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Duan L, Zhang S, Yang Y, Wang Q, Lan Q, Wang Y, Xu W, Jin W, Li L, Chen R. A feasible method for detecting unknown GMOs via a combined strategy of PCR-based suppression subtractive hybridization and next-generation sequencing. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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2
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Voorhuijzen MM, Prins TW, Belter A, Bendiek J, Brünen-Nieweler C, van Dijk JP, Goerlich O, Kok EJ, Pickel B, Scholtens IMJ, Stolz A, Grohmann L. Molecular Characterization and Event-Specific Real-Time PCR Detection of Two Dissimilar Groups of Genetically Modified Petunia ( Petunia x hybrida) Sold on the Market. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1047. [PMID: 32760413 PMCID: PMC7372090 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Petunia plants with unusual orange flowers were noticed on the European market and confirmed to be genetically modified (GM) by the Finnish authorities in spring 2017. Later in 2017, inspections and controls performed by several official laboratories of national competent authorities in the European Union detected several GM petunia varieties with orange flowers, but also another group of unusually colored flowers. In the latter group, a so far undetected gene coding for a flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase (F3'5'H) responsible for the purple color was identified by German and Dutch authorities, suggesting that the petunias found on the markets contain different genetic constructs. Here, a strategy is described for the identification of GM petunia varieties. It is based on an initial GMO screening for known elements using (real-time) PCR and subsequent identification of the insertion sites by a gene walking-like approach called ALF (amplification of linearly-enriched fragments) in combination with Sanger and MinION sequencing. The results indicate that the positively identified GM petunias can be traced back to two dissimilar GM events used for breeding of the different varieties. The test results also confirm that the transgenic petunia event RL01-17 used in the first German field trial in 1991 is not the origin of the GM petunias sold on the market. On basis of the obtained sequence data, event-specific real-time PCR confirmatory methods were developed and validated. These methods are applicable for the rapid detection and identification of GM petunias in routine analysis. In addition, a decision support system was developed for revealing the most likely origin of the GM petunia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M. Voorhuijzen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Theo W. Prins
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anke Belter
- Saxony-Anhalt Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | - Jeroen P. van Dijk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ottmar Goerlich
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Esther J. Kok
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Pickel
- Agricultural Analytic and Research Institute, Speyer, Germany
| | - Ingrid M. J. Scholtens
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Stolz
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Grohmann
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lutz Grohmann,
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3
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Grantina-Ievina L, Ievina B, Evelone V, Berga S, Kovalcuka L, Bergspica I, Jakovele A, Malisevs A, Valcina O, Rodze I, Rostoks N. Potential risk evaluation for unintended entry of genetically modified plant Propagating material in Europe through import of seeds and animal feed - the experience of Latvia. GM CROPS & FOOD 2019; 10:159-169. [PMID: 31272330 PMCID: PMC6748357 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2019.1638721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Significant attention has been drawn to the adventitious and technically unavoidable presence of genetically modified (GM) organisms in the food and feed imported into the European Union (EU), while the potential presence of GM seeds in material for cultivation is less studied. Here we report a study from an EU member state, Latvia, during years 2017-2018 regarding monitoring for the presence of GM seeds in certified seed and animal feed material. Eighty-two and 28 samples of seeds intended for cultivation were analyzed in 2017 and 2018, respectively. One soybean sample contained MON40-3-2 soybean seeds (0.09 ± 0.01%) and one maize sample contained MON810 maize seeds (0.08 ± 0.01%). In addition, 102 samples of feed imported from outside of the EU or produced locally were also analyzed for the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and viability of grains. One oilseed rape cake sample contained GT73 (1.04 ± 0.01%) and one soybean cake sample contained MON40-3-2 (<0.045%). One sample of declared MON40-3-2 GM soybean cake was confirmed to be positive, with MON40-3-2 content of 94.78 ± 10.01%. One soybean sample submitted by feed producer and originating from Argentina contained 54.9 ± 1.1% of MON40-3-2 and one rapeseed sample originating from Ukraine contained 5.30 ± 3.95% of GT73. Although only two seed samples contained low levels of GMOs authorized in the EU for food and feed uses, this study reinforced the need to maintain regular monitoring programs that assist farmers in their efforts to comply with the current EU GMO legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baiba Ievina
- Department of Plant quarantine, State Plant Protection Service, Riga, Latvia
| | - Velta Evelone
- Seed Control Department, State Plant Protection Service, Riga, Latvia
| | - Solvita Berga
- Seed Control Department, State Plant Protection Service, Riga, Latvia
| | - Lilija Kovalcuka
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ieva Bergspica
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
| | - Alise Jakovele
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
| | - Artjoms Malisevs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
| | - Olga Valcina
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ieva Rodze
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
| | - Nils Rostoks
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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4
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Kok EJ, Glandorf DC, Prins TW, Visser RG. Food and environmental safety assessment of new plant varieties after the European Court decision: Process-triggered or product-based? Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Arulandhu AJ, van Dijk J, Staats M, Hagelaar R, Voorhuijzen M, Molenaar B, van Hoof R, Li R, Yang L, Shi J, Scholtens I, Kok E. NGS-based amplicon sequencing approach; towards a new era in GMO screening and detection. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Arulandhu AJ, Staats M, Hagelaar R, Voorhuijzen MM, Prins TW, Scholtens I, Costessi A, Duijsings D, Rechenmann F, Gaspar FB, Barreto Crespo MT, Holst-Jensen A, Birck M, Burns M, Haynes E, Hochegger R, Klingl A, Lundberg L, Natale C, Niekamp H, Perri E, Barbante A, Rosec JP, Seyfarth R, Sovová T, Van Moorleghem C, van Ruth S, Peelen T, Kok E. Development and validation of a multi-locus DNA metabarcoding method to identify endangered species in complex samples. Gigascience 2018; 6:1-18. [PMID: 29020743 PMCID: PMC5632295 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA metabarcoding provides great potential for species identification in complex samples such as food supplements and traditional medicines. Such a method would aid Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) enforcement officers to combat wildlife crime by preventing illegal trade of endangered plant and animal species. The objective of this research was to develop a multi-locus DNA metabarcoding method for forensic wildlife species identification and to evaluate the applicability and reproducibility of this approach across different laboratories. A DNA metabarcoding method was developed that makes use of 12 DNA barcode markers that have demonstrated universal applicability across a wide range of plant and animal taxa and that facilitate the identification of species in samples containing degraded DNA. The DNA metabarcoding method was developed based on Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing of well-defined experimental mixtures, for which a bioinformatics pipeline with user-friendly web-interface was developed. The performance of the DNA metabarcoding method was assessed in an international validation trial by 16 laboratories, in which the method was found to be highly reproducible and sensitive enough to identify species present in a mixture at 1% dry weight content. The advanced multi-locus DNA metabarcoding method assessed in this study provides reliable and detailed data on the composition of complex food products, including information on the presence of CITES-listed species. The method can provide improved resolution for species identification, while verifying species with multiple DNA barcodes contributes to an enhanced quality assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred J Arulandhu
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Staats
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rico Hagelaar
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen M Voorhuijzen
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo W Prins
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Scholtens
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Danny Duijsings
- Baseclear B. V, Einsteinweg 5, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - François Rechenmann
- GenoStar Bioinformatics Solutions, 60 rue Lavoisier, 38330 Montbonnot Saint Martin, France
| | - Frédéric B Gaspar
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Arne Holst-Jensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Birck
- U.S. Customs and Border Protection Laboratory, 1100 Raymond Blvd Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Malcolm Burns
- LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LY, UK
| | | | - Rupert Hochegger
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Spargelfeldstrasse 191, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Klingl
- Generalzolldirektion, Direktion IX, Bildungs- und Wissenschaftszentrum der Bundesfinanzverwaltung, Dienstort Hamburg, Baumacker 3, D-22523 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Lundberg
- Livsmedelsverket, Att. Lisa Lundberg, Strandbodgatan 4, SE 75323 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Natale
- AGENZIA DELLE DOGANE E DEI MONOPOLI, Laboratori e servizi chimici - Laboratorio Chimico di Genova, 16126 Genova, Via Rubattino n. 6, Italy
| | - Hauke Niekamp
- Eurofins GeneScan GmbH, Engesserstrasse 4 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Perri
- CREA-SCS sede di Tavazzano - Laboratorio via Emilia, Km 307, 26838 Tavazzano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Barbante
- CREA-SCS sede di Tavazzano - Laboratorio via Emilia, Km 307, 26838 Tavazzano, Italy
| | - Jean-Philippe Rosec
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, Laboratoire de Montpellier, Parc Euromédecine, 205 rue de la Croix Verte, 34196 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ralf Seyfarth
- Biolytix AG, Benkenstrasse 254, 4108 Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Tereza Sovová
- Crop Research Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Saskia van Ruth
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Peelen
- Dutch Customs Laboratory, Kingsfordweg 1, 1043 GN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Košir AB, Arulandhu AJ, Voorhuijzen MM, Xiao H, Hagelaar R, Staats M, Costessi A, Žel J, Kok EJ, Dijk JPV. ALF: a strategy for identification of unauthorized GMOs in complex mixtures by a GW-NGS method and dedicated bioinformatics analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14155. [PMID: 29074984 PMCID: PMC5658351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of feed products in industrialised countries contains materials derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In parallel, the number of reports of unauthorised GMOs (UGMOs) is gradually increasing. There is a lack of specific detection methods for UGMOs, due to the absence of detailed sequence information and reference materials. In this research, an adapted genome walking approach was developed, called ALF: Amplification of Linearly-enriched Fragments. Coupling of ALF to NGS aims for simultaneous detection and identification of all GMOs, including UGMOs, in one sample, in a single analysis. The ALF approach was assessed on a mixture made of DNA extracts from four reference materials, in an uneven distribution, mimicking a real life situation. The complete insert and genomic flanking regions were known for three of the included GMO events, while for MON15985 only partial sequence information was available. Combined with a known organisation of elements, this GMO served as a model for a UGMO. We successfully identified sequences matching with this organisation of elements serving as proof of principle for ALF as new UGMO detection strategy. Additionally, this study provides a first outline of an automated, web-based analysis pipeline for identification of UGMOs containing known GM elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bogožalec Košir
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alfred J Arulandhu
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hongmei Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Rico Hagelaar
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Staats
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jana Žel
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Nadal A, De Giacomo M, Einspanier R, Kleter G, Kok E, McFarland S, Onori R, Paris A, Toldrà M, van Dijk J, Wal JM, Pla M. Exposure of livestock to GM feeds: Detectability and measurement. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 117:13-35. [PMID: 28847764 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the possibilities to determine livestock consumption of genetically modified (GM) feeds/ingredients including detection of genetically modified organism (GMO)-related DNA or proteins in animal samples, and the documentary system that is in place for GM feeds under EU legislation. The presence and level of GMO-related DNA and proteins can generally be readily measured in feeds, using established analytical methods such as polymerase chain reaction and immuno-assays, respectively. Various technical challenges remain, such as the simultaneous detection of multiple GMOs and the identification of unauthorized GMOs for which incomplete data on the inserted DNA may exist. Given that transfer of specific GMO-related DNA or protein from consumed feed to the animal had seldom been observed, this cannot serve as an indicator of the individual animal's prior exposure to GM feeds. To explore whether common practices, information exchange and the specific GM feed traceability system in the EU would allow to record GM feed consumption, the dairy chain in Catalonia, where GM maize is widely grown, was taken as an example. It was thus found that this system would neither enable determination of an animal's consumption of specific GM crops, nor would it allow for quantitation of the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nadal
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marzia De Giacomo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gijs Kleter
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah McFarland
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberta Onori
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Paris
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR7245 MCAM, Paris, France
| | - Mònica Toldrà
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jeroen van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Paris, France
| | - Maria Pla
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain
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9
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Scholtens IMJ, Molenaar B, van Hoof RA, Zaaijer S, Prins TW, Kok EJ. Semiautomated TaqMan PCR screening of GMO labelled samples for (unauthorised) GMOs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3877-3889. [PMID: 28417173 PMCID: PMC5427157 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In most countries, systems are in place to analyse food products for the potential presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), to enforce labelling requirements and to screen for the potential presence of unauthorised GMOs. With the growing number of GMOs on the world market, a larger diversity of methods is required for informative analyses. In this paper, the specificity of an extended screening set consisting of 32 screening methods to identify different crop species (endogenous genes) and GMO elements was verified against 59 different GMO reference materials. In addition, a cost- and time-efficient strategy for DNA isolation, screening and identification is presented. A module for semiautomated analysis of the screening results and planning of subsequent event-specific tests for identification has been developed. The Excel-based module contains information on the experimentally verified specificity of the element methods and of the EU authorisation status of the GMO events. If a detected GMO element cannot be explained by any of the events as identified in the same sample, this may indicate the presence of an unknown unauthorised GMO that may not yet have been assessed for its safety for humans, animals or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M J Scholtens
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bonnie Molenaar
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A van Hoof
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Zaaijer
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo W Prins
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Novel TaqMan PCR screening methods for element cry3A and construct gat/T-pinII to support detection of both known and unknown GMOs. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Development of a screening method for the monitoring of 38 genetically modified maize events in food and feed in South Korea. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Bohanec M, Boshkoska BM, Prins TW, Kok EJ. SIGMO: A decision support System for Identification of genetically modified food or feed products. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Grohmann L, Belter A, Speck B, Goerlich O, Guertler P, Angers-Loustau A, Patak A. Screening for six genetically modified soybean lines by an event-specific multiplex PCR method: Collaborative trial validation of a novel approach for GMO detection. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-016-1056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Zeljenková D, Aláčová R, Ondrejková J, Ambrušová K, Bartušová M, Kebis A, Kovrižnych J, Rollerová E, Szabová E, Wimmerová S, Černák M, Krivošíková Z, Kuricová M, Líšková A, Spustová V, Tulinská J, Levkut M, Révajová V, Ševčíková Z, Schmidt K, Schmidtke J, Schmidt P, La Paz JL, Corujo M, Pla M, Kleter GA, Kok EJ, Sharbati J, Bohmer M, Bohmer N, Einspanier R, Adel-Patient K, Spök A, Pöting A, Kohl C, Wilhelm R, Schiemann J, Steinberg P. One-year oral toxicity study on a genetically modified maize MON810 variety in Wistar Han RCC rats (EU 7th Framework Programme project GRACE). Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2531-62. [PMID: 27439414 PMCID: PMC5043003 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The GRACE (GMO Risk Assessment and Communication of Evidence; www.grace-fp7.eu ) project was funded by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Programme. A key objective of GRACE was to conduct 90-day animal feeding trials, animal studies with an extended time frame as well as analytical, in vitro and in silico studies on genetically modified (GM) maize in order to comparatively evaluate their use in GM plant risk assessment. In the present study, the results of a 1-year feeding trial with a GM maize MON810 variety, its near-isogenic non-GM comparator and an additional conventional maize variety are presented. The feeding trials were performed by taking into account the guidance for such studies published by the EFSA Scientific Committee in 2011 and the OECD Test Guideline 452. The results obtained show that the MON810 maize at a level of up to 33 % in the diet did not induce adverse effects in male and female Wistar Han RCC rats after a chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Zeljenková
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radka Aláčová
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Júlia Ondrejková
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Ambrušová
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Bartušová
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Kebis
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jevgenij Kovrižnych
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Rollerová
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elena Szabová
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Wimmerová
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Černák
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zora Krivošíková
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Kuricová
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Aurélia Líšková
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viera Spustová
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Tulinská
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mikuláš Levkut
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice and TOPALAB, Kamenicna 7, 01015, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Viera Révajová
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice and TOPALAB, Kamenicna 7, 01015, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Ševčíková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice and TOPALAB, Kamenicna 7, 01015, Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Jörg Schmidtke
- BioMath GmbH, Schnickmannstr. 4, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Paul Schmidt
- BioMath GmbH, Schnickmannstr. 4, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jose Luis La Paz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Corujo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pla
- Universitat de Girona (UDG), Edifici EPS1, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Gijs A Kleter
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jutta Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Bohmer
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Bohmer
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- INRA, UR496 Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA/IBiTeC-S/SPI, CEA de Saclay, 91191, Gif Sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Armin Spök
- IFZ-Inter-University Research Centre for Technology, Work and Culture (IFZ), Schlögelgasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Annette Pöting
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kohl
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wilhelm
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Schiemann
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Prins TW, Scholtens IMJ, Bak AW, van Dijk JP, Voorhuijzen MM, Laurensse EJ, Kok EJ. A case study to determine the geographical origin of unknown GM papaya in routine food sample analysis, followed by identification of papaya events 16-0-1 and 18-2-4. Food Chem 2016; 213:536-544. [PMID: 27451215 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During routine monitoring for GMOs in food in the Netherlands, papaya-containing food supplements were found positive for the genetically modified (GM) elements P-35S and T-nos. The goal of this study was to identify the unknown and EU unauthorised GM papaya event(s). A screening strategy was applied using additional GM screening elements including a newly developed PRSV coat protein PCR. The detected PRSV coat protein PCR product was sequenced and the nucleotide sequence showed identity to PRSV YK strains indigenous to China and Taiwan. The GM events 16-0-1 and 18-2-4 could be identified by amplifying and sequencing events-specific sequences. Further analyses showed that both papaya event 16-0-1 and event 18-2-4 were transformed with the same construct. For use in routine analysis, derived TaqMan qPCR methods for events 16-0-1 and 18-2-4 were developed. Event 16-0-1 was detected in all samples tested whereas event 18-2-4 was detected in one sample. This study presents a strategy for combining information from different sources (literature, patent databases) and novel sequence data to identify unknown GM papaya events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo W Prins
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Ingrid M J Scholtens
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Arno W Bak
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Akkermaalsbos 4, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen P van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Marleen M Voorhuijzen
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Emile J Laurensse
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Catharijnesingel 59, 3511GG Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands.
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16
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Holst-Jensen A, Spilsberg B, Arulandhu AJ, Kok E, Shi J, Zel J. Application of whole genome shotgun sequencing for detection and characterization of genetically modified organisms and derived products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4595-614. [PMID: 27100228 PMCID: PMC4909802 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of high-throughput, massive or next-generation sequencing technologies has created a completely new foundation for molecular analyses. Various selective enrichment processes are commonly applied to facilitate detection of predefined (known) targets. Such approaches, however, inevitably introduce a bias and are prone to miss unknown targets. Here we review the application of high-throughput sequencing technologies and the preparation of fit-for-purpose whole genome shotgun sequencing libraries for the detection and characterization of genetically modified and derived products. The potential impact of these new sequencing technologies for the characterization, breeding selection, risk assessment, and traceability of genetically modified organisms and genetically modified products is yet to be fully acknowledged. The published literature is reviewed, and the prospects for future developments and use of the new sequencing technologies for these purposes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Holst-Jensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Spilsberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfred J Arulandhu
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kok
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jana Zel
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Rosa SF, Gatto F, Angers-Loustau A, Petrillo M, Kreysa J, Querci M. Development and applicability of a ready-to-use PCR system for GMO screening. Food Chem 2016; 201:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Arulandhu AJ, van Dijk JP, Dobnik D, Holst-Jensen A, Shi J, Zel J, Kok EJ. DNA enrichment approaches to identify unauthorized genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4575-93. [PMID: 27086015 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the increased global production of different genetically modified (GM) plant varieties, chances increase that unauthorized GM organisms (UGMOs) may enter the food chain. At the same time, the detection of UGMOs is a challenging task because of the limited sequence information that will generally be available. PCR-based methods are available to detect and quantify known UGMOs in specific cases. If this approach is not feasible, DNA enrichment of the unknown adjacent sequences of known GMO elements is one way to detect the presence of UGMOs in a food or feed product. These enrichment approaches are also known as chromosome walking or gene walking (GW). In recent years, enrichment approaches have been coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and implemented in, amongst others, the medical and microbiological fields. The present review will provide an overview of these approaches and an evaluation of their applicability in the identification of UGMOs in complex food or feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred J Arulandhu
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Dobnik
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Arne Holst-Jensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Center for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Life Sciences Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jana Zel
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Multiplex PCR system to track authorized and unauthorized genetically modified soybean events in food and feed. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Treml D, Venturelli GL, Brod FCA, Faria JC, Arisi ACM. Development of an event-specific hydrolysis probe quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for Embrapa 5.1 genetically modified common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11994-12000. [PMID: 25437743 DOI: 10.1021/jf503928m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A genetically modified (GM) common bean event, namely Embrapa 5.1, resistant to the bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), was approved for commercialization in Brazil. Brazilian regulation for genetically modified organism (GMO) labeling requires that any food containing more than 1% GMO be labeled. The event-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been the primary trend for GMO identification and quantitation because of its high specificity based on the flanking sequence. This work reports the development of an event-specific assay, named FGM, for Embrapa 5.1 detection and quantitation by use of SYBR Green or hydrolysis probe. The FGM assay specificity was tested for Embrapa 2.3 event (a noncommercial GM common bean also resistant to BGMV), 46 non-GM common bean varieties, and other crop species including maize, GM maize, soybean, and GM soybean. The FGM assay showed high specificity to detect the Embrapa 5.1 event. Standard curves for the FGM assay presented a mean efficiency of 95% and a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 genome copies in the presence of background DNA. The primers and probe developed are suitable for the detection and quantitation of Embrapa 5.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Treml
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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21
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Direct extraction of genomic DNA from maize with aqueous ionic liquid buffer systems for applications in genetically modified organisms analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7773-84. [PMID: 25381609 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To date, the extraction of genomic DNA is considered a bottleneck in the process of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) detection. Conventional DNA isolation methods are associated with long extraction times and multiple pipetting and centrifugation steps, which makes the entire procedure not only tedious and complicated but also prone to sample cross-contamination. In recent times, ionic liquids have emerged as innovative solvents for biomass processing, due to their outstanding properties for dissolution of biomass and biopolymers. In this study, a novel, easily applicable, and time-efficient method for the direct extraction of genomic DNA from biomass based on aqueous-ionic liquid solutions was developed. The straightforward protocol relies on extraction of maize in a 10 % solution of ionic liquids in aqueous phosphate buffer for 5 min at room temperature, followed by a denaturation step at 95 °C for 10 min and a simple filtration to remove residual biopolymers. A set of 22 ionic liquids was tested in a buffer system and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate, as well as the environmentally benign choline formate, were identified as ideal candidates. With this strategy, the quality of the genomic DNA extracted was significantly improved and the extraction protocol was notably simplified compared with a well-established method.
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22
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Venturelli GL, Brod FCA, Rossi GB, Zimmermann NF, Oliveira JP, Faria JC, Arisi ACM. A Specific Endogenous Reference for Genetically Modified Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) DNA Quantification by Real-Time PCR Targeting Lectin Gene. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:1060-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Zahradnik C, Kolm C, Martzy R, Mach RL, Krska R, Farnleitner AH, Brunner K. Detection of the 35S promoter in transgenic maize via various isothermal amplification techniques: a practical approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6835-42. [PMID: 24880871 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2003 the European Commission introduced a 0.9% threshold for food and feed products containing genetically modified organism (GMO)-derived components. For commodities containing GMO contents higher than this threshold, labelling is mandatory. To provide a DNA-based rapid and simple detection method suitable for high-throughput screening of GMOs, several isothermal amplification approaches for the 35S promoter were tested: strand displacement amplification, nicking-enzyme amplification reaction, rolling circle amplification, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and helicase-dependent amplification (HDA). The assays developed were tested for specificity in order to distinguish between samples containing genetically modified (GM) maize and non-GM maize. For those assays capable of this discrimination, tests were performed to determine the lower limit of detection. A false-negative rate was determined to rule out whether GMO-positive samples were incorrectly classified as GMO-negative. A robustness test was performed to show reliable detection independent from the instrument used for amplification. The analysis of three GM maize lines showed that only LAMP and HDA were able to differentiate between the GMOs MON810, NK603, and Bt11 and non-GM maize. Furthermore, with the HDA assay it was possible to realize a detection limit as low as 0.5%. A false-negative rate of only 5% for 1% GM maize for all three maize lines shows that HDA has the potential to be used as an alternative strategy for the detection of transgenic maize. All results obtained with the LAMP and HDA assays were compared with the results obtained with a previously reported real-time PCR assay for the 35S promoter in transgenic maize. This study presents two new screening assays for detection of the 35S promoter in transgenic maize by applying the isothermal amplification approaches HDA and LAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Zahradnik
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Center for Analytical Chemistry, IFA-Tulln, Vienna University of Technology, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
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