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Shen LS, Chen JW, Gong RH, Lin Z, Lin YS, Qiao XF, Hu QM, Yang Y, Chen S, Chen GQ. β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin, a key component of Zicao, induces cell cycle arrest and necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 134:155959. [PMID: 39178682 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin (DMAKN), a natural naphthoquinone found in Zicao, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), serves as the designated quantitative marker in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Despite its established role in assessing Zicao quality, DMAKN's biological potential remains underexplored in research. METHODS We investigated DMAKN's involvement in Zicao's anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) properties using a combination of HPLC content analysis and comprehensive bioinformatics. Subsequently, both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate DMAKN's efficacy against HCC. Mechanistic investigations focused on elucidating DMAKN's impact on cell cycle regulation and induction of cell death. RESULTS Integrated HPLC analysis and bioinformatics identified DMAKN as the primary active compound responsible for Zicao's anti-HCC activity. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed DMAKN's potent efficacy against HCC. Notably, DMAKN demonstrated dual effects on HCC cells: inhibiting proliferation at lower doses and inducing rapid cell death at higher doses. Mechanistic insights revealed that low-dose DMAKN induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest through modulation of CDK1 and Cdc25C phosphorylation, while high-dose DMAKN triggered necrosis. Importantly, high-dose DMAKN caused a sharp increase in intracellular ROS levels in a short time, while low-dose DMAKN gradually increased ROS levels over a long period. Additionally, low-dose DMAKN-induced ROS activated the JNK pathway, crucial for cell cycle arrest, whereas high-dose DMAKN-induced necrosis was ROS-dependent but JNK-independent. CONCLUSION This study underscores DMAKN's pivotal role as the principal anti-HCC compound in Zicao, delineating its differential effects and underlying mechanisms. These results demonstrate the potential of DMAKN as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of HCC, providing important information for further study and advancement in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sha Shen
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Innovation of New Drugs of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400065, PR China
| | - Jia-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Rui-Hong Gong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong S.A.R., PR China
| | - Zesi Lin
- Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, PR China
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Xing-Fang Qiao
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Innovation of New Drugs of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400065, PR China
| | - Qian-Mei Hu
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Innovation of New Drugs of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400065, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, PR China; Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Innovation of New Drugs of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400065, PR China.
| | - Sibao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong S.A.R., PR China; Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong S.A.R., PR China.
| | - Guo-Qing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong S.A.R., PR China; Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong S.A.R., PR China.
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Shi M, Liu X, Pan W, Li N, Tang B. Anti-inflammatory strategies for photothermal therapy of cancer. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37326239 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00839h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High temperature generated by photothermal therapy (PTT) can trigger an inflammatory response at the tumor site, which not only limits the efficacy of PTT but also increases the risk of tumor metastasis and recurrence. In light of the current limitations posed by inflammation in PTT, several studies have revealed that inhibiting PTT-induced inflammation can significantly improve the efficacy of cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the research progress made in combining anti-inflammatory strategies to enhance the effectiveness of PTT. The goal is to offer valuable insights for developing better-designed photothermal agents in clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwan Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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3
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Yan C, Li Q, Sun Q, Yang L, Liu X, Zhao Y, Shi M, Li X, Luo K. Promising Nanomedicines of Shikonin for Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1195-1218. [PMID: 36926681 PMCID: PMC10013574 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s401570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumor, the leading cause of death worldwide, poses a serious threat to human health. For decades, natural product has been proven to be an essential source for novel anticancer drug discovery. Shikonin (SHK), a natural molecule separated from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, shows great potential in anticancer therapy. However, its further clinical application is significantly restricted by poor bioavailability, adverse effects, and non-selective toxicity. With the development of nanotechnology, nano drug delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies to improve bioavailability and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. To overcome the shortcoming of SHK, various nano drug delivery systems such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, nanoparticles, nanogels, and nanoemulsions, were developed to achieve efficient delivery for enhanced antitumor effects. Herein, this review summarizes the anticancer pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics of SHK. Additionally, the latest progress of SHK nanomedicines in cancer therapy is outlined, focusing on long circulation, tumor targeting ability, tumor microenvironment responsive drug release, and nanosystem-mediated combination therapy. Finally, the challenges and prospects of SHK nanomedicines in the future clinical application are spotlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaipei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Zhang J, Shang L, Jiang W, Wu W. Shikonin induces apoptosis and autophagy via downregulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Bioengineered 2022; 13:7904-7918. [PMID: 35293266 PMCID: PMC9208523 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2052673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin(SK) is a natural small molecule naphthoquinone compound, which has anti-cancer activity in various human malignant tumors. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1(PYCR1) is involved in tumorigenesis and regulates various cellular processes, including growth, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. However, the effect of SK and PYCR1 on apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma are unclear. Our goal is to determine the internal molecular mechanism of the interaction between SK and PYCR1 and its role in the occurrence and development of liver cancer. The CCK8 assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assays show that SK and siPYCR1(gene silence PYCR1) inhibited the malignant phenotype of HCC cells, including cell viability, colony formation, migration, and invasion, respectively. The flow cytometry assays and immunofluorescence show that SK and siPYCR1 activated apoptosis and autophagy, respectively. SK induces apoptosis and autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, HCC cells were transfected with small interference fragment PYCR1 siRNA to construct siPYCR1 and SK single treatment group and co-treatment group to verify the interaction between SK and PYCR1. The Western blot identified that PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway protein expression was significantly downregulated in HCC cells treated with SK and siPYCR1 together. Collectively, SK may induce apoptosis and autophagy by reducing the expression of PYCR1 and suppressing PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Thus, SK may be a promising antineoplastic drug in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SK downregulating PYCR1 might supply a theoretical foundation for the potential therapeutic application in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhang
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ling Shang
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wendi Jiang
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Sha L, Lv Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Sui X, Wang T, Zhang H. Shikonin inhibits the Warburg effect, cell proliferation, invasion and migration by downregulating PFKFB2 expression in lung cancer. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:560. [PMID: 34109434 PMCID: PMC8201656 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most lethal diseases and therefore poses a significant threat to human health. The Warburg effect, which is the observation that cancer cells predominately produce energy through glycolysis, even under aerobic conditions, is a hallmark of cancer. 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 2 (PFKFB) is an important regulator of glycolysis. Shikonin is a Traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has been reported to exert antitumor effects. The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of shikonin in lung cancer. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays were used to analyze proliferation in A549 and H446 cells. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to measure migration and invasion in A549 and H446 cells. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry. Lactate levels, glucose uptake and cellular ATP levels were measured using their corresponding commercial kits. Western blotting was performed to analyze the protein expression levels of key enzymes involved in aerobic glucose metabolism. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expression levels of PFKFB2. The results of the present study revealed that PFKFB2 expression levels were significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues. Shikonin treatment decreased the proliferation, migration, invasion, glucose uptake, lactate levels, ATP levels and PFKFB2 expression levels and increased apoptosis in lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The overexpression of PFKFB2 increased the proliferation, migration, glucose uptake, lactate levels and ATP levels in lung cancer cells, while the knockdown of PFKFB2 expression exerted the opposite effects. Moreover, there were no significant differences in lung cancer cell migration, apoptosis, glucose uptake, lactate levels and ATP levels between cells with knocked down PFKFB2 expression or treated with shikonin and the knockdown of PFKFB2 in cells treated with shikonin. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that shikonin inhibited the Warburg effect and exerted antitumor activity in lung cancer cells, which was associated with the downregulation of PFKFB2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Sha
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Business, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sui
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Stefanowicz-Hajduk J, Ochocka JR. Real-time cell analysis system in cytotoxicity applications: Usefulness and comparison with tetrazolium salt assays. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:335-344. [PMID: 32090021 PMCID: PMC7025972 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RTCA system allows to easily monitor cell adhesion and proliferation. The real-time impedance technique is widely used in many toxicological studies. RTCA results are generally comparable with results from tetrazolium salts assays. RTCA analysis should be limited when drugs with electroactive additives are tested. Tetrazolium salts assays should be avoided when colored compounds are studied.
Real-time cell analysis (RTCA) is a technique based on impedance and microsensor electrodes. RTCA system allows label-free, real-time, and continuous monitoring of cell adhesion, morphology, and rate of cell proliferation. The system offers a wide range of applications, mainly in toxicological studies, new drug screening, and microbiology. Here, we describe the usefulness of the system in different applications and compare this technology with conventional endpoint assays based on tetrazolium salts. We present advantages and disadvantages of the system and endpoint methods and their limitations in cytotoxicity investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Stefanowicz-Hajduk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Renata Ochocka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Guo C, He J, Song X, Tan L, Wang M, Jiang P, Li Y, Cao Z, Peng C. Pharmacological properties and derivatives of shikonin-A review in recent years. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104463. [PMID: 31553936 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin is the major bioactive component extracted from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon which is also known as "Zicao" in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Recent studies have shown that shikonin demonstrates various bioactivities related to the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and wound healing. This review aimed to provide an updated summary of recent studies on shikonin. Firstly, many studies have demonstrated that shikonin exerts strong anticancer effects on various types of cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Shikonin also triggers Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, suppressing exosome release, and activate anti-tumor immunity in multiple molecular mechanisms. Examples of these effects include modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPKs signaling; inhibiting the activation of TrxR1, PKM2, RIP1/3, Src, and FAK; and regulating the expression of ERP57, MMPs, ATF2, C-MYC, miR-128, and GRP78 (Bip). Next, the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties of shikonin were also reviewed. Furthermore, several studies focusing on shikonin derivatives were reviewed, and these showed that, with modification to the naphthazarin ring or side chain, some shikonin derivatives display stronger anticancer activity and lower toxicity than shikonin itself. Our findings suggest that shikonin and its derivatives could serve as potential novel drug for the treatment of cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junlin He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaominting Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Peidu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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An W, Lai H, Zhang Y, Liu M, Lin X, Cao S. Apoptotic Pathway as the Therapeutic Target for Anticancer Traditional Chinese Medicines. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:758. [PMID: 31354479 PMCID: PMC6639427 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death and it plays a vital role in human development and tissue homeostasis. Mounting evidence indicates that apoptosis is closely related to the survival of cancer and it has emerged as a key target for the discovery and development of novel anticancer drugs. Various studies indicate that targeting the apoptotic signaling pathway by anticancer drugs is an important mechanism in cancer therapy. Therefore, numerous novel anticancer agents have been discovered and developed from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) by targeting the cellular apoptotic pathway of cancer cells and shown clinically beneficial effects in cancer therapy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion for the role, pharmacology, related biology, and possible mechanism(s) of a number of important anticancer TCMs and their derivatives mainly targeting the cellular apoptotic pathway. It may have important clinical implications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Honglin Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Wang F, Yao X, Zhang Y, Tang J. Synthesis, biological function and evaluation of Shikonin in cancer therapy. Fitoterapia 2019; 134:329-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Prangsaengtong O, Jantaree P, Lirdprapamongkol K, Svasti J, Koizumi K. Shikonin Suppresses Lymphangiogenesis via NF-κB/HIF-1α Axis Inhibition. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 41:1659-1666. [PMID: 30381665 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of lymphatic vessels from preexisting ones, promotes cancer growth and metastasis. Finding natural compounds with anti-lymphangiogenic activity will be useful for preventive treatment of lymphatic metastasis. Shikonin, an ingredient of a traditional Japanese and Chinese medicinal herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been widely used in several pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, as well as in food colorants. Shikonin has been reported to inhibit lymphangiogenesis in vitro, but the mechanism of inhibition has not been determined. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of anti-lymphangiogenesis of shikonin in primary human lymphatic endothelial cells (HMVEC-dLy). Shikonin, at non-toxic concentrations, significantly inhibited cord formation ability of lymphatic endothelial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Western blotting analysis showed that shikonin decreased nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, as indicated by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and also reduced both mRNA and protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)α. Use of an NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7085) and HIF-1α small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection revealed that NF-κB activation was upstream of HIF-1α expression, which controls cord formation by HMVEC-dLy. In addition, the reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) mRNA levels were also found in HMVEC-dLy that treated with shikonin. In conclusion, shikonin inhibits lymphangiogenesis in vitro by interfering the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway and involves in suppression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Keiichi Koizumi
- Department of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama
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Figat R, Zgadzaj A, Geschke S, Sieczka P, Pietrosiuk A, Sommer S, Skrzypczak A. Cytotoxicity and antigenotoxicity evaluation of acetylshikonin and shikonin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 44:140-147. [PMID: 30574814 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1536710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin (SH) is used as a red pigment for food coloring and cosmetics, and has cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells. However, due to strong toxicity SH has limited potential as an anticancer drug. Acetylshikonin (ASH) is one of the SH derivatives with promising anticancer potential. In present study, we attempted to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of SH and ASH towards a normal cell line (V79) and in addition to evaluate their antigenotoxic activity. The evaluation was made with the use of the set of cytotoxicity assays with V79 line and the micronucleus test in vitro performed using clinafloxacin (CLFX), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as direct genotoxins and cyclophosphamide (CPA) as indirect genotoxin. For CPA and EMS the simultaneous protocol was used and for CLFX three different variants were performed: pretreatment, simultaneous, and post-treatment. A higher cytotoxic effect was observed for SH. The EC50 values obtained for SH were approximately twofold lower compared to that of ASH. Moreover, ASH exhibited an antigenotoxic potential against CPA-induced genotoxicity, whereas SH has no activity. However, ASH increased the EMS-induced genotoxicity, when SH exhibited no effect. Both compounds decreased the genotoxicity of CLFX in pretreatment and simultaneous protocol. Based on the results of the present study it can be concluded that ASH is less cytotoxic than SH to normal cells and has comparable antigenotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Figat
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zgadzaj
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Geschke
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Sieczka
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pietrosiuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwester Sommer
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Skrzypczak
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Zhang Q, Cai D, Wang L, Yang X, Fan S, Zhang K. Rapid and sensitive determination of shikonin and its derivatives in the roots of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst using matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1467836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Defu Cai
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Xueting Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Songjie Fan
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
| | - Keyong Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, PR China
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13
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Ni F, Huang X, Chen Z, Qian W, Tong X. Shikonin exerts antitumor activity in Burkitt's lymphoma by inhibiting C-MYC and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and acts synergistically with doxorubicin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3317. [PMID: 29463831 PMCID: PMC5820316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a highly aggressive malignancy molecularly characterized by deregulation of the C-MYC proto-oncogene. Recently, it has been confirmed that phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation is a crucial element in the malignant transformation of the B cells in BL. Despite the better outcome of adults with BL treated with high-intensity chemotherapy regimens, the overall survival rate for patients older than 60 years remains dismal. Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone derived from Chinese herbal medicine plant, has the potential to induce cell death in a series of human cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effect and molecular mechanisms of Shikonin in treatment with BL. Shikonin suppressed cellular proliferation and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in BL cells. Inhibition of C-MYC and suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway played critical roles in SHK-induced apoptosis in BL both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, Shikonin potentiated doxorubicin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, the growth of a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model of BL was significantly inhibited by shikonin. Importantly, we did not find the effect of shikonin on liver function in mice. In summary, these data suggest that shikonin may be an encouraging chemotherapeutic agent in the clinical treatment of BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ni
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xianbo Huang
- Malignant Lymphoma Diagnosis and Therapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Malignant Lymphoma Diagnosis and Therapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Malignant Lymphoma Diagnosis and Therapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China.
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, P.R. China. .,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P.R. China.
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14
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Spyrelli ED, Kyriazou AV, Virgiliou C, Nakas A, Deda O, Papageorgiou VP, Assimopoulou AN, Gika HG. Metabolic profiling study of shikonin's cytotoxic activity in the Huh7 human hepatoma cell line. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:841-851. [PMID: 28265634 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00830e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin and its enantiomer alkannin, which are natural products, have been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo for, among others, their antitumor activity. The investigation of the molecular pathways involved in their action is of interest, since they are not yet clearly defined. Metabolic profiling in cells can provide a picture of a cell's phenotype upon intervention, assisting in the elucidation of the mechanism of action. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of shikonin on a human hepatocarcinoma cell line was studied. Huh7 cells were treated with shikonin at 5 μM, and it was found that shikonin markedly inhibited cell growth. Metabolic profiling indicated alterations in the metabolic content of the cells and the culture media upon treatment, detecting the metabolic response of the cells. This study demonstrates the potential of metabolomics to improve knowledge on the mechanisms involved in shikonin's antitumor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Spyrelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Park H, Park H, Chung TW, Choi HJ, Jung YS, Lee SO, Ha KT. Effect of Sorbus commixta on the invasion and migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:483-490. [PMID: 28586002 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a main cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Thus, a number of medicinal herbs and phytochemicals have been investigated as possible candidates for the inhibition of cancer metastasis. Sorbus commixta Hedl. (SC) is a traditional medicinal plant used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, as it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hepatotoxic activities. In this study, we demonstrate that the water extract of SC exerts inhibitory effect on the invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells. The activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which is responsible for the invasion of cancer cells, was decreased by SC treatment. The invasive and migratory potentials of the Hep3B cells were also decreased, as evidence by in vitro assay using the Boyden chamber system. In addition, the expression of the chemokine receptors, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR)4 and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 (CXCR6), were inhibited by SC in Hep3B cells. Furthermore, actin fiber organization was markedly suppressed by SC treatment. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that SC suppresses the invasion and migration of highly metastatic Hep3B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerin Park
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam-do 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwook Park
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam-do 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Korean Medical Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam-do 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Seop Jung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Syng-Ook Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam-do 626-870, Republic of Korea
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16
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Matias D, Balça-Silva J, Dubois LG, Pontes B, Ferrer VP, Rosário L, do Carmo A, Echevarria-Lima J, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Lopes MC, Moura-Neto V. Dual treatment with shikonin and temozolomide reduces glioblastoma tumor growth, migration and glial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 40:247-261. [PMID: 28401486 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastomas (GBM) comprise 17% of all primary brain tumors. These tumors are extremely aggressive due to their infiltrative capacity and chemoresistance, with glial-to-mesenchymal transition (GMT) proteins playing a prominent role in tumor invasion. One compound that has recently been used to reduce the expression of these proteins is shikonin (SHK), a naphthoquinone with anti-tumor properties. Temozolomide (TMZ), the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in GBM treatment, has so far not been studied in combination with SHK. Here, we investigated the combined effects of these two drugs on the proliferation and motility of GBM-derived cells. METHODS The cytotoxic and proliferative effects of SHK and TMZ on human GBM-derived cells were tested using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Ki67 staining and BrdU incorporation assays. The migration capacities of these cells were evaluated using a scratch wound assay. The expression levels of β3 integrin, metalloproteinases (MMPs) and GMT-associated proteins were determined by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS We found that GBM-derived cells treated with a combination of SHK and TMZ showed decreases in their proliferation and migration capacities. These decreases were followed by the suppression of GMT through a reduction of β3 integrin, MMP-2, MMP-9, Slug and vimentin expression via inactivation of PI3K/AKT signaling. CONCLUSION From our results we conclude that dual treatment with SHK and TMZ may constitute a powerful new tool for GBM treatment by reducing therapy resistance and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Matias
- Brain's Biomedicine Laboratory, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rua do Resende 156, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-092, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (ICB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Joana Balça-Silva
- Brain's Biomedicine Laboratory, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rua do Resende 156, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-092, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Rua Larga Faculdade de Medicina, Pólo I, 1° andar, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine at University of Coimbra (FMUC), Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luiz Gustavo Dubois
- Brain's Biomedicine Laboratory, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rua do Resende 156, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-092, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pontes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (ICB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Valéria Pereira Ferrer
- Brain's Biomedicine Laboratory, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rua do Resende 156, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-092, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciane Rosário
- Brain's Biomedicine Laboratory, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rua do Resende 156, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-092, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anália do Carmo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Rua Larga Faculdade de Medicina, Pólo I, 1° andar, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Hospital Center and University of Coimbra (CHUC), Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Juliana Echevarria-Lima
- Paulo de Góes Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Rua Larga Faculdade de Medicina, Pólo I, 1° andar, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine at University of Coimbra (FMUC), Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal.,Hospital Center and University of Coimbra (CHUC), Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Rua Larga Faculdade de Medicina, Pólo I, 1° andar, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy at University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Brain's Biomedicine Laboratory, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rua do Resende 156, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-092, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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17
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Ji L, Zhang B, Zhao G. Liver X receptor α (LXRα) promoted invasion and EMT of gastric cancer cells by regulation of NF-κB activity. Hum Cell 2017; 30:124-132. [PMID: 28091828 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-016-0157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of Liver X receptor α (LXRα) has been frequently reported in various types of cancers excluding gastric cancer (GC). Moreover, the role of LXRα in human GC has not been previously reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of LXRα down-regulation on invasion and EMT of GC. The expression of LXRα in GC cell lines was detected by real-time PCR. The LXRα siRNA was transiently transfected into GC cells using Lipofectamine™ 2000 reagent. Subsequently, cell invasive ability was evaluated by Transwell assays. Western blot and real-time PCR were used to determined the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and -9), E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, Slug, and Twist in GC cells. In addition, the effect of LXRα down-regulation on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway was explored by Western blot. From our results, we found that the expression of LXRα was significantly increased in GC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of LXRα suppressed the invasive ability of GC cells. The levels of MMP-2 and -9 were dramatically decreased by down-regulating LXRα. In addition, we found a decrease of N-cadherin, Twist, and Slug expressions and an increase of E-cadherin expression, but no influence on the expression levels of Vimentin and Snail. We also found that LXRα down-regulation might suppress the phosphorylation of Akt, NF-κB, and IκB. Collectively, our results indicated that down-regulation of LXRα was shown to suppress invasion and EMT of GC cells by decreasing the expressions of related proteins through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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18
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Reuse of E-plate cell sensor arrays in the xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyzer. Biotechniques 2016; 61:117-22. [PMID: 27625205 DOI: 10.2144/000114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA) is a non-invasive, impedence-based biosensor system that can measure cell viability, migration, growth, spreading, and proliferation. Changes in cell morphology and behavior are continuously monitored in real time using microelectronics located in the wells of RTCA E-plates. According to the manufacturer's recommendation, E-plates are single-use and disposable. Here, we show that E-plates can be regenerated and reused several times without significantly effecting experimental results.
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19
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Chang YJ, Cheng YW, Lin RK, Huang CC, Chen WTL, Ke TW, Wei PL. Thrombomodulin Influences the Survival of Patients with Non-Metastatic Colorectal Cancer through Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160550. [PMID: 27512995 PMCID: PMC4981396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment resistance and metastasis are the major causes of death among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Approximately 20% of surgically treated patients ultimately develop metastases during the follow-up period. Currently, the TNM system is the only available prognostic test. Therefore, the identification of new markers for CRC remains important. Thrombomodulin (TM), a glycoprotein, is involved in angiogenesis and has been linked to many malignant diseases. However, the function of TM in CRC remains unclear. Methods A total of 170 patients with CRC participated in this study. TM expression was analyzed via immunohistochemistry. Univariate (Kaplan-Meier) analysis was used to analyze patient outcomes, including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). TM expression was manipulated using shRNA or an overexpression system. Transwell migration assays, wound healing migration assays, and the xCELLigence biosensor system were used to detect cell proliferative and migratory capacities. Results TM expression in the tumor tissues significantly and positively correlated with the DFS and OS of non-metastatic patients with CRC (ps = 0.036 and 0.0218, respectively). Suppression of TM expression increased the proliferation and migration of DLD-1 cells. TM overexpression reduced the cells’ proliferative and migratory capacities. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression was up-regulated following TM silencing. Furthermore, the association between the migration of colon cancer cells and the levels of TM and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (fibronectin, vimentin and ezrin) was confirmed in HT29 and DLD-1 cells. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that patients with non-metastatic CRC display low TM expression in their tumors and exhibit reduced DFS and OS. The enhanced expression of mesenchymal markers and COX-2 may be involved in the mechanisms that underlie recurrence in patients with cancer displaying low TM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology,Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ruo-Kai Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chou Huang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - William Tzu-Liang Chen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tao-Wei Ke
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology,Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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20
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Hu B, An HM, Wang SS, Chen JJ, Xu L. Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Chinese Herbal Compounds against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2016; 21:142. [PMID: 26828466 PMCID: PMC6274246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicines, unique biomedical and pharmaceutical resources, have been widely used for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prevention and treatment. Accumulated Chinese herb-derived compounds with significant anti-cancer effects against HCC have been identified. Chinese herbal compounds are effective in preventing carcinogenesis, inhibiting cell proliferation, arresting cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, autophagy, cell senescence and anoikis, inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis and angiogenesis, regulating immune function, reversing drug resistance and enhancing the effects of chemotherapy in HCC. This paper comprehensively reviews these compounds and their effects on HCC. Finally, the perspectives and rational application of herbal compounds for HCC management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hu
- Department of Oncology and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Hong-Mei An
- Department of Science & Technology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 202032, China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wang
- Department of Oncology and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jin-Jun Chen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, The Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Oncology and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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21
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Shikonin Inhibits Inflammatory Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts via lncRNA-NR024118. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:631737. [PMID: 26640499 PMCID: PMC4657066 DOI: 10.1155/2015/631737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Shikonin is a major chemical component of zicao that possesses anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to mediate cellular and humoral immunity, especially in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the impact of shikonin on inflammatory response in RA synovial fibroblasts using the CAIA model. Methods. Severe polyarticular arthritis was induced in Balb/c female mice. Expressions of lncRNA-NR024118, SOCS3, proinflammatory cytokines, and MMPs were evaluated using RT-RCR. Histone acetylation and SOCS3 protein expression were assessed by ChIP assay and western blot, respectively. Results. Mice treated with shikonin showed an abrogation of soft tissue and bone lesions. Shikonin remarkably enhanced the expression of NR024118 and SOCS3 and suppressed the secretion and expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MMPs. Proliferation of cultured RA synovial fibroblasts in the presence of IL-1β was also significantly inhibited by shikonin. Moreover, shikonin dose-dependently increased acetylation of histone H3 at the promoter of NR024118. Finally, NR024118 overexpression and interference significantly changed SOCS3 expression and NR024118 interference could reverse regulation of shikonin on SOCS3, proinflammatory cytokines, and MMPs expression level in MH7A cells. Conclusion. Our results reveal that, in the CAIA mouse model of RA, shikonin has disease modifying activity that is attributable to the inhibition of inflammatory response via lncRNA-NR024118.
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22
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Hu B, Wang SS, Du Q. Traditional Chinese medicine for prevention and treatment of hepatocarcinoma: From bench to bedside. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1209-1232. [PMID: 26019736 PMCID: PMC4438495 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i9.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played a positive role in the management of hepatocarcinoma. Hepatocarcinoma patients may present Qi-stagnation, damp-heat, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency, Yin-deficiency and other TCM syndromes (Zheng). Modern treatments such as surgery, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and high intensity focus ultrasound treatment would influence the manifestation of TCM syndromes. Herbs with traditional efficacy of tonifying Qi, blood and Yin, soothing liver-Qi stagnation, clearing heat and detoxifying and dissolving stasis, have been demonstrated to be potent to prevent hepatocarcinogenesis. TCM has been widely used in all aspects of integrative therapy in hepatocarcinoma, including surgical resection, liver transplantation, TACE, local ablative therapies and even as monotherapy for middle-advanced stage hepatocarcinoma. Clinical practices have confirmed that TCM is effective to alleviate clinical symptoms, improve quality of life and immune function, prevent recurrence and metastasis, delay tumor progression, and prolong survival time in hepatocarcinoma patients. The effective mechanism of TCM against hepatocarcinoma is related to inducing apoptosis, autophagy, anoikis and cell senescence, arresting cell cycle, regulating immune function, inhibiting metastasis and angiogenesis, reversing drug resistance and enhancing effects of chemotherapy. Along with the progress of research in this field, TCM will contribute more to the prevention and treatment of hepatocarcinoma.
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23
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Liu JP, Liu D, Gu JF, Zhu MM, Cui L. Shikonin inhibits the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migration of the human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 via the Toll-like receptor 2/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:1143-55. [PMID: 25880237 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Shikonin is an active naphthoquinone pigment isolated from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. This study was designed to explore the inhibition of Shikonin on cell viability, adhesion, migration and invasion ability of gastric cancer (GC) and its possible mechanism. METHODS 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed for cell viability and adhesion ability of MGC-803 cells. Cell scratch repair experiments were conducted for the determination of migration ability while transwell assay for cell invasion ability. Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction assay were used for the detection of protein and mRNA expressions. KEY FINDINGS Fifty per cent inhibitory concentration of Shikonin on MGC-803 cells was 1.854 μm. Shikonin (1 μm) inhibited significantly the adhesion, invasion and migratory ability of MGC-803 cells. Interestingly, Shikonin in the presence or absence of anti-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) antibody (2 μg) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor MG-132 (10 μm) could decrease these ability of MGC-803 cells markedly, as well as the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-7, TLR2 and p65 NF-κB. In addition, the co-incubation of Shikonin and anti-TLR2/MG-132 has a significant stronger activity than anti-TLR2 or MG-132 alone. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that Shikonin could suppress the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migratory ability of MGC-803 cells through TLR2- or NF-κB-mediated pathway. Our findings provide novel information for the treatment of Shikonin on GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Fei Gu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao Mao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Zhang X, Hu W, Wu F, Yuan X, Hu J. Shikonin inhibits TNF-α-induced growth and invasion of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:615-24. [PMID: 26042337 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin is a naphthoquinone compound extracted from the Chinese herb purple gromwell. Shikonin has broad antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced proliferation and invasion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is an important factor that contributes to atherosclerosis. The effects of shikonin on the proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs have been reported; however, the function of shikonin on TNF-α-mediated growth and invasion of VSMCs during atherosclerosis remains unclear. In this study, we used Western blot, flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the effect of shikonin on the TNF-α-induced growth and invasion of VSMCs and to determine the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that shikonin inhibits the TNF-α-mediated growth and invasion. Further study revealed that shikonin regulates the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase signaling pathways; modulates the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, B-cell lymphoma 2, and Bax; activates caspase-3 and caspase-9; induces cell cycle arrest; and promotes the apoptosis of VSMCs. Together, our results indicate that shikonin may become a promising agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis and they also establish foundation for the development of anti-atherosclerosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Zhang
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Hu
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wu
- b Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yuan
- b Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hu
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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Kuo LJ, Huang CY, Cheng WL, Hung CS, Wu CT, Lin FY, Chang YJ, Huang MT. Glucose-regulated protein 78 mediates the anticancer efficacy of shikonin in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5063-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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26
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Yeh YC, Liu TJ, Lai HC. Shikonin Induces Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Premature Senescence of Human A549 Lung Cancer Cells through Upregulation of p53 Expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:620383. [PMID: 25737737 PMCID: PMC4337265 DOI: 10.1155/2015/620383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone pigment isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been reported to suppress growth of various cancer cells. This study was aimed to investigate whether this chemical could also inhibit cell growth of lung cancer cells and, if so, works via what molecular mechanism. To fulfill this, A549 lung cancer cells were treated with shikonin and then subjected to microscopic, biochemical, flow cytometric, and molecular analyses. Compared with the controls, shikonin significantly induced cell apoptosis and reduced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Specially, lower concentrations of shikonin (1-2.5 μg/mL) cause viability reduction; apoptosis and cellular senescence induction is associated with upregulated expressions of cell cycle- and apoptotic signaling-regulatory proteins, while higher concentrations (5-10 μg/mL) precipitate both apoptosis and necrosis. Treatment of cells with pifithrin-α, a specific inhibitor of p53, suppressed shikonin-induced apoptosis and premature senescence, suggesting the role of p53 in mediating the actions of shikonin on regulation of lung cancer cell proliferation. These results indicate the potential and dose-related cytotoxic actions of shikonin on A549 lung cancer cells via p53-mediated cell fate pathways and raise shikonin a promising adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of lung cancer in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chiao Yeh
- Department of Natural Biotechnology, Nanhua University, Sec. 1, No. 55, Nanhua Road, Dalin, Chiayi 62249, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Jui Liu
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Sec. 4, No. 1650 Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Sec. 2, No. 155, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chin Lai
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Sec. 4, No. 1650 Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Sec. 2, No. 155, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Chen Y, Zheng L, Liu J, Zhou Z, Cao X, Lv X, Chen F. Shikonin inhibits prostate cancer cells metastasis by reducing matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 expression via AKT/mTOR and ROS/ERK1/2 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:447-55. [PMID: 24905636 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the most important factors related to prostate cancer therapeutic efficacy. In previous studies, shikonin, an active naphthoquinone isolated from the Chinese medicine Zi Cao, has various anticancer activities both in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms underlying shikonin's anticancer activity are not fully elucidated on prostate cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential effects of shikonin on prostate cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms by which shikonin exerted its actions. With cell proliferation, flow cytometric cell cycle, migration and invasion assays, we found that shikonin potently suppressed PC-3 and DU145 cell growth by cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase and metastasis in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanically, we presented that shikonin could suppress the metastasis of PC-3 and DU145 cells via inhibiting the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 expression and activation. In addition, shikonin significantly decreased the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR in a dose-dependent manner while it induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that shikonin also induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was reversed by the ROS scavenger dithiothreitol (DTT). Additionally, DTT reversed the shikonin induced activation of ERK1/2, thereby maintaining MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and restoring cell metastasis. Together, shikonin inhibits aggressive prostate cancer cell migration and invasion by reducing MMP-2/-9 expression via AKT/mTOR and ROS/ERK1/2 pathways and presents a potential novel alternative agent for the treatment of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, 97th Hospital of PLA, 226 Tongshang Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of Central Laboratory, 97th Hospital of PLA, 226 Tongshang Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Junquan Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, 97th Hospital of PLA, 226 Tongshang Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Zhonghai Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, 97th Hospital of PLA, 226 Tongshang Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xiliang Cao
- Department of Central Laboratory, 97th Hospital of PLA, 226 Tongshang Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xiaoting Lv
- Department of Central Laboratory, 97th Hospital of PLA, 226 Tongshang Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Fuxing Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, 97th Hospital of PLA, 226 Tongshang Road, Xuzhou 221004, China.
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Xu Y, Xu X, Gao X, Chen H, Geng L. Shikonin suppresses IL-17-induced VEGF expression via blockage of JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:327-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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KIM YOUNGIL, PARK SEUNGWON, YOON YEOKWANG, LEE KYUNGWOOK, LEE JANGHOON, WOO HONGJUNG, KIM YOUNGCHUL. Orostachys japonicus inhibits the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA and modulates the expression of iNOS and COX-2 genes in human PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells via inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK activation. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:657-62. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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