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Xu Y, Yu P, Liang J, Chen Y, Yang C, Xia C, Deng J, Hai L, Chen J, Wu Y. Synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of glycosylated resveratrol derivatives as antioxidative neuroprotection agents against cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion injury. Bioorg Chem 2024; 153:107791. [PMID: 39244974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Resveratrol (Res) has long been discovered to have antioxidant effects to prevent such as oxidation, inflammation, neurodegeneration and age-related diseases. However, its poor water solubility, low bioavailability and instability have become a barrier to its pharmaceutical application. In order to improve the neuroprotective effects and develop more potential usage of Res, three Res derivatives containing one or two glucose groups, i.e., Res-Glu1, Res-Glu2 and Res-Glu3, were designed and synthesized through click reaction. Res-Glu1, Res-Glu2 and Res-Glu3 were tested being better water solubility and stability compared to Res. Res derivatives reduced •OH radicals-induced DNA damage. PC12 assays indicated that glucosylated Res derivatives could alleviate H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and reduce intracellular ROS generation, demonstrating their neuroprotective effects. In addition, Res derivatives enhanced the protective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Res-Glu3 displayed the best neuroprotective effects among the three derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peiyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen Xia
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Junlin Deng
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Li Hai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Yang Z, Gao Z, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Chen H, Yang X, Fang X, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Ouyang F, Li J, Cai G, Li Y, Lin X, Ni R, Xia C, Wang R, Shi X, Chu L. Lactobacillus Plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles protect against ischemic brain injury via the microRNA-101a-3p/c-Fos/TGF-β axis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106332. [PMID: 35779817 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the reported source of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for the treatment of ischemic stroke(IS)is limited to mammals. Moreover, these EVs are restricted to clinical translation by the high cost of cell culture. In this respect, Lactobacillus Plantarum culture is advantaged by low cost and high yield. However, it is poorly understood whether Lactobacillus Plantarum-derived EVs (LEVs) are applicable for the treatment of IS. Here, our results demonstrated that LEVs reduced apoptosis in ischemic neuron both in vivo and in vitro. As revealed by high-throughput sequencing, miR-101a-3p expression was significantly elevated by LEV treatment in OGD/R-induced neurons, as confirmed in the tMCAO mice treated with LEVs. Mechanistically, c-Fos was directly targeted by miR-101a-3p. In addition, c-Fos determined ischemia-induced neuron apoptosis in vivo and in vitro through the TGF-β1 pathway, miR-101a-3p inhibition aggravated ischemia-induced neuron apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and miR-101a-3p overexpression produced the opposite results. Hsa-miR-101-3p was downregulated in the plasma of patients with IS but upregulated in the patients with neurological recovery after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis. In conclusion, Our results demonstrated for the first time that LEVs might inhibit neuron apoptosis via the miR-101a-3p/c-Fos/TGF-β axis, and has-miR-101-3p is a potential marker of neurological recovery in IS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Translational Medicine Research Center,Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zidan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhennai Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hongqun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuexia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuming Fang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yingwu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fu Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gang Cai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruihan Ni
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chong Xia
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lan Chu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Translational Medicine Research Center,Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Husain A, Chanana H, Khan SA, Dhanalekshmi UM, Ali M, Alghamdi AA, Ahmad A. Chemistry and Pharmacological Actions of Delphinidin, a Dietary Purple Pigment in Anthocyanidin and Anthocyanin Forms. Front Nutr 2022; 9:746881. [PMID: 35369062 PMCID: PMC8969030 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.746881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring water-soluble flavonoids abundantly present in fruits and vegetables. They are polymethoxyderivatives of 2-phenyl-benzopyrylium or flavylium salts. Delphinidin (Dp) is a purple-colored plant pigment, which occurs in a variety of berries, eggplant, roselle, and wine. It is found in a variety of glycosidic forms ranging from glucoside to arabinoside. Dp is highly active in its aglycone form, but the presence of a sugar moiety is vital for its bioavailability. Several animal and human clinical studies have shown that it exerts beneficial effects on gut microbiota. Dp exhibits a variety of useful biological activities by distinct and complex mechanisms. This manuscript highlights the basic characteristics, chemistry, biosynthesis, stability profiling, chemical synthesis, physicochemical parameters along with various analytical methods developed for extraction, isolation and characterization, diverse biological activities and granted patents to this lead anthocyanin molecule, Dp. This review aims to open pathways for further exploration and research investigation on the true potential of the naturally occurring purple pigment (Dp) in its anthocyanidin and anthocyanin forms beyond nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Husain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Harshit Chanana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Oman
| | - U M Dhanalekshmi
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Oman
| | - M Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A Alghamdi
- Department of Health Information Technology, Faculty of Applied Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Health Information Technology, Faculty of Applied Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Role of Food Antioxidants in Modulating Gut Microbial Communities: Novel Understandings in Intestinal Oxidative Stress Damage and Their Impact on Host Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101563. [PMID: 34679698 PMCID: PMC8533511 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary components have an important role on the structure and function of host gut microbial communities. Even though, various dietary components, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibers, and vitamins, have been studied in depth for their effect on gut microbiomes, little attention has been paid regarding the impact of several food antioxidants on the gut microbiome. The long-term exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause microbial dysbiosis which leads to numerous intestinal diseases such as microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal injury, colorectal cancers, enteric infections, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, it has been shown that the food derived antioxidant compounds might protect the host from intestinal oxidative stress via modulating the composition of beneficial microbial species in the gut. The present review summarizes the impact of food antioxidants including antioxidant vitamins, dietary polyphenols, carotenoids, and bioactive peptides on the structure as well as function of host gut microbial communities. Several in vitro, animal model, and clinical studies indicates that food antioxidants might modify the host gut microbial communities and their health status. However, still further clarification is needed as to whether changes in certain microbial species caused by food additives may lead to changes in metabolism and immune function.
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Vamvakas SS, Chroni M, Genneos F, Gizeli S. Vaccinium myrtillus L. dry leaf aqueous extracts suppress aflatoxins biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Lu Y, Chen H. New insights in intestinal oxidative stress damage and the health intervention effects of nutrients: A review. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Dharmawansa KS, Hoskin DW, Rupasinghe HPV. Chemopreventive Effect of Dietary Anthocyanins against Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Review of Recent Advances and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186555. [PMID: 32911639 PMCID: PMC7554903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a group of dietary polyphenols, abundant mainly in fruits and their products. Dietary interventions of anthocyanins are being studied extensively related to the prevention of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, among many other chronic disorders. This review summarizes the hereditary and non-hereditary characteristics of GI cancers, chemistry, and bioavailability of anthocyanins, and the most recent findings of anthocyanin in GI cancer prevention through modulating cellular signaling pathways. GI cancer-preventive attributes of anthocyanins are primarily due to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties, and their ability to regulate gene expression and metabolic pathways, as well as induce the apoptosis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.V. Surangi Dharmawansa
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - David W. Hoskin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-902-893-6623
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Hemşinli D, Ergene S, Karakişi SO, Mercantepe T, Tumkaya L, Yilmaz A, Akyilzdiz K. Tea Grape Reduces Abdominal Aortic Occlusion-Induced Lung Injury. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 35:512-520. [PMID: 32864932 PMCID: PMC7454615 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ischemia-associated mortality caused by aortic cross-clamps, as in ruptured abdominal aorta aneurysm surgeries, and reperfusion following their removal represent some of the main emergency conditions in cardiovascular surgery. The purpose of our study was to examine the potential protective effect of tea grape against aortic occlusion-induced lung injury using biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative analyses. Methods Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control (healthy), glycerol + ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) (sham), I/R, and I/R + tea grape. Results Following aortic occlusion, we observed apoptotic pneumocytes, thickening in the alveolar wall, edematous areas in interstitial regions, and vascular congestion. We also observed an increase in pulmonary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in pulmonary glutathione (GSH). However, tea grape reduced apoptotic pneumocytes, edema, vascular congestion, and MDA levels, while increased GSH levels in lung tissue. Conclusion Our findings suggest that tea grape is effective against aortic occlusion-induced lung injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğuş Hemşinli
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Saban Ergene
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sedat Ozan Karakişi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
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Chen Y, Chen H, Zhang W, Ding Y, Zhao T, Zhang M, Mao G, Feng W, Wu X, Yang L. Bioaccessibility and biotransformation of anthocyanin monomers following in vitro simulated gastric-intestinal digestion and in vivo metabolism in rats. Food Funct 2019; 10:6052-6061. [PMID: 31486446 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ANCs) are phytochemicals with several health effects and undergo significant degradation and subsequent biotransformation during complex metabolic processes. The aim of the present study was to determine the bioaccessibility and biotransformation of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) during the simulated gastric-intestinal digestion in vitro and the metabolism in rats in vivo. Characterization of C3G and its metabolites was conducted by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. After gastric-intestinal digestion, C3G was detected with a recovery of 88.31% in the gastric-digestive system, and a small amount of methylated-C3G occurred. In the intestinal-digestive system, C3G occurred with a recovery of 6.05%, and mainly decomposed into protocatechuic acid (PCA) and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde. The pharmacokinetic trial of C3G in rats showed rapid elimination in plasma. In tissues, C3G underwent rapid absorption and metabolism into phenolic acids or their derivatives. C3G and methylated-C3G passed through the blood-brain barrier and caused rapid distribution of C3G in the brain. Understanding the conversion of C3G and its metabolites helps in the future design of dietary interventions and the exploration of biological activities of ACNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weijie Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Ding
- School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weiwei Feng
- School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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Ozlem K, Birkan Y, Mustafa K, Emin K. Protective effect of Vaccinium myrtillus on ischemia- reperfusion injury in rat ovary. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 57:836-841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Mastantuono T, Di Maro M, Chiurazzi M, Battiloro L, Muscariello E, Nasti G, Starita N, Colantuoni A, Lapi D. Rat Pial Microvascular Changes During Cerebral Blood Flow Decrease and Recovery: Effects of Cyanidin Administration. Front Physiol 2018; 9:540. [PMID: 29867577 PMCID: PMC5963394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to play a major role in many pathophysiological conditions, such as ischemia and reperfusion injury. The present study was aimed to evaluate the in vivo cyanidin (anthocyanin) effects on damages induced by rat pial microvascular hypoperfusion-reperfusion injury by cerebral blood flow decrease (CBFD) and subsequent cerebral blood flow recovery (CBFR). In particular, the main purpose was to detect changes in ROS production after cyanidin administration. Rat pial microvasculature was investigated using fluorescence microscopy through a cranial window (closed); Strahler's method was utilized to define the geometric features of pial vessels. ROS production was investigated in vivo by 2'-7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate assay and neuronal damage was measured on isolated brain sections by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. After 30 min of CBFD, induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, and 60 min of CBFR, rats showed decrease of arteriolar diameter and capillary perfusion; furthermore, increase in microvascular leakage and leukocyte adhesion was observed. Conversely, cyanidin administration induced dose-related arteriolar dilation, reduction in microvascular permeability as well as leukocyte adhesion when compared to animals subjected to restriction of cerebral blood flow; moreover, capillary perfusion was protected. ROS generation increase and marked neuronal damage were detected in animals subjected to CBFD and CBFR. On the other hand, cyanidin was able to reduce ROS generation and neuronal damage. In conclusion, cyanidin treatment showed dose-related protective effects on rat pial microcirculation during CBFD and subsequent CBFR, inducing arteriolar dilation by nitric oxide release and inhibiting ROS formation, consequently preserving the blood brain barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mastantuono
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Di Maro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Battiloro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Espedita Muscariello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Nasti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Noemy Starita
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS - "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Colantuoni
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | - Dominga Lapi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University Medical School, Naples, Italy
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Blanton C. Bone Response to Dietary Co-Enrichment with Powdered Whole Grape and Probiotics. Nutrients 2018; 10:E146. [PMID: 29382139 PMCID: PMC5852722 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is a primary modifiable determinant of chronic noncommunicable disease, including osteoporosis. An etiology of osteoporosis is the stimulation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dietary polyphenols and probiotics demonstrate protective effects on bone that are associated with reduced ROS formation and suppressed osteoclast activity. This study tested the effect of dietary enrichment with powdered whole grape and probiotics (composed of equal parts Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. breve, Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and L. bulgaricus) on bone microarchitecture in a mouse model of age-related osteoporosis. Groups (n = 7 each) of 10-month-old male mice were fed one of six diets for 6 months: 10% grape powder with sugar corrected to 20%; 20% grape powder; 1% probiotic with sugar corrected to 20%; 10% grape powder + 1% probiotic with sugar corrected to 20%; 20% grape powder + 1% probiotic; 20% sugar control. Femur, tibia and 4th lumbar vertebrae from 10-month-old mice served as comparator baseline samples. Bone microarchitecture was measured by micro-computed tomography and compared across diet groups using analysis of variance. Aging exerted a significant effect on tibia metaphysis trabecular bone, with baseline 10-month-old mice having significantly higher bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number measurements and lower trabecular spacing measurements than all 16-month-old groups (p < 0.001). Neither grape nor probiotic enrichment significantly improved bone microarchitecture during aging compared to control diet. The combination of 20% grape + 1% probiotic exerted detrimental effects on tibia metaphysis BV/TV compared to 10% grape + 1% probiotic, and trabecular number and trabecular spacing compared to 10% grape + 1% probiotic, 1% probiotic and control groups (p < 0.05). Femur metaphysis trabecular bone displayed less pronounced aging effects than tibia bone, but also showed detrimental effects of the 20% grape + 1% probiotic vs. most other diets for BV/TV, trabecular number, trabecular spacing and trabecular pattern factor (p < 0.05). Tibia and femur diaphysis cortical bone (cortical wall thickness and medullary area) displayed neither aging nor diet effects (p > 0.05). Vertebrae bone showed age-related deterioration in trabecular thickness and trabecular spacing and a trend toward preservation of trabecular thickness by grape and/or probiotic enrichment (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate no benefit to bone of combined compared to independent supplementation with probiotics or whole grape powder and even suggest an interference of co-ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Blanton
- Nutrition and Dietetic Programs, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Ave., Pocatello, ID 83209, USA.
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Salaritabar A, Darvishi B, Hadjiakhoondi F, Manayi A, Sureda A, Nabavi SF, Fitzpatrick LR, Nabavi SM, Bishayee A. Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5097-5114. [PMID: 28811706 PMCID: PMC5537178 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i28.5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory process plays a central role in the development and progression of numerous pathological situations, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disorders. IBDs involve inflammation of the gastrointestinal area and mainly comprise Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both pathological situations usually involve recurring or bloody diarrhea, pain, fatigue and weight loss. There is at present no pharmacological cure for CD or UC. However, surgery may be curative for UC patients. The prescribed treatment aims to ameliorate the symptoms and prevent and/or delay new painful episodes. Flavonoid compounds are a large family of hydroxylated polyphenolic molecules abundant in plants, including vegetables and fruits which are the major dietary sources of these compounds for humans, together with wine and tea. Flavonoids are becoming very popular because they have many health-promoting and disease-preventive effects. Most interest has been directed towards the antioxidant activity of flavonoids, evidencing a remarkable free-radical scavenging capacity. However, accumulating evidence suggests that flavonoids have many other biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and neuroprotective activities through different mechanisms of action. The present review analyzes the available data about the different types of flavonoids and their potential effectiveness as adjuvant therapy of IBDs.
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Ayrle H, Mevissen M, Kaske M, Nathues H, Gruetzner N, Melzig M, Walkenhorst M. Medicinal plants--prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:89. [PMID: 27268043 PMCID: PMC4896019 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets lead to significant economic losses in livestock husbandry. A high morbidity has been reported for diarrhea (calves ≤ 35%; piglets ≤ 50%) and for respiratory diseases (calves ≤ 80%; piglets ≤ 40%). Despite a highly diverse etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases, treatment with antimicrobials is often the first-line therapy. Multi-antimicrobial resistance in pathogens results in international accordance to strengthen the research in novel treatment options. Medicinal plants bear a potential as alternative or additional treatment. Based on the versatile effects of their plant specific multi-component-compositions, medicinal plants can potentially act as 'multi-target drugs'. Regarding the plurality of medicinal plants, the aim of this systematic review was to identify potential medicinal plant species for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and for modulation of the immune system and inflammation in calves and piglets. RESULTS Based on nine initial sources including standard textbooks and European ethnoveterinary studies, a total of 223 medicinal plant species related to the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases was identified. A defined search strategy was established using the PRISMA statement to evaluate 30 medicinal plant species starting from 20'000 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 20 years (1994-2014). This strategy led to 418 references (257 in vitro, 84 in vivo and 77 clinical trials, thereof 48 clinical trials in veterinary medicine) to evaluate effects of medicinal plants and their efficacy in detail. The findings indicate that the most promising candidates for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L., Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising, and Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best candidates for modulation of the immune system and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several medicinal plants bear a potential for novel treatment strategies for young livestock. There is a need for further research focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets, and the findings of this review provide a basis on plant selection for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ayrle
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, postbox 219, Frick, 5070, Switzerland. .,Division Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Division Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kaske
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Niels Gruetzner
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Melzig
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2 + 4, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Michael Walkenhorst
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, postbox 219, Frick, 5070, Switzerland
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Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Abdolghaffari AH, Sodagari HR, Esfahani SA, Rezaei N. A mechanistic review on plant-derived natural compounds as dietary supplements for prevention of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:745-58. [PMID: 26799847 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1145546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a recurrent idiopathic inflammatory condition, characterized by disruption of the gut mucosal barrier. This mechanistic review aims to highlight the significance of plant-derived natural compounds as dietary supplements, which can be used in addition to restricted conventional options for the prevention of IBD and induction of remission. Various clinical trials confirmed the effectiveness and tolerability of natural supplements in patients with IBD. Mounting evidence suggests that these natural compounds perform their protective and therapeutic effect on IBD through numerous molecular mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory, anti-oxidative stress, modulation of intracellular signaling transduction pathways, as well as improving gut microbiota. In conclusion, natural products can be considered as dietary supplements with therapeutic potential for IBD, provided that their safety and efficacy is confirmed in future well-designed clinical trials with adequate sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.,b Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | | | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- d Medicinal Plants Research Center , Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR , Karaj , Iran.,e International Campus ICTUMS , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sodagari
- f Young Researchers and Elite Club, Karaj Branch , Islamic Azad University , Karaj , Iran
| | - Shadi A Esfahani
- g Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- h Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,i Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,j Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
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Blanton C, He Z, Gottschall-Pass KT, Sweeney MI. Probiotics Blunt the Anti-Hypertensive Effect of Blueberry Feeding in Hypertensive Rats without Altering Hippuric Acid Production. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142036. [PMID: 26544724 PMCID: PMC4636313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that feeding polyphenol-rich wild blueberries to hypertensive rats lowered systolic blood pressure. Since probiotic bacteria produce bioactive metabolites from berry polyphenols that enhance the health benefits of berry consumption, we hypothesized that adding probiotics to a blueberry-enriched diet would augment the anti-hypertensive effects of blueberry consumption. Groups (n = 8) of male spontaneously hypertensive rats were fed one of four AIN '93G-based diets for 8 weeks: Control (CON); 3% freeze-dried wild blueberry (BB); 1% probiotic bacteria (PRO); or 3% BB + 1% PRO (BB+PRO). Blood pressure was measured at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 by the tail-cuff method, and urine was collected at weeks 4 and 8 to determine markers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes), nitric oxide synthesis (nitrites), and polyphenol metabolism (hippuric acid). Data were analyzed using mixed models ANOVA with repeated measures. Diet had a significant main effect on diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.046), with significantly lower measurements in the BB- vs. CON-fed rats (p = 0.035). Systolic blood pressure showed a similar but less pronounced response to diet (p = 0.220), again with the largest difference between the BB and CON groups. Absolute increase in blood pressure between weeks 0 and 8 tended to be smaller in the BB and PRO vs. CON and BB+PRO groups (systolic increase, p = 0.074; diastolic increase, p = 0.185). Diet had a significant main effect on hippuric acid excretion (p<0.0001), with 2- and ~1.5-fold higher levels at weeks 4 and 8, respectively, in the BB and BB+PRO vs. PRO and CON groups. Diet did not have a significant main effect on F2-isoprostane (p = 0.159) or nitrite excretion (p = 0.670). Our findings show that adding probiotics to a blueberry-enriched diet does not enhance and actually may impair the anti-hypertensive effect of blueberry consumption. However, probiotic bacteria are not interfering with blueberry polyphenol metabolism into hippuric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Blanton
- Department of Nutrition, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhengcheng He
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Katherine T. Gottschall-Pass
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Marva I. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Sodagari HR, Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Abdolghaffari AH, Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N. Dietary anthocyanins as a complementary medicinal approach for management of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 9:807-20. [PMID: 25586636 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.1002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to result from a chronic or relapsing activation of the immune system in the GI tract. A growing body of evidence confirms the health benefits of dietary anthocyanins as plant-derived natural agents. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of several natural products rich in anthocyanins used worldwide for the treatment of IBD. Anthocyanins possess both protective and therapeutic functions in the management of IBD by alleviating oxidative stress processes, cytoprotective functions, downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and suppressing cellular signaling pathways of inflammatory processes. In conclusion, the consumption of anthocyanin-rich natural formulations must be promoted on the basis of their possible function in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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Liu P, Lindstedt A, Markkinen N, Sinkkonen J, Suomela JP, Yang B. Characterization of metabolite profiles of leaves of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:12015-12026. [PMID: 25408277 DOI: 10.1021/jf503521m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) are potential raw materials for food and health care products. Targeted (HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS, and GC-FID) and nontargeted ((1)H NMR) approaches were applied to study the metabolomic profiles of these leaves. Chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic compound in bilberry leaves and arbutin in lingonberry leaves. Flavonol glycosides were another major group of phenolics in bilberry [5-28 mg/g DM (dry mass)] and lingonberry (15-20 mg/g DM) leaves. Contents of fatty acids were analyzed using GC-FID. The changes in the metabolomics profile during the season were apparent in bilberry but not lingonberry leaves. Negative correlation was found between the contents of lipids and phenolics. The consistency between the key results obtained by targeted and nontargeted analyses suggests nontargeted metabolomic analysis is an efficient tool for fast screening of various leaf materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhan Liu
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Delphinidin Inhibits LPS-Induced MUC8 and MUC5B Expression Through Toll-like Receptor 4-Mediated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 7:198-204. [PMID: 25177436 PMCID: PMC4135156 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2014.7.3.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Delphinidin is one of the anthocyanidins. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory property including antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and anti-cancer properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of delphinidin in mucin-producing human airway epithelial cells has not been determined. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to investigate the effect and the brief signaling pathway of delphinidin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MUC8 and MUC5B expression in human airway epithelial cells. Methods In mucin-producing human NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells and primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, enzyme immunoassay were used for investigating the expressions of MUC8, MUC5, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), after LPS treatment and delphinidin treatment. And the signaling pathway of delphinidin on LPS-induced MUC8 and MUC5B expression was investigated using the RT-PCR, and immunoblot analysis. To confirm the involvement of TLR4 in LPS-induced MUC8 and MU5B expression, the cells were transfected with TLR4 siRNA. Results In NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells, LPS (100 ng/mL) significantly induced TLR4, MUC8, and MUC5B expression. TLR4 siRNA significantly blocked LPS-induced MUC8 and MUC5B mRNA expression. LPS (100 ng/mL) significantly activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Delphinidin (50 and 100 µM) inhibited LPS-induced TLR4, MUC8, and MUC5B expression and LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. In the primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, delphinidin (50 and 100 µM) significantly inhibited LPS-induced TLR4, MUC8, and MUC5B gene expression. Conclusion These results suggest that delphinidin attenuates LPS-induced MUC8 and MUC5B expression through the TLR4-mediated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells. These findings indicated that delphinidin may be a therapeutic agent for control of inflammatory airway diseases.
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Fang J. Some anthocyanins could be efficiently absorbed across the gastrointestinal mucosa: extensive presystemic metabolism reduces apparent bioavailability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3904-3911. [PMID: 24650097 DOI: 10.1021/jf405356b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the accumulating evidence supporting the health effects of anthocyanins, their plasma concentrations were found to be very low. However, 30 and 56% of cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) and pelargonidin 3-glucoside (Pg-3-glc) were found as protocatechuic acid (PCA) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively, in plasma following oral administration in humans. Second, 12.4% of (13)C was recovered from urine and breath following oral ingestion of [(13)C]-Cy-3-glc in humans. The actual percentage of [(13)C]-Cy-3-glc absorbed across the gastrointestinal wall could be higher because of the involvement of enterohepatic recycling in the disposition of anthocyanins. In animal studies, high total urinary recoveries were found following oral ingestion of (14)C-labeled anthocyanins. Third, anthocyanins seem to be efficiently absorbed following in situ gastric and intestinal perfusions in rats. Therefore, some anthocyanins could be efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal lumen, undergo extensive first-pass metabolism, and enter the systemic circulation as metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Fang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Min J, Ahn JY, Sekhon SS, Jin YM, Park CK, Um HJ, Jo I, Kim YH. Toxicoproteomic analysis of bovine aortic endothelial cell under exposure to cigarette smoking extracts. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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