1
|
Zulfiqar F, Ali Z, Viljoen AM, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Flavonoid glycosides and ellagic acid cognates from defatted African mango ( Irvingia gabonensis) seed kernel. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:2878-2887. [PMID: 36318869 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2140151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen compounds of diverse classes including four flavonoid glycosides, five ellagic acid derivatives, and eight other metabolites were isolated from the methanolic extract of the defatted seed kernel of Irvingia gabonensis. Among the isolates, quercetin 3-O-methyl-4'-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1) and 3,3'-di-O-methyl-4'-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosylellagic acid 4-sulfate ester (5) were found to be previously undescribed. Structure elucidation was mainly achieved by the interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS spectral data. Though compound 6 was previously reported, its 13C NMR data is being reported herein for the first time. To the best of our literature search knowledge, this is the first phytochemical report on I. gabonensis seed kernels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazila Zulfiqar
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Alvaro M Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
- SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen F, Zhuo C, Xiao X, Pendergast TH, Devos KM. A rapid thioacidolysis method for biomass lignin composition and tricin analysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:18. [PMID: 33430954 PMCID: PMC7798261 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomass composition varies from plant to plant and greatly affects biomass utilization. Lignin is a heterogeneous phenolic polymer derived mainly from p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols and makes up to 10-25% of lignocellulosic biomass. Recently, tricin, an O-methylated flavone, was identified as a lignin monomer in many grass species. Tricin may function as a nucleation site for lignification and is advocated as a novel target for lignin engineering to reduce lignin content and improve biomass digestibility in grasses. Thioacidolysis is an analytical method that can be adapted to analyze both lignin monomeric composition and tricin content in the lignin polymer. However, the original thioacidolysis procedure is complex, laborious, and time consuming, making it difficult to be adopted for large-scale screening in biomass research. In this study, a modified, rapid higher throughput thioacidolysis method was developed. RESULTS In combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), the modified thioacidolysis method can be used to simultaneously characterize the lignin composition and tricin content using 2-5 mg of dry samples. The modified method eliminates the solvent extraction and drastically improves the throughput; 80 samples can be processed in one day per person. Our results indicate that there is no significant difference in the determination of lignin S/G ratio and tricin content between the original and modified methods. CONCLUSIONS A modified thioacidolysis protocol was established. The results demonstrate that the modified method can be used for rapid, high-throughput, and reliable lignin composition and tricin content analyses for screening transgenic plants for cell wall modifications or in large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Chunliu Zhuo
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xirong Xiao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Thomas H Pendergast
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Katrien M Devos
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, and Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A flavonoid monomer tricin in Gramineous plants: Metabolism, bio/chemosynthesis, biological properties, and toxicology. Food Chem 2020; 320:126617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
4
|
Comparison of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids compounds in Chinese water chestnut processed with different methods. Food Chem 2020; 335:127662. [PMID: 32739819 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different processing methods of Chinese water chestnut (CWC; Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch.) steaming with skin (WPC), cooking with skin (WPS), steaming with peeling (PS), fresh cutting (FF) and cooking with peeling (PC) were compared. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the metabolic profiles of the processed samples. A total of 454 metabolites, including 123 flavonoids and 57 phenylpropanoids, were characterized. The flavonoid and phenylpropanoid profiles were distinguished using PCA. Eighteen flavonoids and six phenylpropanoids were detected and quantitated in the WPC and WPS samples but not in the FF, PC and PS samples. In addition to the O-hexoside of tricin, kaempferol and luteolin were the predominant flavonoids in the WPC and WPS samples, and all three compounds were higher in the WPC and WPS samples than in the FF sample. This study provides new results regarding differences in the metabolite profile of CWC processed with different methods.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang F, Guo H, Huang J, Yang C, Li Y, Wang X, Qu L, Liu X, Luo J. A UV-B-responsive glycosyltransferase, OsUGT706C2, modulates flavonoid metabolism in rice. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1037-1052. [PMID: 32112268 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although natural variations in rice flavonoids exist, and biochemical characterization of a few flavonoid glycosyltransferases has been reported, few studies focused on natural variations in tricin-lignan-glycosides and their underlying genetic basis. In this study, we carried out metabolic profiling of tricin-lignan-glycosides and identified a major quantitative gene annotated as a UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase OsUGT706C2 by metabolite-based genome-wide association analysis. The putative flavonoid glycosyltransferase OsUGT706C2 was characterized as a flavonoid 7-O-glycosyltransferas in vitro and in vivo. Although the in vitro enzyme activity of OsUGT706C2 was similar to that of OsUGT706D1, the expression pattern and induced expression profile of OsUGT706C2 were very different from those of OsUGT706D1. Besides, OsUGT706C2 was specifically induced by UV-B. Constitutive expression of OsUGT706C2 in rice may modulate phenylpropanoid metabolism at both the transcript and metabolite levels. Furthermore, overexpressing OsUGT706C2 can enhance UV-B tolerance by promoting ROS scavenging in rice. Our findings might make it possible to use the glycosyltransferase OsUGT706C2 for crop improvement with respect to UV-B adaptation and/or flavonoid accumulation, which may contribute to stable yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry of Hainan University, Haikou, 570288, China
| | - Jiacheng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chenkun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yufei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lianghuan Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianqing Liu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry of Hainan University, Haikou, 570288, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry of Hainan University, Haikou, 570288, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lan JE, Li XJ, Zhu XF, Sun ZL, He JM, Zloh M, Gibbons S, Mu Q. Flavonoids from Artemisia rupestris and their synergistic antibacterial effects on drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1881-1886. [PMID: 31303068 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1639182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study seeks to discover flavonoids from a traditional Chinese herb, Artemisia rupestris L., with synergistic antibacterial effects against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Five flavonoids, artemetin (1), chrysosplenetin (2), pachypodol (3), penduletin (4) and chrysoeriol (5) were obtained by various column chromatographic methods. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Three of the compounds (2, 4 and 5) exhibited synergistic activity when combined with norfloxacin against SA1199B, an effluxing fluoroquinolone-resistant strain. The fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) of 2, 4 and 5 in combination with norfloxacin were 0.375, 0.079 and 0.266 respectively, suggesting synergy. Compound 5 also showed synergistic effects against EMRSA-15 and EMRSA-16 when combined with ciprofloxacin and oxacillin exhibiting FICIs of 0.024 and 0.375 respectively. Real time ethidium bromide (EtBr) efflux assay, qRT-PCR and molecular docking were employed to explore the mechanisms of the synergistic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Er Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethno Medicine Institute of Xinjiang, Wulumuqi, 800002, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian-Ming He
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mire Zloh
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Mu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barley Yield Response to Nitrogen Application under Different Weather Conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8477. [PMID: 31186506 PMCID: PMC6559956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley, one of the most important crops worldwide, will be exposed to high air temperatures as a result of global warming. Since global warming is projected to progress with annual fluctuations, weather-adaptive cultivation techniques are needed in the area of barley production. This study aimed to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) application rate at heading on the grain yield of barley grown under different weather conditions based on two years of field experiments. Grain yield increased markedly with increasing N application rate in the 2017-2018 cropping season but not in the 2016-2017 cropping season. In contrast, late-emerging tillers clearly increased with increasing N application rate in the 2016-2017 cropping season but not in the 2017-2018 cropping season. Plants grown in the 2016-2017 cropping season produced relatively few grains due to the short period of tillering as a results of high air temperatures compared with those grown in the 2017-2018 crop season. Thus, in the 2016-2017 cropping season, N application could be used for the production of late-emerging tillers as a consequence of the limited sink capacity, whereas, in the 2017-2018 cropping season, it could be used effectively to increase grain yield.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gu R, Wang Y, Wu S, Wang Y, Li P, Xu L, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Kennelly EJ, Long C. Three new compounds with nitric oxide inhibitory activity from Tirpitzia sinensis, an ethnomedicinal plant from Southwest China. BMC Chem 2019; 13:47. [PMID: 31384795 PMCID: PMC6661779 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The medicinal plant Tirpitzia sinensis has been used by the Zhuang ethnic people in mountainous areas of Southwest China to stop bleeding, invigorate blood circulation, and treat inflammation and wounds. In order to further explore its traditional medicinal uses, the phytochemical constituents of this species were examined. Three new compounds, the lignan tirpitzin (1), the flavonoid tirpitzoside (2), and the furan-glycoside tirpitziol (3), along with five known compounds were isolated from the aerial part of T. sinensis for the first time. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR, LC/MS, IR spectrometric methods and compared with published data. The results of an in silico pharmacophore-based analysis showed potential targets of the new compounds, including ERBB2, IRAK4, LCK, JAK2, MAPK14, and MMP-12. These targets suggested that 1-3 may be involved with wound-healing and/or inflammation, leading to an in vitro assay of nitric oxide (NO) inhibition assays with lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 cells. All three new compounds displayed moderate NO inhibitory activity with the IC50 values of 14.97 ± 0.87, 26.63 ± 1.32, and 17.09 ± 2.3 μM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Gu
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Ave., Haidian, Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehu Wang
- 2Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming, 650201 People's Republic of China
| | - Shibiao Wu
- 3Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York, 10468 USA
| | - Yeling Wang
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Ave., Haidian, Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Ave., Haidian, Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Ave., Haidian, Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Ave., Haidian, Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Ze'e Chen
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Ave., Haidian, Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Ave., Haidian, Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York, 10468 USA.,4Ph.D. Programs in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, 10016 USA
| | - Chunlin Long
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Ave., Haidian, Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China.,2Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming, 650201 People's Republic of China.,5Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minzu University of China, Ministry of Education, 27 Zhongguancun South Ave., Haidian, Beijing, 100081 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poulev A, Heckman JR, Raskin I, Belanger FC. Tricin levels and expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in developing grains of purple and brown pericarp rice. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6477. [PMID: 30805251 PMCID: PMC6383554 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylated flavone tricin has been associated with numerous health benefits, including reductions in intestinal and colon cancers in animal models. Tricin is found in a wide range of plant species and in many different tissues. However, whole cereal grains, such as rice, barley, oats, and wheat, are the only food sources of tricin, which is located in the bran portion of the grain. Variation in tricin levels was found in bran from rice genotypes with light brown, brown, red, and purple pericarp color, with the purple pericarp genotypes having the highest levels of tricin. Here, we analyzed tricin and tricin derivative levels in developing pericarp and embryo samples of a purple pericarp genotype, IAC600, that had high tricin and tricin derivative levels in the bran, and a light brown pericarp genotype, Cocodrie, that had no detectable tricin or tricin derivatives in the bran. Tricin and tricin derivatives were detected in both the pericarp and embryo of IAC600 but only in the embryo of Cocodrie. The purple pericarp rice had higher total levels of free tricin plus tricin derivatives than the light brown pericarp rice. When expressed on a per grain basis, most of the tricin component of IAC600 was in the pericarp. In contrast, Cocodrie had no detectable tricin in the pericarp samples but did have detectable chrysoeriol, a precursor of tricin, in the pericarp samples. We also used RNA-Seq analysis of developing pericarp and embryo samples of the two cultivars to compare the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. The results presented here suggest that understanding the basis of tricin accumulation in rice pericarp may lead to an approach to increasing tricin levels in whole grain rice. From analysis of gene expression levels in the pericarp samples it appears that regulation of the flavone specific genes is independent of regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. It therefore may be feasible to develop brown pericarp rice cultivars that accumulate tricin in the pericarp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph R Heckman
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Faith C Belanger
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pihlava JM, Hellström J, Kurtelius T, Mattila P. Flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolamides, benzoxazinoids, lignans and alkylresorcinols in rye (Secale cereale) and some rye products. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
11
|
Lan W, Rencoret J, Lu F, Karlen SD, Smith BG, Harris PJ, Del Río JC, Ralph J. Tricin-lignins: occurrence and quantitation of tricin in relation to phylogeny. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:1046-1057. [PMID: 27553717 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tricin [5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one], a flavone, was recently established as an authentic monomer in grass lignification that likely functions as a nucleation site. It is linked onto lignin as an aryl alkyl ether by radical coupling with monolignols or their acylated analogs. However, the level of tricin that incorporates into lignin remains unclear. Herein, three lignin characterization methods: acidolysis; thioacidolysis; and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage; were applied to quantitatively assess the amount of lignin-integrated tricin. Their efficiencies at cleaving the tricin-(4'-O-β)-ether bonds and the degradation of tricin under the corresponding reaction conditions were evaluated. A hexadeuterated tricin analog was synthesized as an internal standard for accurate quantitation purposes. Thioacidolysis proved to be the most efficient method, liberating more than 91% of the tricin with little degradation. A survey of different seed-plant species for the occurrence and content of tricin showed that it is widely distributed in the lignin from species in the family Poaceae (order Poales). Tricin occurs at low levels in some commelinid monocotyledon families outside the Poaceae, such as the Arecaceae (the palms, order Arecales) and Bromeliaceae (Poales), and the non-commelinid monocotyledon family Orchidaceae (Orchidales). One eudicotyledon was found to have tricin (Medicago sativa, Fabaceae). The content of lignin-integrated tricin is much higher than the extractable tricin level in all cases. Lignins, including waste lignin streams from biomass processing, could therefore provide a large and alternative source of this valuable flavone, reducing the costs, and encouraging studies into its application beyond its current roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Lan
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biological System Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Fachuang Lu
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Steven D Karlen
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bronwen G Smith
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - José Carlos Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - John Ralph
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biological System Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Himi E, Taketa S. Barley Ant17, encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), is a promising target locus for attaining anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin-free plants without pleiotropic reduction of grain dormancy. Genome 2015; 58:43-53. [PMID: 25932661 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2014-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preharvest sprouting is a serious problem in grain crop production because it causes quality deterioration and economic losses. It is well known that grain colour is closely associated with grain dormancy in wheat; white-grained lines without accumulating proanthocyanidins in testa tend to be more susceptible to preharvest sprouting than red ones. All available white-grained wheat lines are restricted to triple recessive mutations at the R loci (R-A1, R-B1, and R-D1), but barley is known to have 11 independent loci conferring the proanthocyanidin-free grain phenotype. In this study, we evaluated the dormancy levels of anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin-free ant17 mutants. Three ant17 mutants showed the same levels of dormancy as their respective wild types. Sequencing of three independent ant17 alleles detected a point mutation within the coding regions of flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), which are predicted to cause a premature stop codon at different sites. The F3H locus completely cosegregated with the Ant17 position on the chromosome arm 2HL. Expression of the barley F3H gene was observed in pigmented tissues, but not in nonpigmented roots and stems. This result indicates that wheat F3H may be a promising new target locus for breeding white-grained lines with a practical level of preharvest sprouting resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Himi
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lan W, Lu F, Regner M, Zhu Y, Rencoret J, Ralph SA, Zakai UI, Morreel K, Boerjan W, Ralph J. Tricin, a flavonoid monomer in monocot lignification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1284-95. [PMID: 25667313 PMCID: PMC4378158 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tricin was recently discovered in lignin preparations from wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw and subsequently in all monocot samples examined. To provide proof that tricin is involved in lignification and establish the mechanism by which it incorporates into the lignin polymer, the 4'-O-β-coupling products of tricin with the monolignols (p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols) were synthesized along with the trimer that would result from its 4'-O-β-coupling with sinapyl alcohol and then coniferyl alcohol. Tricin was also found to cross couple with monolignols to form tricin-(4'-O-β)-linked dimers in biomimetic oxidations using peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide or silver (I) oxide. Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of gel permeation chromatography-fractionated acetylated maize (Zea mays) lignin revealed that the tricin moieties are found in even the highest molecular weight fractions, ether linked to lignin units, demonstrating that tricin is indeed incorporated into the lignin polymer. These findings suggest that tricin is fully compatible with lignification reactions, is an authentic lignin monomer, and, because it can only start a lignin chain, functions as a nucleation site for lignification in monocots. This initiation role helps resolve a long-standing dilemma that monocot lignin chains do not appear to be initiated by monolignol homodehydrodimerization as they are in dicots that have similar syringyl-guaiacyl compositions. The term flavonolignin is recommended for the racemic oligomers and polymers of monolignols that start from tricin (or incorporate other flavonoids) in the cell wall, in analogy with the existing term flavonolignan that is used for the low-molecular mass compounds composed of flavonoid and lignan moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Lan
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| | - Fachuang Lu
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| | - Matthew Regner
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| | - Sally A Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| | - Uzma I Zakai
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., M.R., Y.Z., J.Re., U.I.Z., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., M.R., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (S.A.R.); andDepartment of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, andDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meng TX, Irino N, Kondo R. Melanin biosynthesis inhibitory activity of a compound isolated from young green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in B16 melanoma cells. J Nat Med 2015; 69:427-31. [PMID: 25827948 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the course to find compounds that inhibit melanin biosynthesis (i.e., whitening agents), we evaluated the effects of the methanol-soluble fraction (i.e., the water-soluble portion of methanol extracts-CHP20P-MeOH eluted fraction) from young green barley leaves on melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. Activity-guided fractionation led to an isolate called tricin (compound 1) as an inhibitory compound of melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. Furthermore, tricin analogs such as tricetin, tricetin trimethyl ether, luteolin, and apigenin were used for analyzing the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones studies. Tricin demonstrated stronger inhibitory activity compared to three other compounds. The results suggest that a hydroxyl group at the C-4' position and methoxy groups at the C-3',5' positions of the tricin skeleton may have important roles in this inhibitory activity in B16 melanoma cells. Our results suggest that tricin inhibits melanin biosynthesis with higher efficacy than arbutin, and it could be used as a whitening agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xiao Meng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhong M, Wu H, Zhang X, Sun G, Sun G, Yu S, Xu X. A new diterpene from Clinopodium chinense. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:467-72. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.879132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Guangli Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Shichun Yu
- Beijing Hong Tai Chi Chung Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Mu Y, Li L, Hu SQ. Molecular inhibitory mechanism of tricin on tyrosinase. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 107:235-240. [PMID: 23434549 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tricin was evaluated as a type of tyrosinase inhibitor with good efficacy compared to arbutin. Tricin functioned as a non-competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with an equilibrium constant of 2.30 mmol/L. The molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of tyrosinase by tricin were investigated by means of circular dichroism spectra, fluorescence quenching and molecular docking. These assays demonstrated that the interactions between tricin and tyrosinase did not change the secondary structure. The interaction of tricin with residues in the hydrophobic pocket of tyrosinase was revealed by fluorescence quenching; the complex was stabilized by hydrophobic associations and hydrogen bonding (with residues Asn80 and Arg267). Docking results implied that the possible inhibitory mechanisms may be attributed to the stereospecific blockade effects of tricin on substrates or products and flexible conformation alterations in the tyrosinase active center caused by weak interactions between tyrosinase and tricin. The application of this type of flavonoid as a tyrosinase inhibitor will lead to significant advances in the field of depigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|