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Cao D, Heughebaert L, Boffel L, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Simultaneous quantification of seven B vitamins from wheat grains using UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2024; 453:139667. [PMID: 38776794 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
B-group vitamins are important micronutrients for maintaining human health; nevertheless, B vitamin deficiency is a globally widespread issue. Thus, it is relevant to accurately assess the B-vitamin content in staple crop products such as wheat grains. Here, we developed a multi-enzyme extraction method allowing accurate quantification of seven B vitamins in wheat using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Free forms of thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7) and folates (B9) were determined with recoveries ranging from 81 to 118% and accuracy below 15% bias. The precision was below 20% relative standard deviation and the internal standards adequately compensated for matrix effects. The method was applied to determine the B vitamin stabilities in wheat grains stored at different temperatures and periods. The results provide an important basis in future studies aiming at understanding nutritional availability of B vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Cao
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Liesl Heughebaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Laura Boffel
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Wan X, Han LD, Yang M, Zhang HY, Zhang CY, Hu P. Simultaneous extraction and determination of mono-/polyglutamyl folates using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its applications in starchy crops. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2891-2904. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gorelova V, Ambach L, Rébeillé F, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Folates in Plants: Research Advances and Progress in Crop Biofortification. Front Chem 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28424769 PMCID: PMC5372827 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates, also known as B9 vitamins, serve as donors and acceptors in one-carbon (C1) transfer reactions. The latter are involved in synthesis of many important biomolecules, such as amino acids, nucleic acids and vitamin B5. Folates also play a central role in the methyl cycle that provides one-carbon groups for methylation reactions. The important functions fulfilled by folates make them essential in all living organisms. Plants, being able to synthesize folates de novo, serve as an excellent dietary source of folates for animals that lack the respective biosynthetic pathway. Unfortunately, the most important staple crops such as rice, potato and maize are rather poor sources of folates. Insufficient folate consumption is known to cause severe developmental disorders in humans. Two approaches are employed to fight folate deficiency: pharmacological supplementation in the form of folate pills and biofortification of staple crops. As the former approach is considered rather costly for the major part of the world population, biofortification of staple crops is viewed as a decent alternative in the struggle against folate deficiency. Therefore, strategies, challenges and recent progress of folate enhancement in plants will be addressed in this review. Apart from the ever-growing need for the enhancement of nutritional quality of crops, the world population faces climate change catastrophes or environmental stresses, such as elevated temperatures, drought, salinity that severely affect growth and productivity of crops. Due to immense diversity of their biochemical functions, folates take part in virtually every aspect of plant physiology. Any disturbance to the plant folate metabolism leads to severe growth inhibition and, as a consequence, to a lower productivity. Whereas today's knowledge of folate biochemistry can be considered very profound, evidence on the physiological roles of folates in plants only starts to emerge. In the current review we will discuss the implication of folates in various aspects of plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Lars Ambach
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-GrenobleGrenoble, France
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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5
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Saini RK, Nile SH, Keum YS. Folates: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, biofortification and bioavailability. Food Res Int 2016; 89:1-13. [PMID: 28460896 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Folates (Vitamin B9) include both naturally occurring folates and synthetic folic acid used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Folate deficiency causes severe abnormalities in one-carbon metabolism can result chronic diseases and developmental disorders, including neural tube defects. Mammalian cells cannot synthesize folates de novo; therefore, diet and dietary supplements are the only way to attain daily folate requirements. In the last decade, significant advancements have been made to enhance the folate content of rice, tomato, common bean and lettuce by using genetic engineering approaches. Strategies have been developed to improve the stability of folate pool in plants. Folate deglutamylation through food processing and thermal treatment has the potential to enhance the bioavailability of folate. This review highlights the recent developments in biosynthesis, composition, bioavailability, enhanced production by elicitation and metabolic engineering, and methods of analysis of folate in food. Additionally, future perspectives in this context are identified. Detailed knowledge of folate biosynthesis, degradation and salvage are the prime requirements to efficiently engineer the plants for the enhancement of overall folate content. Similarly, consumption of a folate-rich diet with enhanced bioavailability is the best way to maintain optimum folate levels in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Characterization of nutritionally important phytoconstituents in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruits by HPLC–DAD and GC–MS. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-016-9378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Degradation and interconversion of plant pteridines during sample preparation and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 194:1189-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Delchier N, Herbig AL, Rychlik M, Renard CMGC. Folates in Fruits and Vegetables: Contents, Processing, and Stability. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:506-528. [PMID: 33401816 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Folates play a key role in human one-carbon metabolism and are provided by food. It is well established that folates are beneficial in the prevention of neural tube defects and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Fruits and vegetables, and especially green vegetables, are the main sources of folates. In parallel, fruits and vegetables, with high contents of folates, are mostly consumed after processing, such as, canning, freezing, or home-cooking, which involve folate losses during their preparation. Hence, it is important to know the percentage of folate losses during processing and, moreover, the mechanisms underlying those losses. The current knowledge on folate losses from fruit and vegetables are presented in this review. They depend on the nature of the respective fruit or vegetable and the respective treatment. For example, steaming involves almost no folate losses in contrast to boiling. Two main mechanisms are involved in folate losses: (i) leaching into the surrounding liquid and (ii) oxidation during heat treatment, the latter of which depending on the nature of the vitamer considered. In this respect, a vitamer stability decreases in the order starting from folic acid followed by 5-HCO-H4 folate, 5-CH3 -H4 folate, and, finally, H4 folate. Further studies are required, especially on the diffusion of the vitamers in real foods and on the determination of folate degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delchier
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Univ. München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Herbig
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, F-84000, Avignon, France.,Univ. d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000, Avignon, France
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Univ. München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Catherine M G C Renard
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, F-84000, Avignon, France.,Univ. d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000, Avignon, France
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9
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Robinson BR, Sathuvalli V, Bamberg J, Goyer A. Exploring Folate Diversity in Wild and Primitive Potatoes for Modern Crop Improvement. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:1300-14. [PMID: 26670256 PMCID: PMC4690042 DOI: 10.3390/genes6041300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is one of the world’s largest health concerns. Folate (also known as vitamin B9) is essential in the human diet, and without adequate folate intake, several serious health concerns, such as congenital birth defects and an increased risk of stroke and heart disease, can occur. Most people’s folate intake remains sub-optimal, even in countries that have a folic acid food fortification program in place. Staple crops, such as potatoes, represent an appropriate organism for biofortification through traditional breeding based on their worldwide consumption and the fact that modern cultivars only contain about 6% of the daily recommended intake of folate. To start breeding potatoes with enhanced folate content, high folate potato material must be identified. In this study, 250 individual plants from 77 accessions and 10 Solanum species were screened for their folate content using a tri-enzyme extraction and microbial assay. There was a 10-fold range of folate concentrations among individuals. Certain individuals within the species Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum, Solanum vernei and Solanum boliviense have the potential to produce more than double the folate concentrations of commercial cultivars, such as Russet Burbank. Our results show that tapping into the genetic diversity of potato is a promising approach to increase the folate content of this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Robinson
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR 97838, USA.
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
| | - Vidyasagar Sathuvalli
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR 97838, USA.
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
| | - John Bamberg
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235, USA.
| | - Aymeric Goyer
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR 97838, USA.
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
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Kiekens F, Daele JV, Blancquaert D, Van Der Straeten D, Lambert WE, Stove CP. Determination of five folate monoglutamates in rodent diets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10089-10095. [PMID: 26501433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A method for the quantitative determination of folates in rodent diets is very important for correct interpretation of folate intake during feeding trials, given the possible discrepancy between the actual folate concentration in the diet and that mentioned on the product sheet. Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry is the method of choice to differentiate and quantify the individual folate species present. This discrepancy may be accounted for by, e.g., inaccurate folic acid supplementation and/or the presence of endogenous reduced and substituted folates. We developed a method, validated based on FDA guidelines, that allows the measurement of added and endogenous folates by quantitative determination of 5 folate monoglutamates with linear ranges from 8 μg to 2 mg/kg feed. This information, combined with feed intake data, allows insight into the actual folate intake in animal feeding studies. The relevance of this method was illustrated by the analysis of several feed samples of varying composition, by the investigation of the effect of casein incorporation, and by evaluating the variability of the folate content between pellets and production batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kiekens
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Daele
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Blancquaert
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent University , K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent University , K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Willy E Lambert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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11
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Blancquaert D, Van Daele J, Strobbe S, Kiekens F, Storozhenko S, De Steur H, Gellynck X, Lambert W, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Improving folate (vitamin B9) stability in biofortified rice through metabolic engineering. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1076-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Strandler HS, Patring J, Jägerstad M, Jastrebova J. Challenges in the determination of unsubstituted food folates: impact of stabilities and conversions on analytical results. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2367-2377. [PMID: 25642846 DOI: 10.1021/jf504987n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrofolate is the parent molecule of the folate coenzymes required for one carbon metabolism. Together with other unsubstituted folates such as dihydrofolate and folic acid, tetrahydrofolate represents the third pool of dietary folates following 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and formyl folates. Low intake of dietary folates and poor folate status are common problems in many countries. There is a critical need for reliable methods to determine folate in foods to accurately estimate folate intakes in populations. However, current values for folates in foods in databanks are often underestimated due to the high instability of several folate forms, especially tetrahydrofolate. The present review highlights the occurrence of unsubstituted folates in foods and their oxidation mechanisms and chemical behavior as well as interconversion reaction between tetrahydrofolate and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The review shows also the important role of antioxidants in protecting folates during analysis and describes strategies to stabilize unsubstituted folates throughout all steps of the analytical procedure.
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Tyagi K, Upadhyaya P, Sarma S, Tamboli V, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for profiling and quantitative analysis of folate monoglutamates in tomato. Food Chem 2015; 179:76-84. [PMID: 25722141 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Folates are essential micronutrients for animals as they play a major role in one carbon metabolism. Animals are unable to synthesize folates and obtain them from plant derived food. In the present study, a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the high throughput screening and quantitative analysis of folate monoglutamates in tomato fruits. For folate extraction, several parameters were optimized including extraction conditions, pH range, amount of tri-enzyme and boiling time. After processing the extract was purified using ultra-filtration with 10 kDa membrane filter. The ultra-filtered extract was chromatographed on a RP Luna C18 column using gradient elution program. The method was validated by determining linearity, sensitivity and recovery. This method was successfully applied to folate estimation in spinach, capsicum, and garden pea and demonstrated that this method offers a versatile approach for accurate and fast determination of different folate monoglutamates in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Tyagi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Pallawi Upadhyaya
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Supriya Sarma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Vajir Tamboli
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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