 × 104 conidia mL-1) or FA (25 mg L-1 × 9 h), and WD conditions (experiment 3) on the physiological (plant growth, leaf stomatal conductance (g s ), and photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) and biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline] responses of cape gooseberry seedling ecotype Colombia. The first experiment showed that Foph inoculum density of 1 × 106 conidia ml-1 caused the highest incidence of the disease (100%). In the second experiment, g s (~40.6 mmol m-2 s-1) and Fv/Fm ratio (~0.59) decreased, whereas MDA (~9.8 μmol g-1 FW) increased in plants with exposure times of 9 and 12 h and an FA concentration of 100 mg L-1 compared with plants without FA exposure or concentrations (169.8 mmol m-2 s-1, 0.8, and 7.2 μmol g-1 FW for g s , Fv/Fm ratio and MDA, respectively). In the last experiment, the interaction between Foph or FA and WD promoted a higher area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (Foph × WD = 44.5 and FA × WD = 37) and lower g s (Foph × WD = 6.2 mmol m-2 s-1 and FA × WD = 9.5 mmol m-2 s-1) compared with plants without any interaction. This research could be considered as a new approach for the rapid scanning of responses to the effects of FA, Foph, and WD stress not only on cape gooseberry plants but also on other species from the Solanaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Gómez-Caro
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Agronomía, Bogotá, Colombia
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Hai Y, Chen M, Huang A, Tang Y. Biosynthesis of Mycotoxin Fusaric Acid and Application of a PLP-Dependent Enzyme for Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Substituted l-Pipecolic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19668-19677. [PMID: 33155797 PMCID: PMC8093010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is a well-known mycotoxin that plays an important role in plant pathology. The biosynthetic gene cluster for FA has been identified, but the biosynthetic pathway remains unclarified. Here, we elucidated the biosynthesis of FA, which features a two-enzyme catalytic cascade, a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme (Fub7), and a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent oxidase (Fub9) in synthesizing the picolinic acid scaffold. FA biosynthesis also involves an off-line collaboration between a highly reducing polyketide synthase (HRPKS, Fub1) and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like carboxylic acid reductase (Fub8) in making an aliphatic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. By harnessing the stereoselective C-C bond-forming activity of Fub7, we established a chemoenzymatic route for stereoconvergent synthesis of a series of 5-alkyl-, 5,5-dialkyl-, and 5,5,6-trialkyl-l-pipecolic acids of high diastereomeric ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Mengbin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Arthur Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Silva TL, Toffano L, Fernandes JB, das Graças Fernandes da Silva MF, de Sousa LRF, Vieira PC. Mycotoxins from Fusarium proliferatum: new inhibitors of papain-like cysteine proteases. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1169-1175. [PMID: 32189177 PMCID: PMC7455666 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) in plants are essential to prevent phytopathogen invasion. In order to search for cysteine protease inhibitors and to investigate compounds that could be associated to pineapple Fusarium disease, a chemistry investigation was performed on Fusarium proliferatum isolated from Ananas comosus (pineapple) and cultivated in Czapek medium. From F. proliferatum extracts, nine secondary metabolites were isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry experiments: beauvericin (1), fusaric acid (2), N-ethyl-3-phenylacetamide (3), N-acetyltryptamine (4), cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro) cyclodipeptide (5), cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) cyclodipeptide (6), cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) diketopiperazine (7), 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine (8), and 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (9). Compounds 1, 3, and 6 showed significant inhibition of papain, with IC50 values of 25.3 ± 1.9, 39.4 ± 2.5, and 7.4 ± 0.5 μM, respectively. Compound 1 also showed significant inhibition against human cathepsins V and B with IC50 of 46.0 ± 3.0 and 6.8 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. The inhibition of papain by mycotoxins (fusaric acid and beauvericin) may indicate a mechanism of Fusarium in the roles of infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taynara Lopes Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Toffano
- Department of Agronomy, Brasil University, Campus Descalvado, Descalvado, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Cezar Vieira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Crutcher FK, Puckhaber LS, Stipanovic RD, Bell AA, Nichols RL, Lawrence KS, Liu J. Microbial Resistance Mechanisms to the Antibiotic and Phytotoxin Fusaric Acid. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:996-1006. [PMID: 28986689 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) produced by Fusarium oxysporum plays an important role in disease development in plants, including cotton. This non-specific toxin also has antibiotic effects on microorganisms. Thus, one expects a potential pool of diverse detoxification mechanisms of FA in nature. Bacteria and fungi from soils infested with Fusarium and from laboratory sources were evaluated for their ability to grow in the presence of FA and to alter the structure of FA into less toxic compounds. None of the bacterial strains were able to chemically modify FA. Highly FA-resistant strains were found only in Gram-negative bacteria, mainly in the genus of Pseudomonas. The FA resistance of the Gram-negative bacteria was positively correlated with the number of predicted genes for FA efflux pumps present in the genome. Phylogenetic analysis of predicted FA resistance proteins (FUSC, an inner membrane transporter component of the efflux pump) revealed that FUSC proteins having high sequence identities with the functionally characterized FA resistance protein FusC or Fdt might be the major contributors of FA resistance. In contrast, most fungi converted FA to less toxic compounds regardless of the level of FA resistance they exhibited. Five derivatives were detected, and the detoxification of FA involved either oxidative reactions on the butyl side chain or reductive reactions on the carboxylic acid group. The production of these metabolites from widely different phyla indicates that resistance to FA by altering its structure is highly conserved. A few FA resistant saprophytic or biocontrol strains of fungi were incapable of altering FA, indicating a possible involvement of efflux transporters. Deployment of both efflux and derivatization mechanisms may be a common feature of fungal FA resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie K Crutcher
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.,Eastern Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, 1501 N Central Ave, Sidney, MT, 59270, USA
| | - Lorraine S Puckhaber
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Robert D Stipanovic
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Alois A Bell
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | | | - Katheryn S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Jinggao Liu
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2765 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
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Liu S, Dai H, Orfali RS, Lin W, Liu Z, Proksch P. New Fusaric Acid Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum and Their Phytotoxicity to Barley Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3127-3132. [PMID: 27050289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum isolated from fruits of Drepanocarpus lunatus afforded eight new fusaric acid derivatives, fusaricates A-G, 1-7, and 10-hydroxy-11-chlorofusaric acid, 8, along with four known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR as well as MS data and by comparison with the literature. The absolute configurations of fusaricates C-E, 3-5, were determined using chiral GC-MS. Fusaricates A-G, 1-7, represent the first examples of fusaric acid linked to a polyalcohol moiety via an ester bond. All isolated fusaric acid derivatives 1-8 showed significant phytotoxicity to leaves of barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haofu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou 571101, China
| | - Raha S Orfali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Studt L, Janevska S, Niehaus EM, Burkhardt I, Arndt B, Sieber CMK, Humpf HU, Dickschat JS, Tudzynski B. Two separate key enzymes and two pathway-specific transcription factors are involved in fusaric acid biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:936-56. [PMID: 26662839 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FSA) is a mycotoxin produced by several fusaria, including the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. Genes involved in FSA biosynthesis were previously identified as a cluster containing a polyketide synthase (PKS)-encoding (FUB1) and four additional genes (FUB2-FUB5). However, the biosynthetic steps leading to FSA as well as the origin of the nitrogen atom, which is incorporated into the polyketide backbone, remained unknown. In this study, seven additional cluster genes (FUB6-FUB12) were identified via manipulation of the global regulator FfSge1. The extended FUB gene cluster encodes two Zn(II)2 Cys6 transcription factors: Fub10 positively regulates expression of all FUB genes, whereas Fub12 is involved in the formation of the two FSA derivatives, i.e. dehydrofusaric acid and fusarinolic acid, serving as a detoxification mechanism. The major facilitator superfamily transporter Fub11 functions in the export of FSA out of the cell and is essential when FSA levels become critical. Next to Fub1, a second key enzyme was identified, the non-canonical non-ribosomal peptide synthetase Fub8. Chemical analyses of generated mutant strains allowed for the identification of a triketide as PKS product and the proposition of an FSA biosynthetic pathway, thereby unravelling the unique formation of a hybrid metabolite consisting of this triketide and an amino acid moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Studt
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Immo Burkhardt
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Birgit Arndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian M K Sieber
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Brown DW, Lee SH, Kim LH, Ryu JG, Lee S, Seo Y, Kim YH, Busman M, Yun SH, Proctor RH, Lee T. Identification of a 12-gene Fusaric Acid Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in Fusarium Species Through Comparative and Functional Genomics. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:319-32. [PMID: 25372119 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0264-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In fungi, genes involved in biosynthesis of a secondary metabolite (SM) are often located adjacent to one another in the genome and are coordinately regulated. These SM biosynthetic gene clusters typically encode enzymes, one or more transcription factors, and a transport protein. Fusaric acid is a polyketide-derived SM produced by multiple species of the fungal genus Fusarium. This SM is of concern because it is toxic to animals and, therefore, is considered a mycotoxin and may contribute to plant pathogenesis. Preliminary descriptions of the fusaric acid (FA) biosynthetic gene (FUB) cluster have been reported in two Fusarium species, the maize pathogen F. verticillioides and the rice pathogen F. fujikuroi. The cluster consisted of five genes and did not include a transcription factor or transporter gene. Here, analysis of the FUB region in F. verticillioides, F. fujikuroi, and F. oxysporum, a plant pathogen with multiple hosts, indicates the FUB cluster consists of at least 12 genes (FUB1 to FUB12). Deletion analysis confirmed that nine FUB genes, including two Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor genes, are required for production of wild-type levels of FA. Comparisons of FUB cluster homologs across multiple Fusarium isolates and species revealed insertion of non-FUB genes at one or two locations in some homologs. Although the ability to produce FA contributed to the phytotoxicity of F. oxysporum culture extracts, lack of production did not affect virulence of F. oxysporum on cactus or F. verticillioides on maize seedlings. These findings provide new insights into the genetic and biochemical processes required for FA production.
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10
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Niehaus EM, von Bargen KW, Espino JJ, Pfannmüller A, Humpf HU, Tudzynski B. Characterization of the fusaric acid gene cluster in Fusarium fujikuroi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:1749-62. [PMID: 24389666 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The "bakanae" fungus Fusarium fujikuroi is a common pathogen of rice and produces a variety of mycotoxins, pigments, and phytohormones. Fusaric acid is one of the oldest known secondary metabolites produced by F. fujikuroi and some other Fusarium species. Investigation of its biosynthesis and regulation is of great interest due to its occurrence in cereal-based food and feed. This study describes the identification and characterization of the fusaric acid gene cluster in F. fujikuroi consisting of the PKS-encoding core gene and four co-regulated genes, FUB1-FUB5. Besides fusaric acid, F. fujikuroi produces two fusaric acid-like derivatives: fusarinolic acid and 9,10-dehydrofusaric acid. We provide evidence that these derivatives are not intermediates of the fusaric acid biosynthetic pathway, and that their formation is catalyzed by genes outside of the fusaric acid gene cluster. Target gene deletions of all five cluster genes revealed that not all of them are involved in fusaric acid biosynthesis. We suggest that only two genes, FUB1 and FUB4, are necessary for the biosynthesis. Expression of the FUB genes and production of fusaric acid and the two derivatives are favored under high nitrogen. We show that nitrogen-dependent expression of fusaric acid genes is positively regulated by the nitrogen-responsive GATA transcription factor AreB, and that pH-dependent regulation is mediated by the transcription factor PacC. In addition, fusaric acid production is regulated by two members of the fungal-specific velvet complex: Vel1 and Lae1. In planta expression studies show a higher expression in the favorite host plant rice compared to maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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12
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Brown DW, Butchko RAE, Busman M, Proctor RH. Identification of gene clusters associated with fusaric acid, fusarin, and perithecial pigment production in Fusarium verticillioides. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:521-32. [PMID: 22652150 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Fusarium is of concern to agricultural production and food/feed safety because of its ability to cause crop disease and to produce mycotoxins. Understanding the genetic basis for production of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites (SMs) has the potential to limit crop disease and mycotoxin contamination. In fungi, SM biosynthetic genes are typically located adjacent to one another in clusters of co-expressed genes. Such clusters typically include a core gene, responsible for synthesis of an initial chemical, and several genes responsible for chemical modifications, transport, and/or regulation. Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most common pathogens of maize and produces a variety of SMs of concern. Here, we employed whole genome expression analysis and utilized existing knowledge of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, a common cluster core gene, to identify three novel clusters of co-expressed genes in F. verticillioides. Functional analysis of the PKS genes linked the clusters to production of three known Fusarium SMs, a violet pigment in sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) and the mycotoxins fusarin C and fusaric acid. The results indicate that microarray analysis of RNA derived from culture conditions that induce differential gene expression can be an effective tool for identifying SM biosynthetic gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren W Brown
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Metabolome and transcriptome of the interaction between Ustilago maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3656-67. [PMID: 22407693 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07841-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolome and transcriptome of the maize-infecting fungi Ustilago maydis and Fusarium verticillioides were analyzed as the two fungi interact. Both fungi were grown for 7 days in liquid medium alone or together in order to study how this interaction changes their metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles. When grown together, decreased biomass accumulation occurs for both fungi after an initial acceleration of growth compared to the biomass changes that occur when grown alone. The biomass of U. maydis declined most severely over time and may be attributed to the action of F. verticillioides, which secretes toxic secondary metabolites and expresses genes encoding adhesive and cell wall-degrading proteins at higher levels than when grown alone. U. maydis responds to cocultivation by expressing siderophore biosynthetic genes and more highly expresses genes potentially involved in toxin biosynthesis. Also, higher expression was noted for clustered genes encoding secreted proteins that are unique to U. maydis and that may play a role during colonization of maize. Conversely, decreased gene expression was seen for U. maydis genes encoding the synthesis of ustilagic acid, mannosylerythritol D, and another uncharacterized metabolite. Ultimately, U. maydis is unable to react efficiently to the toxic response of F. verticillioides and proportionally loses more biomass. This in vitro study clarifies potential mechanisms of antagonism between these two fungi that also may occur in the soil or in maize, niches for both fungi where they likely interact in nature.
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