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Garavito-Duarte YR, Levesque CL, Herrick K, Perez-Palencia JY. Nutritional value of high protein ingredients fed to growing pigs in comparison to commonly used protein sources in swine diets. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad135. [PMID: 37119202 PMCID: PMC10195198 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that two high protein dried distillers with solubles and yeast mass added (GDDY) products fed to growing pigs had comparable amino acid (AA) digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) to feeds commonly used in swine diets. In experiment 1, seven barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 25 ± 0.8 kg were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum to allow for digesta collection. Experimental diets were N-free diets and six cornstarch-based diets containing six ingredients as the sole source of AA: spray dried GDDY, ring dried GDDY, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), soybean meal (SBM), enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM), and fish meal (FM) provided at 4% of BW. The experiment was conducted as a 7 × 7 Latin square design with seven collection periods of 7 d (5 d adaptation and 2 d ileal digesta collection). In experiment 2, a total of 28 barrows (28.8 ± 1.4 kg BW) were used in a two-period switch-back design with seven diets and four replicate pigs in each period (n = 8 reps per diet). Experimental diets were a corn-based basal diet and six corn-based diets containing spray dried GDDY, ring dried GDDY, DDGS, SBM, ESBM, and FM. Fecal and urine samples were collected using the marker-to-marker approach for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation to determine ME concentration. Overall, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values were within the mean ± SD of NRC (2012) values for all ingredients evaluated. The SID of AA was greater (P < 0.05) in ESBM than the other protein feedstuffs (90.09% vs. 78.71%-81.51%). There were no significant differences in SID of AA (P > 0.05) in SBM, FM, spray dried GDDY, and ring dried GDDY (81.49%, 78.71%, 81.52%, and 79.20%). With respect to the most common first limiting AA for swine, the SID of Lys was greater (P < 0.05) in spray dried GDDY than ring dried GDDY and DDGS (83.56% vs. 77.33% and 68.53%, respectively). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) for ME in corn (3,313 kcal/kg), ESBM (3,323 kcal/kg), and FM (3,454 kcal/kg) when compared with spray dried GDDY and ring dried GDDY (3,995 and 3,442 kcal/kg respectively). However, spray dried GDDY had greater DE and ME when compared to SBM. Collectively, this study demonstrates that GDDY products have an AA profile and digestibility comparable to SBM; ME in GDDY products is not different from corn. Therefore, GDDY has the potential as a feed ingredient for pigs, which could provide an alternative source of protein and energy in swine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Kevin Herrick
- Technical Services Department, POET Nutrition, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
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Sharma S, Pradhan R, Manickavasagan A, Thimmanagari M, Dutta A. Corn distillers solubles as a novel bioresource of bioactive peptides with ACE and DPP IV inhibition activity: characterization, in silico evaluation, and molecular docking. Food Funct 2022; 13:8179-8203. [PMID: 35829682 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the biological potential of underutilized and low-value corn distillers solubles, containing a unique unexplored blend of heat-treated corn and yeast proteins, from the bioethanol industries, by bioinformatic and biochemical approaches. Protein hydrolysates were produced by applying four commercially accessible proteases, among which alcalase provided the best results in terms of yield, degree of hydrolysis, molecular weight, number of proteins, bioactive peptides, and deactivation against anti-angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and anti-dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). The optimal conditions to produce anti-ACE and anti-DPP IV peptides were using alcalase for 10.82 h and an enzyme : substrate ratio of 7.90 (%w/w), with inhibition values for ACE and DPP IV of 98.76 ± 1.28% and 34.99 ± 1.44%, respectively. Corn (α-zein) and yeast (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) proteins were mainly suitable, upon enzymolysis, for the release of bioactive peptides. The peptides DPANLPWG, FDFFDNIN, WNGPPGVF, and TPPFHLPPP inhibited ACE more effectively as verified with binding energies of -11.3, -11.6, -10.5, and -11.6 kcal mol-1, respectively, as compared to captopril (-6.38 kcal mol-1). Compared with the binding energy of sitagliptin (-8.6 kcal mol-1), WNGPPGVF (-9.6 kcal mol-1), WPLPPFG (-9.8 kcal mol-1), LPPYLPS (-9.7 kcal mol-1), TPPFHLPPP (-10.1 kcal mol-1), and DPANLPWG peptides (-10.1 kcal mol-1) had greater inhibition potential against DPP IV. The peptides impeded ACE and DPP IV majorly via hydrophobic and hydrogen linkage interactions. The key amino acids TYR523, GLU384, and HIS353 were bound to the catalytic sites of ACE and GLN553, GLU206, PHE364, VAL303, and THR304 were bound to the DPP IV enzyme. The PHs can be used as ingredients in the feed or food industries with possible health advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Sharma
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Ranjan Pradhan
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. .,Shrimp Canada, 67 Watson Rd. S (Unit-2), Guelph, Ontario, N1L 1 E3, Canada
| | | | - Mahendra Thimmanagari
- Food and Rural Affairs, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Stone Road West, Guelph N1G 4Y1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Animesh Dutta
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Sharma S, Pradhan R, Manickavasagan A, Thimmanagari M, Dutta A. Evaluation of nitrogenous pyrolysates by Py–GC/MS for impacts of different proteolytic enzymes on corn distillers solubles. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Application of analytical pyrolysis to gain insights into proteins of condensed corn distillers solubles from selective milling technology. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tse TJ, Shen J, Shim YY, Reaney MJT. Changes in Bacterial Populations and Their Metabolism over 90 Sequential Cultures on Wheat-Based Thin Stillage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4717-4729. [PMID: 32138511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wheat-based thin stillage (W-TS) is a liquid co-product of wheat fermentation for ethanol production, which typically contains substantial amounts of glycerol. Two-stage fermentation, via endemic microorganisms, can be used in processes to convert this compound to more valuable products and simplify the enrichment process through the clarification of the medium and concentration of particles as a protein-rich concentrate. We recultured bacteria 90 times (72 h at 37 °C) on fresh W-TS to determine the stability of the culture and metabolic processes. Next-generation sequencing of W-TS revealed the presence of a predominant Lactobacillus community that rapidly displaced competing microorganisms (e.g., Pediococcus) in subsequent fermentations. These organisms produced bacteriocins (e.g., helveticin J, interpreted through the presence of bacteriocin genes) and acidified the fermentation broth (through the production of succinic acid: 1.7 g/L, lactic acid: 1.8 g/L, and acetic acid: 4.1 g/L). Furthermore, the microbial community produced cobalamin (inferred through sequencing) and converted glycerol (10 g/L reduced to 3.5 g/L after 72 h) to 1,3-propanediol (6.1 g/L after 72 h). Altogether, Lactobacilli were identified as the predominant endemic microorganisms in W-TS after the first 10 cultures. The community was stable and provided a novel approach to increase the value of organic solutes in W-TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Ratanapariyanuch K, Shim YY, Emami S, Reaney MJT. Production of Protein Concentrate and 1,3-Propanediol by Wheat-Based Thin Stillage Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3858-3867. [PMID: 28453269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fermentation of wheat with yeast produces thin stillage (W-TS) and distiller's wet grains. A subsequent fermentation of W-TS (two-stage fermentation, TSF) with endemic bacteria at 25 and 37 °C decreased glycerol and lactic acid concentrations, while 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) and acetic acid accumulated with greater 1,3-PD and acetic acid produced at 37 °C. During TSF, W-TS colloids coagulated and floated in the fermentation medium producing separable liquid and slurry fractions. The predominant endemic bacteria in W-TS were Lactobacillus panis, L. gallinarum, and L. helveticus, and this makeup did not change substantially as fermentation progressed. As nutrients were exhausted, floating particles precipitated. Protein contents of slurry and clarified liquid increased and decreased, respectively, as TSF progressed. The liquid was easily filtered through an ultrafiltration membrane. These results suggested that TSF is a novel method for W-TS clarification and production of protein concentrates and 1,3-PD from W-TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornsulee Ratanapariyanuch
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Incorporated, 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Shahram Emami
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Incorporated, 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Liu K. Fractionation of Condensed Distillers Solubles and Compositional Characterization of Its Co-Products. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ratanapariyanuch K, Shim YY, Reaney MJT. Conversion of Thin Stillage Compounds Using Endemic Bacteria Augmented with Lactobacillus panis PM1B. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7940-7948. [PMID: 27696845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A consortium of organisms, endemic in wheat-based thin stillage (W-TS), obtained from a commercial ethanol production converts glycerol to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) and lactic acid to acetic acid. We sought to improve conditions for 1,3-PD and acetic acid production to be used in future studies of industrial isolation of these compounds from two-stage fermentation. Occasionally, stillage fermentation proceeded slowly, but an inoculum of Lactobacillus panis PM1B augmented both fermentation rate and extent. Fermentation rate and product yield were enhanced by adjusting pH to 5 daily and adding glucose and glycerol (molar ratio 0.1:1), freeze-dried W-TS, and vitamins (B2, B3, and B12). 1,3-PD and 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) did not inhibit 1,3-PD production during fermentation. Moreover, agitation did not improve fermentation rate or extent. Corn sugar was a suitable substitute for glucose. Fermentation was performed at both 20 and 150 L with 1,3-PD production of 2% (w/v, 20 g/L) being routinely achieved or exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornsulee Ratanapariyanuch
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc. , 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc. , 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Techno-Economic Analysis of Integrating First and Second-Generation Ethanol Production Using Filamentous Fungi: An Industrial Case Study. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9050359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Drum drying performance of condensed distillers solubles and comparison to that of physically modified condensed distillers solubles. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Impacts of retrofitting analysis on first generation ethanol production: process design and techno-economics. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:389-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Welker TL, Lim C, Barrows FT, Liu K. Use of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in rainbow trout feeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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