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Czauderna M, Wojtak W, Białek M, Białek A. Optimization of high-efficient pre-column sample treatments and C18-UFLC method for selective quantification of selected chemical forms of tocopherol and tocotrienol in diverse foods. Food Chem 2024; 437:137909. [PMID: 37939419 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The improved pre-column methods followed by gradient elution C18-chromatography (C18-UFLC) with photodiode (DAD) and fluorescence (FLD) detection for analysis of tocotrienols (T3s), tocopherols (Ts), α-tocopheryl acetate and cholesterol in plant, algae and fish oils, milk and animal tissues have been described. C18-chromatography without saponification permitted quantification of T3s and Ts in oils. Quantification of tocols in milk involved saponification followed by C18-chromatography. β-tocol and γ-tocol were unseparated using C18-chromatography. Esterification of hydroxyl group of tocols with trifluoroacetic anhydride allows their satisfactory separation. The combination of esterification of tocols, C18-chromatography and DAD monitoring at 278 and 205 nm provide the suitable analytical tool for quantification of β- and γ-forms of tocols in biological samples. Our original C18-chromatographic methods are satisfactory precise, accurate, repeatable and offer low values of limit of detection (<10 ng/mL) and limit of quantification (<27 ng/mL) for assayed tocols and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Czauderna
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Wiktoria Wojtak
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Białek
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Białek
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Okopowa 59, 01-043 Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Free and Esterified Tocopherols, Tocotrienols and Other Extractable and Non-Extractable Tocochromanol-Related Molecules: Compendium of Knowledge, Future Perspectives and Recommendations for Chromatographic Techniques, Tools, and Approaches Used for Tocochromanol Determination. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196560. [PMID: 36235100 PMCID: PMC9573122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Free and esterified (bound) tocopherols, tocotrienols and other tocochromanol-related compounds, often referred to "tocols", are lipophilic antioxidants of great importance for health. For instance, α-tocopherol is the only tocochromanol with vitamin E activity, while tocotrienols have a positive impact on health and are proposed in the prevention and therapy of so-called modern diseases. Tocopherols, tocotrienols and plastochromanol-8 are the most well-known tocochromanols; in turn, knowledge about tocodienols, tocomonoenols, and other rare tocochromanol-related compounds is limited due to several challenges in analytical chemistry and/or low concentration in plant material. The presence of free, esterified, and non-extractable tocochromanols in plant material as well as their biological function, which may be of great scientific, agricultural and medicinal importance, is also poorly studied. Due to the lack of modern protocols as well as equipment and tools, for instance, techniques suitable for the efficient and simultaneous chromatographical separation of major and minor tocochromanols, the topic requires attention and new solutions, and/or standardization, and proper terminology. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different chromatographic techniques, tools and approaches used for the separation and detection of different tocochromanols in plant material and foodstuffs. Sources of tocochromanols and procedures for obtaining different tocochromanol analytical standards are also described. Finally, future challenges are discussed and perspective green techniques for tocochromanol determination are proposed along with best practice recommendations. The present manuscript aims to present key aspects and protocols related to tocochromanol determination, correct identification, and the interpretation of obtained results.
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3
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Yamamoto K, Nishimura T, Machida K, Kotani A, Hakamata H. Supercritical fluid chromatography with post-column addition of supporting electrolyte solution for electrochemical determination of tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1797-1805. [PMID: 35247931 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A supercritical fluid chromatography with electrochemical detection system was developed for the simultaneous determination of tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers. The supercritical fluid chromatography with electrochemical detection system was connected with an additional pump to create a flow path to add a supporting electrolyte solution. The supporting electrolyte solution was mixed with a mobile phase in a post-column fashion, enabling the independent control of the separation and detection. After optimization of the measurement conditions, vitamin E isomers and an internal standard substance (2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychroman) were separated within 30 min using a mixture of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol (99:1, v/v) as a mobile phase and a cyanopropyl column (4.6 mm inner diameter × 250 mm length, 5 μm). For the electrochemical detection, methanol containing 1.0 mol/L ammonium acetate was used as a supporting electrolyte solution and the applied potential was set at +0.8 V. This analytical method showed good linearity (5 to 100 μg/mL) and repeatability (less than 2.5% relative standard deviation (n = 6)) and was applicable to the determination of tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers in nutrition supplements. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takuma Nishimura
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Koichi Machida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Akira Kotani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hideki Hakamata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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4
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Benedetti B, Sanchez del Pulgar J, Di Lena G, Lombardi-Boccia G. Simultaneous analysis of 21 bioactive compounds in biorefinery oil: Multivariate optimization of a method based on liquid chromatography, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Moe Htet TT, Cruz J, Khongkaew P, Suwanvecho C, Suntornsuk L, Nuchtavorn N, Limwikrant W, Phechkrajang C. PLS-regression-model-assisted raman spectroscopy for vegetable oil classification and non-destructive analysis of alpha-tocopherol contents of vegetable oils. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Isolation and Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols from the Seed of Capparis Ovata Grown in Turkey by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Saha S, Walia S, Sharma K, Banerjee K. Suitability of stationary phase for LC analysis of biomolecules. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2856-2873. [PMID: 31621391 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1665494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active compounds such as carotenoids/isoprenoids, vitamins, steroids, saponins, sugars, long chain fatty acids, and amino acids play a very important role in coordinating functions in living organisms. Determination of those substances is indispensable in advanced biological sciences. Engineered stationary phase in LC for the analysis of biomolecules has become easier with the development of chromatographic science. In general, C18 column is being used for routine analysis but specific columns are being used for specific molecule. Monolithic columns are found to have higher efficiency than normal column. Among recent introduction, triacontyl stationary phases, designed for the separation of carotenoid isomers, are widely used for the estimation of carotenoids. In comparison to conventional C18 phases, C30 phases exhibited superior shape selectivity for the separation of isomers of carotenoids. It is also found useful for better elution and analysis of tocopherols, vitamin K, sterols, and fatty acids. Vitamin K, E, and their isomers are also successfully resoluted and analyzed by using C30 column. Amino bonded phase column is specifically used for better elution of sugars, whereas phenyl columns are suitable for the separation and analysis of curcuminoids and taxol. Like triacontyl stationary phase, pentafluorophenyl columns are also used for the separation and analysis of carotenoids. Similarly, HILIC column are best suited for sugar analysis. All the stationary phases are made possible to resolute and analyze the target biomolecules better, which are the future of liquid chromatography. The present article focuses on the differential interaction between stationary phase and target biomolecules. The applicability of these stationary phases are reported in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supradip Saha
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Walia
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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8
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Yang Y, Lu D, Yang D, Yin S, Zhang J, Zheng B, Li Y, Sun C. A Rapid and Sensitive HPLC-FLD Method for the Determination of Retinol and Vitamin E Isomers in Human Serum. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180419144814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Retinol and vitamin E are fat-soluble vitamins crucial for human health, yet
their isomers’ distributions in the human body are still known roughly. In order to figure out the physical
condition and evaluate the nutritional status of an individual, it is imperative to analyze retinol and
VE isomers in human serum.
Objective:
This work aims to establish a rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatography
with fluorescence detection for simultaneous determination of retinol and vitamin E isomers in human
serum.
Methods:
Separation was accomplished on a common C18 column thermostated at 25 oC, using a simple
isocratic elution program of methanol/acetonitrile (85:15, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Fluorescence
detection was operated using excitation/emission wavelengths of 329 nm/472 nm for retinol and
294 nm/338 nm for VE isomers, respectively.
Results:
Rapid separation was achieved within 13 min. Linear ranges of the method were 0.020-50.0
µg/mL, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. Detection limits and the quantification limits
were 0.001-0.004 µg/mL and 0.003- 0.013 µg/mL, respectively. Mean recoveries were 84.1%- 98.2%,
with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations less than 12.3% and 13.6%, respectively. This
method has been applied to the simultaneous determination of retinol and 8 VE isomers in human serum
samples with satisfactory results.
Conclusion:
A rapid, simple and robust method was developed for routine analysis of retinol and eight
vitamin E isomers in human serum, providing a useful tool for clinical diagnosis and nutritional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- West China School of Public Health, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Lu
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Danni Yang
- West China School of Public Health, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuo Yin
- West China School of Public Health, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- West China School of Public Health, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- West China School of Public Health, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- West China School of Public Health, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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9
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Pandya JK, DeBonee M, Corradini MG, Camire ME, McClements DJ, Kinchla AJ. Development of vitamin E‐enriched functional foods: stability of tocotrienols in food systems. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janam K. Pandya
- Department of Food Science University of Massachusetts 100 Holdsworth Way Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Maryssa DeBonee
- Department of Food Science University of Massachusetts 100 Holdsworth Way Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Maria G. Corradini
- Department of Food Science University of Massachusetts 100 Holdsworth Way Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Mary Ellen Camire
- School of Food and Agriculture University of Maine 5735 Hitchner Hall Orono ME 04469‐5735 USA
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science University of Massachusetts 100 Holdsworth Way Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Amanda J. Kinchla
- Department of Food Science University of Massachusetts 100 Holdsworth Way Amherst MA 01003 USA
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10
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Rapid Separation of All Four Tocopherol Homologues in Selected Fruit Seeds via Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Using a Solid-Core C18 Column. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5307340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocopherol separations employing the same Kinetex™ C18 column via supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) were compared. The application of the SFC system with UV diode array detection (DAD) resulted in rapid separation of all four tocopherol homologues with a total analysis time below 2 min. The RP-LC approach could not separate the isomers β and γ. The developed SFC-DAD method was precise, accurate, and most importantly more environmentally friendlier compared to the RP-LC method due to the 125-fold decrease in methanol consumption. The present study illustrated the selectivity differences between LC and SFC and how the C18 column can be used for tocopherol characterization. The optimized SFC method was successfully applied for the tocopherol determination in the seeds of nine different fruit species.
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11
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Arslan FN, Janssen HG. Chemometrics-Assisted Optimization of Beta-/Gamma-Tocol Separation on a C30 Stationary Phase in Reversed-Phase LC. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Pérez-Fernández V, Spagnoli M, Rocco A, Aturki Z, Sciubba F, De Salvador FR, Engel P, Curini R, Gentili A. Non-aqueous reversed-phase liquid-chromatography of tocopherols and tocotrienols and their mass spectrometric quantification in pecan nuts. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Lazzarino G, Longo S, Amorini AM, Di Pietro V, D’Urso S, Lazzarino G, Belli A, Tavazzi B. Single-step preparation of selected biological fluids for the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1527:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Giusepponi D, Torquato P, Bartolini D, Piroddi M, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, Libetta C, Cruciani G, Moretti S, Saluti G, Galli F, Galarini R. Determination of tocopherols and their metabolites by liquid-chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in human plasma and serum. Talanta 2017; 170:552-561. [PMID: 28501210 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several studies are increasingly underlying the biological role of vitamin E metabolites as bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-atherogenic activity. A quantitative method for the simultaneous determination in human plasma and serum of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, α-T and γ-tocopherol, γ-T) and its cytochrome P-450 metabolites: 13'-hydroxychromanol (α-13'-OH), 13'-carboxychromanol (α-13'-COOH) and carboxyethyl hydroxychromanols (α-CEHC and γ-CEHC), was developed and validated. After enzymatic hydrolysis and deproteinization, the metabolites were extracted with a mixture of hexane/ methyl tertiary butyl ether (2/1, v/v). The separation was achieved by reversed phase chromatography and the analytes detected by a triple quadrupole mass analyser using electrospray ionization in positive mode (LC-MS/MS). α-T and γ-T were extracted separately without enzymatic hydrolysis. The analytes were quantified with the isotopic dilution method. After an extensive validation study (three levels in three different occasions for a total of 54 experiments), the procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of sera of healthy volunteers (before and after supplementation with α-T) and plasma of patients affected by chronic kidney disease. Finally, the structures of three unknown compounds found in blood and related to the long chain metabolites (α-13'-OH and α-13'-COOH) were further investigated using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Torquato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marta Piroddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Studies, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, 36037 Fulda, Germany
| | - Stefen Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carmelo Libetta
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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15
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Fanali C, D'Orazio G, Fanali S, Gentili A. Advanced analytical techniques for fat-soluble vitamin analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Irakli M, Chatzopoulou P, Kadoglidou K, Tsivelika N. Optimization and development of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin E and carotenoids in tomato fruits. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3348-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Irakli
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter; Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute; Thermi Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Paschalina Chatzopoulou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter; Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute; Thermi Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kadoglidou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter; Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute; Thermi Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Nektaria Tsivelika
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter; Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute; Thermi Thessaloniki Greece
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17
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Validation of a HPLC/FLD Method for Quantification of Tocotrienols in Human Plasma. Int J Anal Chem 2015; 2015:357609. [PMID: 26604927 PMCID: PMC4641197 DOI: 10.1155/2015/357609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of tocotrienols in human plasma is critical when the attention towards tocotrienols on its distinctive properties is arising. We aim to develop a simple and practical normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography method to quantify the amount of four tocotrienol homologues in human plasma. Using both the external and internal standards, tocotrienol homologues were quantified via a normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector maintained at the excitation wavelength of 295 nm and the emission wavelength of 325 nm. The four tocotrienol homologues were well separated within 30 minutes. A large interindividual variation between subjects was observed as the absorption of tocotrienols is dependent on food matrix and gut lipolysis. The accuracies of lower and upper limit of quantification ranged between 92% and 109% for intraday assays and 90% and 112% for interday assays. This method was successfully applied to quantify the total amount of four tocotrienol homologues in human plasma.
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18
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Luthria DL, Lu Y, John KM. Bioactive phytochemicals in wheat: Extraction, analysis, processing, and functional properties. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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19
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Simultaneous HPLC–DAD Determination of Retinol and Eight Vitamin E Isomers in Human Serum. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Knecht K, Sandfuchs K, Kulling SE, Bunzel D. Tocopherol and tocotrienol analysis in raw and cooked vegetables: a validated method with emphasis on sample preparation. Food Chem 2014; 169:20-7. [PMID: 25236193 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vegetables can be important dietary sources of vitamin E. However, data on vitamin E in raw and cooked vegetables are in part conflicting, indicating analytical pitfalls. The purpose of the study was to develop and validate an HPLC-FLD method for tocochromanol (tocopherols and tocotrienols) analysis equally suitable for raw and cooked vegetables. Significant instability of tocochromanols was observed in raw broccoli and carrot homogenates. Tocochromanols could be stabilized by freeze-drying or ascorbic acid addition prior to homogenization. The optimized protocol for tocochromanol analysis included knife and ball milling of freeze-dried vegetable pieces. Direct acetone extraction of vegetable powders allowed for satisfactory recoveries and precisions. A significant decrease of tocochromanols in baked compared to raw vegetables was shown, the extent of which varied largely between vegetables. For some raw vegetables, such as spinach or broccoli, underestimation of vitamin E in nutrient databases cannot be ruled out and should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Knecht
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katja Sandfuchs
- Department of Nutritional Behavior, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diana Bunzel
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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21
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Wong YF, Makahleh A, Saad B, Ibrahim MNM, Rahim AA, Brosse N. UPLC method for the determination of vitamin E homologues and derivatives in vegetable oils, margarines and supplement capsules using pentafluorophenyl column. Talanta 2014; 130:299-306. [PMID: 25159413 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid reversed-phase ultra performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-), tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-), α-tocopherol acetate and α-tocopherol nicotinate is described. The separation was achieved using a Kinetex pentafluorophenyl (PFP) column (150 × 2.1mm, 2.6 µm) with both photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence (FL) detectors that were connected in series. Column was thermostated at 42°C. Under a gradient system consisting of methanol and water at a constant flow rate of 0.38 mL min(-1), all the ten analytes were well separated in less than 9.5 min. The method was validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, precision and recoveries. Calibration curves of the ten compounds were well correlated (r(2)>0.999) within the range of 100 to 25,000 μg L(-1) for α-tocopherol acetate and α-tocopherol nicotinate, 10 to 25,000 μg L(-1) for α-tocotrienol and 5 to 25,000 μg L(-1) for the other components. The method is simple and sensitive with detection limits (S/N, 3) of 1.0 to 3.0 μg L(-1) (FL detection) and 30 to 74 μg L(-1) (PDA detection). Relative standard deviations for intra- and inter-day retention times (<1%) and peak areas (≤ 4%) were obtained. The method was successfully applied to the determination of vitamin E in vegetable oils (extra virgin olive, virgin olive, pomace olive, blended virgin and refined olive, sunflower, soybean, palm olein, carotino, crude palm, walnut, rice bran and grape seed), margarines and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Foo Wong
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Makahleh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | - Afidah Abdul Rahim
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAteriau Bois, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nancy-Université, Bld des Aiguillettes, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Tsochatzis ED, Tzimou-Tsitouridou R. Validated RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Whole Grain Barley Using Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Górnaś P, Siger A, Czubinski J, Dwiecki K, Segliņa D, Nogala-Kalucka M. An alternative RP-HPLC method for the separation and determination of tocopherol and tocotrienol homologues as butter authenticity markers: A comparative study between two European countries. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Górnaś
- Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing; Dobele Latvia
| | - Aleksander Siger
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Czubinski
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dwiecki
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Poznan Poland
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Siger A, Kachlicki P, Czubiński J, Polcyn D, Dwiecki K, Nogala-Kalucka M. Isolation and purification of plastochromanol-8 for HPLC quantitative determinations. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Siger
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | | | - Jarosław Czubiński
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - Dominika Polcyn
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Poznan Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dwiecki
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Poznan Poland
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25
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Shammugasamy B, Ramakrishnan Y, Ghazali HM, Muhammad K. Combination of saponification and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:31-7. [PMID: 23587317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple sample preparation technique coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was developed for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals. The sample preparation procedure involved a small-scale hydrolysis of 0.5g cereal sample by saponification, followed by the extraction and concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols from saponified extract using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). Parameters affecting the DLLME performance were optimized to achieve the highest extraction efficiency and the performance of the developed DLLME method was evaluated. Good linearity was observed over the range assayed (0.031-4.0μg/mL) with regression coefficients greater than 0.9989 for all tocopherols and tocotrienols. Limits of detection and enrichment factors ranged from 0.01 to 0.11μg/mL and 50 to 73, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision were lower than 8.9% and the recoveries were around 85.5-116.6% for all tocopherols and tocotrienols. The developed DLLME method was successfully applied to cereals: rice, barley, oat, wheat, corn and millet. This new sample preparation approach represents an inexpensive, rapid, simple and precise sample cleanup and concentration method for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Shammugasamy
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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26
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Development of a Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Determination of α-Tocopherol in Pigmented Wheat by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Inoue T, Tatemori S, Muranaka N, Hirahara Y, Homma S, Nakane T, Takano A, Nomi Y, Otsuka Y. The identification of vitamin E homologues in medicinal plant samples using ESI(+)-LC-MS3. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9581-9588. [PMID: 22924490 DOI: 10.1021/jf302425z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the presence of vitamin E homologues in medicinal plants. To identify various homologues in the matrix of medicinal plant samples, a method for simultaneous determination was developed using ESI(+)-LC-MS3. A complete separation of each homologue was achieved within 20 min using a PFP column and an isocratic elution system of water/methanol (10:90, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The ESI-MS condition for each homologue was optimized, and the m/z value and the fragmentation pathway of each homologue were summarized. This LC-MS3 method made it possible to detect the homologues without the effect of matrix; therefore, high sensitive analysis was established, and then, the MS3 makes it possible to extract from plants with methanol only. The LC-MS3 method was applied to identify the eight vitamin E homologues in 11 medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Inoue
- Ochanomizu University , 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
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Grebenstein N, Frank J. Rapid baseline-separation of all eight tocopherols and tocotrienols by reversed-phase liquid-chromatography with a solid-core pentafluorophenyl column and their sensitive quantification in plasma and liver. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1243:39-46. [PMID: 22560347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Of the eight natural vitamin E congeners (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol), the non-α-tocopherol congeners have unique biological properties that may contribute to human health. Their study in vivo has been complicated by the lack of a simple analytical method that completely resolves and sensitively detects all eight natural tocopherols and tocotrienols in biological matrices. We thus developed and validated (according to the FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation) the first reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the baseline-separation and quantification of all eight tocopherols and tocotrienols. Analytes were extracted from human plasma or mouse liver and separated on a Phenomenex Kinetex PFP column (2.6 μm, 150 × 4.6 mm) by elution with methanol:water (85:15, vol/vol) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The developed RP-LC method used a solid-core pentafluorophenyl stationary phase and achieved baseline separation of all eight vitamin E congeners within 15 min at a backpressure of 23 MPa, which is suitable for most conventional HPLC systems. The method was fast, linear, accurate, and precise with detection limits of 27-156 pg and good recoveries (82-122%) for all analytes. In conclusion, we developed and validated the first RP-LC method for baseline resolution of all eight tocopherols and tocotrienols extracted from plasma and liver, which should be useful for the quantification of individual vitamin E congeners in large epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Grebenstein
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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