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Zhu H, Fauconnier ML, Zhang H, Xu X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Guo R, Zhang W, Zhang S, Wang Y, Pang X, Lv J. A Comparative Study on the Composition and Structure of Human Milk Phospholipids and its Natural Resources: Based on a Similarity Evaluation Model. Food Chem 2024; 460:140556. [PMID: 39089024 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Human milk phospholipids (HMPLs) play an indispensable role in the neurodevelopment and growth of infants. In this study, a total of 37 phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) species and 139 phospholipid molecular species were detected from human milk and other natural phospholipid sources (including 5 animal-derived species and 2 plant species). Moreover, a similarity evaluation model for HMPLs was established, including phospholipid classes, PLFAs, and phospholipid molecular species, to evaluate their natural substitutes. The closest scores for HMPL substitute in these three dimensions was 0.89, 0.72, and 0.77, which belonged to mare milk, goat milk, and camel milk, respectively. The highest comprehensive similarity score was obtained by camel milk at 0.75, while the lowest score was observed in soybean phospholipid (0.22). Therefore, these results not only monitored the stereochemical structure of HMPLs and their substitutes, but also further provided new insights for the development of infant formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiquan Zhu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010100, China
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruihua Guo
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Research Group of Postharvest Technology, State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of AgriculturalSciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunna Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010100, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Bendall JG, Chawanji AS, Fong BY, Andrewes P, Ma L, MacGibbon AKH, Anema SG. "Milk on Ice": A detailed analysis of Ernest Shackleton's century-old whole milk powder in comparison with modern counterparts. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1311-1333. [PMID: 38423728 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Whole milk powder (WMP) manufactured in New Zealand in 1907 was sent to the Antarctic continent with the Shackleton-led British Antarctic Expedition from 1907 to 1909. This powder was stored at ambient conditions at Shackleton's Hut at Cape Royds, Antarctica, for over 100 yr before a sample was collected on behalf of Fonterra by the Antarctic Heritage Trust. Having spent most of its existence both dried and in frozen storage, any deleterious reactions within the WMP would have been markedly retarded. The composition and some properties of the roller-dried Shackleton's WMP are reported along with those of 2 modern spray-dried New Zealand WMP. The Shackleton powder was less white and more yellow than the modern WMP and was composed of flakes rather than agglomerated particles, consistent with that expected of a roller-dried powder. Headspace analysis showed lipolytic and oxidative volatile compounds were present in the Shackleton WMP, indicting some deterioration of the milk either before powder manufacture or on storage of the finished product. On a moisture-free basis, the Shackleton WMP had higher protein, higher fat (with a markedly higher free fat level), higher ash, and a lower lactose level than the modern WMP. The lysine level was lower in the Shackleton WMP compared with the spray-dried powders, whereas the fatty acid composition was relatively similar. The sodium level was markedly higher in the Shackleton WMP compared with the spray-dried powder, which is probably due to the addition of an alkaline sodium salt to adjust the pH of the milk before roller drying. Lead, iron, and tin levels were markedly higher in the Shackleton WMP compared with the spray-dried powders, possibly due to the equipment used in powder manufacture and the tin-plated cases used for storage. The proteins in the Shackleton WMP were more lactosylated than in the spray-dried powders. The Shackleton WMP had a higher ratio of κ-casein A to B variants and a higher ratio of β-lactoglobulin B to A variants than the spray-dried powders, whereas the αS1-casein, β-casein, αS2-casein, and α-lactalbumin protein variants were similar in all powders. The total phospholipid content was markedly lower in the Shackleton WMP than the spray-dried powders, primarily due to a lower phosphatidylethanolamine concentration. The molecular species distributions within the phospholipid classes were generally similar in the 3 powders. Claims are sometimes encountered that the milk of today is different from that consumed by previous generations. However, this comparative study has shown that the Shackleton WMP was generally similar to modern WMP. Although differences in some components and properties were observed, these were attributable to the manufacturing equipment and processes used in the pioneering years of WMP manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Bendall
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand 4472
| | - Abraham S Chawanji
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand 4472
| | - Bertram Y Fong
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand 4472
| | - Paul Andrewes
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand 4472
| | - Lin Ma
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand 4472
| | | | - Skelte G Anema
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand 4472.
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Comparison of Workflows for Milk Lipid Analysis: Phospholipids. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010163. [PMID: 36613379 PMCID: PMC9818897 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is a rich source of lipids, with the major components being triglycerides (TAG) and phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI)). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the predominant technique for lipid identification and quantification across all biological samples. While fatty acid (FA) composition of the major lipid classes of milk can be readily determined using tandem MS, elucidating the regio-distribution and double bond position of the FA remains difficult. Various workflows have been reported on the quantification of lipid species in biological samples in the past 20 years, but no standard or consensus methods are currently available for the quantification of milk phospholipids. This study will examine the influence of several common factors in lipid analysis workflow (including lipid extraction protocols, LC stationary phases, mobile phase buffers, gradient elution programmes, mass analyser resolution and isotope correction) on the quantification outcome of bovine milk phospholipids. The pros and cons of the current LC-MS methods as well as the critical problems to be solved will also be discussed.
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4
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Profiling of phospholipid classes and molecular species in human milk, bovine milk, and goat milk by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Preparation of Human Milk Fat Substitutes: A Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020187. [PMID: 35207476 PMCID: PMC8874823 DOI: 10.3390/life12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is generally regarded as the best choice for infant feeding. Human milk fat (HMF) is one of the most complex natural lipids, with a unique fatty acid composition and distribution and complex lipid composition. Lipid intake in infants not only affects their energy intake but also affects their metabolic mode and overall development. Infant formula is the best substitute for human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. As the main energy source in infant formula, human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) should have a composition similar to that of HMF in order to meet the nutritional needs of infant growth and development. At present, HMFS preparation mainly focuses on the simulation of fatty acid composition, the application of structured lipids and the addition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplements. This paper first reviews the composition and structure of HMF, and then the preparation development of structured lipids and MFGM supplements are summarized. Additionally, the evaluation and regulation of HMFSs in infant formula are also presented.
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Development and evaluation of a holographic method for analysis of infant formula humanization based on the milk nutrient molecular dataset. Food Chem 2021; 374:131741. [PMID: 34915381 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the qualitative and quantitative similarities and distinctions between the nutrient system of human milk and infant formula is critical in developing infant formulas. However, a holographic comparison method has not been intensively developed to measure the degree of humanization of infant formulas. Consequently, discriminative biomarkers affecting the degree of humanization of infant formulas have not been extensively investigated. This study compiled a milk nutrient molecular dataset, and then presented a new method to identify the degree of humanization of infant formula. The molecular information was converted into a matrix, and then the degree of humanization was elucidated according to the matrix correlation, PCA and OPLS-DA. Compared with infant formulas 2 and 3, infant formula 1 showed the highest degree of humanization at 0.9563. Furthermore, we reported many discriminative biomarkers, such as His, Leu, and Thr, which have not been found in other studies.
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Ferraris Q, Alcazar A, Qian MC. Profiling polar lipids in whey protein phospholipid concentrate by LC-HRMS/MS. Food Chem 2021; 374:131495. [PMID: 34776307 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive polar lipids in the milk fat globular membrane can be recovered and enriched during whey protein processing into a co-product called whey protein phospholipid concentrate (WPPC). A food-grade solvent successfully extracted polar lipids from powdered dairy products, and lipids can be fractionated under temperature-induced crystallization. This study investigates the specific lipid species present in ethanol extracted lipid residues from commercially available WPPC using a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS lipidomics method. In general, sphingomyelins and phosphatidylcholines were retained in the polar lipid enriched fraction. Sphingomyelin was found to be a rich source of long chain fatty acids. Several glycosphingolipids, glucosyl-, galactosyl-, lactosyl-, and galabiosylceramide, were also detected in WPPC; these species were observed to crystallize away from other polar lipids during fractionation. Correlation analysis supported the claim that majority of polar lipids recovered in a total lipid extract using ethanol were retained in a polar lipid enriched residue after fractional crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Ferraris
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, United States
| | - Armando Alcazar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, United States; Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, United States
| | - Michael C Qian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, United States.
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Li Y, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Luo M, Lu F, He Z, Jiang Q, Zhang T. Dual Strategy for Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Resveratrol: Enhancing Water Solubility and Inhibiting Glucuronidation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9249-9258. [PMID: 34357767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) suffers from poor water solubility and extensive metabolism, which lead to low bioavailability. A phospholipid complex (PC) containing RES and a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) inhibitor was prepared to address these two limiting factors, thereby improving RES bioavailability. First, 11 natural active ingredients metabolized by similar enzyme subtypes to RES were screened in a glucuronidation assay in liver microsomes. Then, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the strongest inhibitor, was prepared with RES in a PC. RES-PC was prepared as a control. As expected, the water solubility and the cumulative dissolution of RES were significantly enhanced by RES-PC and RES/GA-PC. Compared with the RES group, the AUC0-10 of RES and resveratrol-3-glucuronide (R-3-G) in the RES/GA-PC group showed increases of 2.49- and 1.70-fold, respectively, with the proportion of RES absorption to total absorption increasing 1.45 times. These results demonstrated that RES/GA-PC could improve the bioavailability of RES by increasing its water solubility and inhibiting its glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Luo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Farong Lu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
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Lipid Composition, Digestion, and Absorption Differences among Neonatal Feeding Strategies: Potential Implications for Intestinal Inflammation in Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020550. [PMID: 33567518 PMCID: PMC7914900 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal population. Formula feeding is among the many risk factors for developing the condition, a practice often required in the cohort most often afflicted with NEC, preterm infants. While the virtues of many bioactive components of breast milk have been extolled, the ability to digest and assimilate the nutritional components of breast milk is often overlooked. The structure of formula differs from that of breast milk, both in lipid composition and chemical configuration. In addition, formula lacks a critical digestive enzyme produced by the mammary gland, bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL). The gastrointestinal system of premature infants is often incapable of secreting sufficient pancreatic enzymes for fat digestion, and pasteurization of donor milk (DM) has been shown to inactivate BSSL, among other important compounds. Incompletely digested lipids may oxidize and accumulate in the distal gut. These lipid fragments are thought to induce intestinal inflammation in the neonate, potentially hastening the development of diseases such as NEC. In this review, differences in breast milk, pasteurized DM, and formula lipids are highlighted, with a focus on the ability of those lipids to be digested and subsequently absorbed by neonates, especially those born prematurely and at risk for NEC.
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11
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Ferraris Q, Hale J, Teigland E, Rao A, Qian MC. Phospholipid analysis in whey protein products using hydrophilic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light-scattering detection in an industry setting. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11079-11085. [PMID: 33222848 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to develop an analytical method that can be used in a dairy manufacturing facility for the quantitation of phospholipids in dairy products. Total lipids from a dairy matrix were obtained first by Folch extraction. The total lipid extract was then applied to a silica gel-based solid-phase extraction column, and triglycerides and other nonpolar lipids were separated from the phospholipids and sphingolipids. Quantitation was performed by hydrophilic interaction HPLC coupled to evaporative light-scattering detection using a quaternary separation method. The method was validated using a commercial whey protein phospholipid concentrate and was used to analyze phospholipid and sphingolipid composition in buttermilk, whey protein concentrate, whey protein phospholipid concentrate, and several other dairy ingredients. This method was sensitive and reproducible and can be used in the dairy industry as a research tool to develop new value-added dairy phospholipid products, then later as a standard protocol for quality assurance analysis of current and future products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Ferraris
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330
| | - Joseph Hale
- Protein Research Center, Agropur, Le Sueur, MN 56058
| | | | - Anand Rao
- Protein Research Center, Agropur, Le Sueur, MN 56058
| | - Michael C Qian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330.
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Ma L, Fong BY, MacGibbon AKH, Norris G. Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Glycosphingolipids in Human Milk and Bovine Milk Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Data-Dependent Acquisition-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:E4024. [PMID: 32899251 PMCID: PMC7504816 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrosides (Crb; including glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide) and lactosylceramide (LacCer) are structurally complex lipids found in many eukaryotic cell membranes, where they play important roles in cell growth, apoptosis, cell recognition and signaling. They are also found in mammalian milk as part of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), making milk an important dietary component for the rapidly growing infant. This study reports the development of a robust analytical method for the identification and characterization of 44 Crb and 23 LacCer molecular species in milk, using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in data-dependent acquisition mode. For the first time, it also compares the distributions of these species in human and bovine milks, a commercial MFGM-enriched dairy ingredient (MFGM Lipid 100) and commercial standards purified from bovine milk. A method for quantifying Crb and LacCer in milk using mass spectrometry in neutral loss scan mode was developed and validated for human milk, bovine milk and MFGM Lipid 100. Human milk was found to contain approximately 9.9-17.4 µg Crb/mL and 1.3-3.0 µg LacCer/mL, whereas bovine milk (pooled milk from a Friesian herd) contained 9.8-12.0 and 14.3-16.2 µg/mL of these lipids, respectively. The process used to produce MFGM Lipid 100 was shown to have enriched these components to 448 and 1036 µg/g, respectively. No significant changes in the concentrations of both Crb and LacCer were observed during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (B.Y.F.); (A.K.H.M.)
| | - Bertram Y. Fong
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (B.Y.F.); (A.K.H.M.)
| | - Alastair K. H. MacGibbon
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (B.Y.F.); (A.K.H.M.)
| | - Gillian Norris
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
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Price N, Wan Z, Fei T, Clark S, Wang T. Development of Industrially Scalable Method for Phospholipids and Branch‐Chain Fatty Acids of Dairy by‐Product. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Price
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State University 2312 Food Science Building, Ames IA 50011‐1061 USA
| | - Zifan Wan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State University 2312 Food Science Building, Ames IA 50011‐1061 USA
- Department of Food Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996‐4539 USA
| | - Tao Fei
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State University 2312 Food Science Building, Ames IA 50011‐1061 USA
- Department of Food Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996‐4539 USA
| | - Stephanie Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State University 2312 Food Science Building, Ames IA 50011‐1061 USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State University 2312 Food Science Building, Ames IA 50011‐1061 USA
- Department of Food Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996‐4539 USA
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Liu Z, Li C, Pryce J, Rochfort S. Comprehensive Characterization of Bovine Milk Lipids: Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, Glycolipids, and Ceramides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6726-6738. [PMID: 32369354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey on phospholipids (PLs), sphingolipids, glycolipids, and ceramides (Cer) of bovine milk was conducted by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. A total of 514 species belonging to 15 classes were identified by an automated search tool (LipidSearch) and a manual analysis of MS2 spectra. Over 60 species were detected for the classes of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin (SM), between 20 and 45 species for phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA), and lactosylceramide (LacCer), and between 7 and 20 species for phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lyso-phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, glucosylceramide (GluCer), PC-plasmalogen (PC-P), PE-plasmalogen, ganglioside, and Cer. The structural assignment for PL classes is straightforward based on class-specific product ion/neutral losses and fatty acid-related product ions. By contrast, structural determination of lipid classes containing a backbone of sphingoid bases (SM, GluCer, LacCer, ganglioside, and Cer) is much more challenging, and combining MS2/MS3 information acquired in both positive and negative modes is sometimes needed. The quantification of all 15 classes of lipids was performed at the species level. A large variation in abundance was observed across the lipid classes; PC, PE, and SM are the most abundant polar lipid classes, with concentrations reaching 120, 150, and 90 μmol/L, respectively, whereas PA, PG, and PC-P are present at very low levels (<1.5 μmol/L) and the remaining classes at an intermediate level (2-45 μmol/L). This is the first comprehensive characterization of minor lipid classes from bovine milk and the information provided can be used as a reference for studying milk lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jennie Pryce
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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15
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Mayar M, de Roo N, Hoos P, van Duynhoven J. 31P NMR Quantification of Phospholipids and Lysophospholipids in Food Emulsions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5009-5017. [PMID: 32259439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For food emulsions containing enzymatically modified egg yolk, the conventional Folch extraction does not fully recover the polar lysophospholipids. This can be overcome by repeated methanol extractions. After solvent evaporation, the extracted (lyso)phospholipids are solubilized into mixed micelles with cholate as a detergent. The solubilized (lyso)phospholipids can be accurately quantified by 31P NMR with recoveries ranging between 96% and 108%. Detection at a high (16.4 T) relative to a mainstream (9.4 T) magnetic field strength did not offer a significant advantage since the slow molecular tumbling of the mixed micelles increased line widths. This was due to field-strength-dependent chemical shift anisotropy relaxation. Method precision is similar at 9.4 and 16.4 T, with within-laboratory reproducibilities of 7-22% and 12-25%, respectively. The method can be implemented as a routine analytical procedure at 9.4 T (400 MHz NMR spectrometer), and the limits of detection and quantification are adequate for the verification of the standard of identity of a mayonnaise prepared with enzymatically modified egg yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morwarid Mayar
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Roo
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hoos
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John van Duynhoven
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Wei W, Yang J, Yang D, Wang X, Yang Z, Jin Q, Wang M, Lai J, Wang X. Phospholipid Composition and Fat Globule Structure I: Comparison of Human Milk Fat from Different Gestational Ages, Lactation Stages, and Infant Formulas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13922-13928. [PMID: 31746600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We compared phospholipids (PLs), PL fatty acid (FA) composition, and milk fat globule size and structure in human milk (n = 120) from mothers of full-term and preterm infants during lactation (colostrum, transition, 1 mo, 2 mo, and 3 mo) and 8 brands of infant formulas. The absolute quantification of PLs was analyzed using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Sphingomyelin was the dominant PLs (35.01 ± 3.31%) in human milk, whereas phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the dominant PLs in infant formulas. The PL content in preterm milk increased during lactation, whereas that in term milk remained stable. Saturated FAs (mainly 16:0 and 18:0) were the most abundant (>60%) PL FA in both preterm and term milk and increased throughout lactation. The mean diameter of milk fat globules in infant formulas was much smaller than that found in human milk (200 nm vs 5.63 μm). Significant differences were observed between human milk and infant formulas with regard to PLs, suggesting that more research is needed to mimic the PL profile in infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Yang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety , COFCO Corporation , Beijing 102209 , China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety , COFCO Corporation , Beijing 102209 , China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , China
| | | | - Manyi Wang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety , COFCO Corporation , Beijing 102209 , China
| | - Jianqiang Lai
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , China
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McJarrow P, Radwan H, Ma L, MacGibbon AK, Hashim M, Hasan H, Obaid RS, Naja F, Mohamed HJJ, Al Ghazal H, Fong BY. Human Milk Oligosaccharide, Phospholipid, and Ganglioside Concentrations in Breast Milk from United Arab Emirates Mothers: Results from the MISC Cohort. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2400. [PMID: 31597293 PMCID: PMC6835464 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), phospholipids (PLs), and gangliosides (GAs) are components of human breast milk that play important roles in the development of the rapidly growing infant. The differences in these components in human milk from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were studied in a cross-sectional trial. High-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry was used to determine HMO, PL, and GA concentrations in transitional (5-15 days) and mature (at 6 months post-partum) breast milk of mothers of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results showed that the average HMO (12 species), PL (7 species), and GA (2 species) concentrations quantified in the UAE mothers' transitional milk samples were (in mg/L) 8204 ± 2389, 269 ± 89, and 21.18 ± 11.46, respectively, while in mature milk, the respective concentrations were (in mg/L) 3905 ± 1466, 220 ± 85, and 20.18 ± 9.75. The individual HMO concentrations measured in this study were all significantly higher in transitional milk than in mature milk, except for 3 fucosyllactose, which was higher in mature milk. In this study, secretor and non-secretor phenotype mothers showed no significant difference in the total HMO concentration. For the PL and GA components, changes in the individual PL and GA species distribution was observed between transitional milk and mature milk. However, the changes were within the ranges found in human milk from other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McJarrow
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.M.); (B.Y.F.)
| | - Hadia Radwan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (H.R.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (R.S.O.)
| | - Lin Ma
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.M.); (B.Y.F.)
| | - Alastair K.H. MacGibbon
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.M.); (B.Y.F.)
| | - Mona Hashim
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (H.R.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (R.S.O.)
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Hayder Hasan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (H.R.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (R.S.O.)
| | - Reyad Shaker Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; (H.R.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (R.S.O.)
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | | | - Bertram Y. Fong
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.M.); (B.Y.F.)
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18
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Zhu D, Hayman A, Kebede B, Stewart I, Chen G, Frew R. 31P NMR-Based Phospholipid Fingerprinting of Powdered Infant Formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10265-10272. [PMID: 31423777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Infant formula (IF), regarded as the optimal substitute for human breast milk, is very important for infant growth and development. Phospholipids (PLs) are ubiquitous components of infant formula as they have good emulsifier properties in addition to their nutritional and biological functions. In this study, the PL contents in four different commercial IF brands (indicated as A, M, O, and W) were characterized and quantified using optimized 31P NMR spectroscopy. PLs (nine) were identified and quantified, and among these, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin occurred at lower concentrations (5.72 and 8.89 mg/100 g, respectively) in IFs from brand O, whereas phosphatidic acid was higher (2.83 mg/100 g) in IFs from brand W. In summary, 31P NMR spectroscopy, combined with the multivariate data analysis, proved to be an effective analytical toolbox for evaluating the PL contents in IF and the comparative differences between IF brands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081 , China
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Furse S, Koulman A. The Lipid and Glyceride Profiles of Infant Formula Differ by Manufacturer, Region and Date Sold. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1122. [PMID: 31137537 PMCID: PMC6567151 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the lipid composition of infant formula is consistent between manufacturers, countries and target demographic. We developed techniques to profile the lipid and glyceride fraction of milk and formula in a high throughput fashion. Formula from principal brands in the UK (2017-2019; bovine-, caprine-, soya-based), the Netherlands (2018; bovine-based) and South Africa (2018; bovine-based) were profiled along with fresh British animal and soya milk and skimmed milk powder. We found that the lipid and glyceride composition of infant formula differed by region, manufacturer and date of manufacture. The formulations within some brands, aimed at different target age ranges, differed considerably where others were similar across the range. Soya lecithin and milk lipids had characteristic phospholipid profiles. Particular sources of fat, such as coconut oil, were also easy to distinguish. Docosahexaenoic acid is typically found in triglycerides rather than phospholipids in formula. The variety by region, manufacturer, date of manufacture and sub-type for target demographics lead to an array of lipid profiles in formula. This makes it impossible to predict its molecular profile. Without detailed profile of the formula fed to infants, it is difficult to characterise the relationship between infant nutrition and their growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRL Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Level 4 Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRL Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Level 4 Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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20
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Comparison of bovine milk fat and vegetable fat for infant formula: Implications for infant health. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Price N, Fei T, Clark S, Wang T. Extraction of phospholipids from a dairy by-product (whey protein phospholipid concentrate) using ethanol. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8778-8787. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Phospholipid molecular species composition of Chinese traditional low-salt fermented fish inoculated with different starter cultures. Food Res Int 2018; 111:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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23
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Zheng H, Yu W, Xue X, Guo Z, Liu Y, Yang G, Liu Y, Zhu J. Simultaneous determination of free and total choline andl-carnitine in infant formula using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3176-3185. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
| | - Wenjiang Yu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
| | - Xia Xue
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Liaoning China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Liaoning China
| | - Guosheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control; Jinan China
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24
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Jiang C, Ma B, Song S, Lai OM, Cheong LZ. Fingerprinting of Phospholipid Molecular Species from Human Milk and Infant Formula Using HILIC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS and Discriminatory Analysis by Principal Component Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7131-7138. [PMID: 29902005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid composition in the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fluctuates during the entire lactation period in order to suit the growing needs of newborn infants. The present study elucidated and relatively quantified phospholipid molecular species extracted from human milk (HM), mature human milk (MHM), and infant formulas (with or without MFGM supplementation) using hydrophilic liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS) system. Principal component analysis was used to clarify the differences between phospholipid composition in HM, MHM, and infant formulas. HM and MHM contained high concentrations of sphingomyeline (HM: 107.61 μg/mL, MHM: 227.18 μg/mL), phosphatidylcholine (HM: 59.96 μg/mL, MHM: 50.77 μg/mL), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (HM: 25.24 μg/mL, MHM: 31.76 μg/mL). Significant concentrations (<300 ng/mL) of arachidonic, eicosapentanoic, and docosahexanoic acids were found to esterify to PE in HM and MHM. Meanwhile, all infant formulas were found to contain high concentrations of phosphatidic acids indicating the possibility of degradation of the fortified MFGM either during processing or storage of the infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Science , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
| | - Baokai Ma
- School of Life and Sciences , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | - Shuang Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Oi-Ming Lai
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Bimolecular Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Marine Science , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
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25
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Liu Z, Rochfort S, Cocks B. Milk lipidomics: What we know and what we don't. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:70-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Liang P, Li R, Sun H, Zhang M, Cheng W, Chen L, Cheng X, Akoh CC. Phospholipids composition and molecular species of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) roe. Food Chem 2018; 245:806-811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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Moloney C, Walshe E, Phelan M, Giuffrida F, Badoud F, Bertschy E, O'Regan J. Sphingomyelin content of dairy protein ingredients and infant formula powders, and identification of bovine sphingomyelin species. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Ali AH, Zou X, Abed SM, Korma SA, Jin Q, Wang X. Natural phospholipids: Occurrence, biosynthesis, separation, identification, and beneficial health aspects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:253-275. [PMID: 28820277 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1363714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, phospholipids (PLs) have attracted great attention because of their crucial roles in providing nutritional values, technological and medical applications. There are considerable proofs that PLs have unique nutritional benefits on human health, such as reducing cholesterol absorption, improving liver functions, and decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. PLs are the main structural lipid components of cell and organelle membranes in all living organisms, and therefore, they occur in all organisms and the derived food products. PLs are distinguished by the presence of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, consequently they possess amphiphilic features. Due to their unique characteristics, the extraction, separation, and identification of PLs are critical issues to be concerned. This review is focused on the content of PLs classes in several sources (including milk, vegetable oils, egg yolk, and mitochondria). As well, it highlights PLs biosynthesis, and the methodologies applied for PLs extraction and separation, such as solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction. In addition, the determination and quantification of PLs classes by using thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoneim H Ali
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China.,b Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt
| | - Xiaoqiang Zou
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China
| | - Sherif M Abed
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China.,c Food and Dairy Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Science , El Arish University , El Arish , Egypt
| | - Sameh A Korma
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China.,b Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China
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29
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Zhao Y, Chen H, Feng J, Chen Z, Cai S. 1 H NMR-based compositional identification of different powdered infant formulas. Food Chem 2017; 230:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Profiling of phospholipids molecular species from different mammalian milk powders by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Ma L, MacGibbon AK, Jan Mohamed HJB, Loy S, Rowan A, McJarrow P, Fong BY. Determination of phospholipid concentrations in breast milk and serum using a high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–multiple reaction monitoring method. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Cilla A, Diego Quintaes K, Barberá R, Alegría A. Phospholipids in Human Milk and Infant Formulas: Benefits and Needs for Correct Infant Nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1880-92. [PMID: 26075805 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.803951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The composition of human milk has served as a basis for the development of infant formulas, which are used when breastfeeding is not possible. Among the human milk nutrients, 50% of the total energetic value corresponds to fat, with a high level of fatty acids and 0.2-2.0% present in the form of phospholipids (PLs). The PL contents and fatty acid distribution in PL species have been investigated as bioactive elements for the production of infant formulas, since they offer potential benefits for the optimum growth and health of the newborn infant. The differences in the amount of PLs and in fatty acid distribution in PL species between human milk and infant formulas can imply biologically significant differences for newborn infants fed with infant formulas versus human milk-mainly due to the greater proportion of sphingomyelin with respect to phosphatidylcholine in infant formulas. The limited information referred to the characterization of fatty acid distribution in PL species in infant formulas or in ingredients used to enrich them merits further research in order to obtain products with benefits similar to those of human milk in terms of infant growth, visual acuity, and neurological development. The present review establishes the scientific basis for helping to adjust formulations to the requirements of infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cilla
- a Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Burjassot, Valencia , Spain
| | | | - Reyes Barberá
- a Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Burjassot, Valencia , Spain
| | - Amparo Alegría
- a Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Burjassot, Valencia , Spain
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34
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Dietary supplementation with bovine-derived milk fat globule membrane lipids promotes neuromuscular development in growing rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:9. [PMID: 28127382 PMCID: PMC5259894 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is primarily composed of polar phospho- and sphingolipids, which have established biological effects on neuroplasticity. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary MFGM supplementation on the neuromuscular system during post-natal development. Methods Growing rats received dietary supplementation with bovine-derived MFGM mixtures consisting of complex milk lipids (CML), beta serum concentrate (BSC) or a complex milk lipid concentrate (CMLc) (which lacks MFGM proteins) from post-natal day 10 to day 70. Results Supplementation with MFGM mixtures enriched in polar lipids (BSC and CMLc, but not CML) increased the plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) concentration, with no effect on plasma phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) or sphingomyelin (SM). In contrast, muscle PC was reduced in rats receiving supplementation with both BSC and CMLc, whereas muscle PI, PE, PS and SM remained unchanged. Rats receiving BSC and CMLc (but not CML) displayed a slow-to-fast muscle fibre type profile shift (MyHCI → MyHCIIa) that was associated with elevated expression of genes involved in myogenic differentiation (myogenic regulatory factors) and relatively fast fibre type specialisation (Myh2 and Nfatc4). Expression of neuromuscular development genes, including nerve cell markers, components of the synaptogenic agrin–LRP4 pathway and acetylcholine receptor subunits, was also increased in muscle of rats supplemented with BSC and CMLc (but not CML). Conclusions These findings demonstrate that dietary supplementation with bovine-derived MFGM mixtures enriched in polar lipids can promote neuromuscular development during post-natal growth in rats, leading to shifts in adult muscle phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0161-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Acharjee A, Prentice P, Acerini C, Smith J, Hughes IA, Ong K, Griffin JL, Dunger D, Koulman A. The translation of lipid profiles to nutritional biomarkers in the study of infant metabolism. Metabolomics 2017; 13:25. [PMID: 28190990 PMCID: PMC5272886 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Links between early life exposures and later health outcomes may, in part, be due to nutritional programming in infancy. This hypothesis is supported by observed long-term benefits associated with breastfeeding, such as better cognitive development in childhood, and lower risks of obesity and high blood pressure in later life. However, the possible underlying mechanisms are expected to be complex and may be difficult to disentangle due to the lack of understanding of the metabolic processes that differentiate breastfed infants compared to those receiving just formula feed. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the relationships between infant feeding and the lipid profiles and to validate specific lipids in separate datasets so that a small set of lipids can be used as nutritional biomarkers. METHOD We utilized a direct infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry method to analyse the lipid profiles of 3.2 mm dried blood spot samples collected at age 3 months from the Cambridge Baby Growth Study (CBGS-1), which formed the discovery cohort. For validation two sample sets were profiled: Cambridge Baby Growth Study (CBGS-2) and Pregnancy Outcome Prediction Study (POPS). Lipidomic profiles were compared between infant groups who were either exclusively breastfed, exclusively formula-fed or mixed-fed at various levels. Data analysis included supervised Random Forest method with combined classification and regression mode. Selection of lipids was based on an iterative backward elimination procedure without compromising the class error in the classification mode. CONCLUSION From this study, we were able to identify and validate three lipids: PC(35:2), SM(36:2) and SM(39:1) that can be used collectively as biomarkers for infant nutrition during early development. These biomarkers can be used to determine whether young infants (3-6 months) are breast-fed or receive formula milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Acharjee
- 0000 0004 0606 2472grid.415055.0MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippa Prentice
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Acerini
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Smith
- 0000 0004 0606 2472grid.415055.0MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- 0000 0004 1936 8403grid.9909.9School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ieuan A. Hughes
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken Ong
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- 0000 0004 0606 2472grid.415055.0MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Dunger
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- 0000 0004 0606 2472grid.415055.0MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0NIHR BRC Clinical Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Level 4, Laboratory Block, Cambridge University Hospitals, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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Claumarchirant L, Cilla A, Matencio E, Sanchez-Siles LM, Castro-Gomez P, Fontecha J, Alegría A, Lagarda MJ. Addition of milk fat globule membrane as an ingredient of infant formulas for resembling the polar lipids of human milk. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Pimentel L, Gomes A, Pintado M, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Isolation and Analysis of Phospholipids in Dairy Foods. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:9827369. [PMID: 27610267 PMCID: PMC5005530 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9827369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipid fraction of milk is one of the most complex matrixes in foodstuffs due to the presence of a high number of moieties with different physical and chemical properties. Glycerolipids include glycerol and two fatty acids esterified in positions sn-1 and sn-2 with higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids than in the triglyceride fraction of milk. Sphingolipids consist of a sphingoid base linked to a fatty acid across an amide bond. Their amphiphilic nature makes them suitable to be added into a variety of foods and recent investigations show that phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin, can exert antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer activities as well as positive effects in Alzheimer's disease, stress, and memory decline. Polar lipids can be found as natural constituents in the membranes of all living organisms with soybean and eggs as the principal industrial sources, yet they have low contents in phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin. Animal products are rich sources of these compounds but since there are legal restrictions to avoid transmission of prions, milk and dairy products are gaining interest as alternative sources. This review summarizes the analysis of polar lipids in dairy products including sample preparation (extraction and fractionation/isolation) and analysis by GC or HPLC and the latest research works using ELSD, CAD, and MS detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Pimentel
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gomes
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fábrica N° 1990, Segundo Piso, Santiago, Chile
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38
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Identification and quantification of phosphatidylinositol in infant formulas by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 205:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Ma L, Liu X, MacGibbon AKH, Rowan A, McJarrow P, Fong BY. Lactational changes in concentration and distribution of ganglioside molecular species in human breast milk from Chinese mothers. Lipids 2015; 50:1145-54. [PMID: 26404454 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides play a critical role in human brain development and function. Human breast milk (HBM) is an important dietary source of gangliosides for the growing infant. In this study, ganglioside concentrations were measured in the breast milk from a cross-sectional sample of Chinese mothers over an 8-month lactation period. The average total ganglioside concentration increased from 13.1 mg/l during the first month to 20.9 mg/l by 8 months of lactation. The average concentration during the typically solely breast-feeding period of 1‒6 months was 18.9 mg/l. This is the first study to report the relative distribution of the individual ganglioside molecular species through lactation for any population group. The ganglioside molecular species are made up of different fatty acid moieties that influence the physical properties of these gangliosides, and hence affect their function. The GM(3) molecular species containing long-chain acyl fatty acids had the most prominent changes, increasing in both concentration and relative distribution. The equivalent long-chain acyl fatty acid GD(3) molecular species typically decreased in concentration and relative distribution. The lactational trends for both concentration and relative distribution for the very long-chain acyl fatty acid molecular species were more varied. The major GM(3) and GD(3) molecular species during lactation were d40:1 and d42:1, respectively. An understanding of ganglioside molecular species distribution in HBM is essential for accurate application of mass spectrometry methods for ganglioside quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Xihong Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Woman and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alastair K H MacGibbon
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Angela Rowan
- Fonterra Co-Operative Group Ltd, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Paul McJarrow
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Bertram Y Fong
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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Comprehensive polar lipid identification and quantification in milk by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 978-979:95-102. [PMID: 25531876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polar lipids (PLs) are a significant functional component of milk that are difficult to quantitate. A simple method for comprehensive identification and quantitative analysis of all essential PL species using bovine milk is described. The lipid fraction was extracted by a mix of chloroform and methanol and the extract was directly used for PL identification and quantification. PLs were separated by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and detected by an Orbitrap mass analyser in positive mode. The structure of PLs was established or confirmed by tandem MS in both positive and negative modes. The method is sensitive (with a LOD for all PL classes ≤0.1 ng) and reproducible, enabling simultaneous quantification of 70 PL species within a run of 45 min. Application of this method to the quantification of PLs in 32 bovine milk samples revealed the relative abundance of different PL classes, significant variation of PL content between individual samples and the correlation between the major PL classes. The method provides a tool for investigating the variation and metabolism of important PL components in bovine and human milk and in diverse mammalian species.
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Kaffarnik S, Ehlers I, Gröbner G, Schleucher J, Vetter W. Two-dimensional ³¹P,¹H NMR spectroscopic profiling of phospholipids in cheese and fish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7061-7069. [PMID: 23802605 DOI: 10.1021/jf4021812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) comprise an important lipid class in food because of their technological use as emulsifiers and their nutritional value. This study used one-dimensional (31)P NMR and two-dimensional (2D) (31)P,(1)H COSY NMR spectroscopy for the determination of the PL composition of cheese and fish after liquid-liquid enrichment. This extraction step enabled the identification of 10 PLs in cheese and 9 PLs in fish by 2D (31)P,(1)H NMR. Variations in the (31)P shifts indicated differences in the fatty acids attached to the individual PLs. The total PL content in cheese fat and fish oil ranged from 0.3 to 0.4% and from 5 to 12%, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine was the most prominent PL in both matrices (up to 65%). Minor PLs (limit of detection = 4 nmol, i.e. 500 μL of an 8 μM solution) were identified in forms of phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylglycerol. Specific cross couplings and (1)H fine structures in the 2D (31)P,(1)H NMR spectra proved to be valuable for the assignment and verification of known and uncommon PLs in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kaffarnik
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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