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Zhang X, Chen T, Li Z, Wang X, Bao H, Zhao C, Zhao X, Lu X, Xu G. Fine-Scale Characterization of Plant Diterpene Glycosides Using Energy-Resolved Untargeted LC-MS/MS Metabolomics Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:603-612. [PMID: 38391322 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant diterpene glycosides are essential for diverse physiological processes. Comprehensive structural characterization proved to be a challenge due to variations in glycosylation patterns, diverse aglycone structures, and the absence of comprehensive reference databases. In this study, a method for fine-scale characterization was proposed based on energy-resolved (ER) untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics analysis using steviol glycosides as a demonstration. Energy-dependent fragmentation patterns were unveiled by a series of model compounds. Distinct glycosylation sites were discerned by leveraging varying fragmentation energies for the precursor ions. The sugar moiety linkage at C19OOH (R1) exhibited facile and intact cleavage at low collision energies, while the sugar moiety at C13-OH (R2) demonstrated consecutive cleavage with increasing energy. Aglycone ions exhibited a higher relative intensity at NCE 50, with relative intensities ranging from 95% to 100%. Subsequently, aglycone candidates, R1 sugar composition, and R2 sugar sequence were deduced through ER-MS/MS analysis. The developed method was applied to Stevia rebaudiana leaves. A total of 91 diterpene glycosides were unambiguously identified, including 16 steviol glycosides with novel acetylglycosylation patterns. This method offers a rapid alternative for glycan analysis and the structural differentiation of isomers. The developed method enhances the understanding of diterpene glycosides in plants, providing a reliable tool for the in-depth characterization of complex metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqiong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zaifang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Han Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Tello E, Peterson DG. Impact of rebaudioside A degradation compounds on flavor perception. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113353. [PMID: 37803656 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Rebaudioside A, a sweet-tasting steviol glycoside, is known to degrade in food products during storage and thought to contribute to flavor instability. The impact of rebaudioside A degradation compounds on flavor perception was investigated. Sensory descriptive analysis indicated rebaudioside A degradation compounds, at concentrations below detection thresholds, modified the perception of taste, somatosensorial, and retronasal aroma attributes of a strawberry-flavored model beverage. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and orthonasal sensory tetrad tests further indicated the addition of the degradation compounds did not significantly alter the volatile aroma composition or orthonasal perception, respectively. Altogether, subthreshold unimodal and cross-modal integration of multisensory percepts were supported to impact the flavor performance of rebaudioside A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Parker Food Science & Technology Building, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Edisson Tello
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Parker Food Science & Technology Building, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Devin G Peterson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Parker Food Science & Technology Building, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Orellana-Paucar AM. Steviol Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana: An Updated Overview of Their Sweetening Activity, Pharmacological Properties, and Safety Aspects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031258. [PMID: 36770924 PMCID: PMC9920402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This literature-based review synthesizes the available scientific information about steviol glycosides as natural sweeteners and molecules with therapeutic potential. In addition, it discusses the safety concerns regarding human consumption. Steviol glycosides exhibit a superior sweetener proficiency to that of sucrose and are noncaloric, noncariogenic, and nonfermentative. Scientific evidence encourages stevioside and rebaudioside A as sweetener alternatives to sucrose and supports their use based on their absences of harmful effects on human health. Moreover, these active compounds isolated from Stevia rebaudiana possess interesting medicinal activities, including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiarrheal activity. The described bioactivities of steviol glycosides deserve special attention based on their dose dependence and specific pathological situations. Further clinical research is needed to understand underlying mechanisms of action, therapeutic indexes, and pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Monserrath Orellana-Paucar
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010204, Ecuador;
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Interdisciplinary Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010204, Ecuador
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4
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Yang S, Hou X, Deng Z, Yang L, Ping Q, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Rao Y. Improving the thermostability of glycosyltransferase YojK by targeting mutagenesis for highly efficient biosynthesis of rebaudioside D. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Raspe DT, da Silva C, da Costa SC. Pressurized liquid extraction of compounds from Stevia leaf: Evaluation of process variables and extract characterization. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guo B, Hou X, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Ping Q, Fu K, Yuan Z, Rao Y. Highly efficient production of rebaudioside D enabled by structure-guided engineering of bacterial glycosyltransferase YojK. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:985826. [PMID: 36091437 PMCID: PMC9452701 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.985826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to zero-calorie, high-intensity sweetness and good taste profile, the plant-derived sweetener rebaudioside D (Reb D) has attracted great interest to replace sugars. However, low content of Reb D in stevia rebaudiana Bertoni as well as low soluble expression and enzymatic activity of plant-derived glycosyltransferase in Reb D preparation restrict its commercial usage. To address these problems, a novel glycosyltransferase YojK from Bacillus subtilis 168 with the ability to glycosylate Reb A to produce Reb D was identified. Then, structure-guided engineering was performed after solving its crystal structure. A variant YojK-I241T/G327N with 7.35-fold increase of the catalytic activity was obtained, which allowed to produce Reb D on a scale preparation with a great yield of 91.29%. Moreover, based on the results from molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, the improvement of enzymatic activity of YojK-I241T/G327N was ascribed to the formation of new hydrogen bonds between the enzyme and substrate or uridine diphosphate glucose. Therefore, this study provides an engineered bacterial glycosyltransferase YojK-I241T/G327N with high solubility and catalytic efficiency for potential industrial scale-production of Reb D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qian Ping
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yijian Rao,
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Yu J, Tao Y, Pan H, Lin L, Sun J, Ma R, Li Y, Jia H. Mutation of Stevia glycosyltransferase UGT76G1 for efficient biotransformation of rebaudioside E into rebaudioside M. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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8
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Raspe DT, da Silva C, Cláudio da Costa S. Compounds from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves: An overview of non-conventional extraction methods and challenges. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Lee SY, Shaari K. LC-MS metabolomics analysis of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves cultivated in Malaysia in relation to different developmental stages. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:249-261. [PMID: 34490671 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stevia is known for its sweet taste, attributed to the presence of steviol glycosides. Although reports on the dynamic changes of steviol glycosides during development of stevia are available, the data are mainly focused on stevioside and rebaudioside A. Information concerning the comprehensive metabolite profile of stevia in relation to different developmental stages is still lacking. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the metabolite changes along the developmental stages of a local stevia cultivar. METHODOLOGY Stevia leaves were harvested at 4 different developmental stages (early vegetative, late vegetative, budding, and flowering). Samples were then subjected to LC-MS metabolomics analysis to determine the metabolite variations. RESULTS A total of 55 metabolites, comprising phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids were identified by MS/MS analysis of the stevia leaf extracts, revealing a metabolite profile which was comparatively similar with those of cultivars grown in other countries. PLS-DA differentiated the early vegetative stage stevia leaf samples from those of the later stages by higher content of phenolic acids. The leaf metabolomes of the later 3 stages (late vegetative, budding, and flowering) were collectively richer in flavonoids. Meanwhile, the content of steviol glycosides is highest during the late vegetative and budding stages. CONCLUSION The present study provided, for the first time, a general overview of the metabolite variations with regard to the different developmental stages of stevia. The information may facilitate decision making of suitable harvesting times for higher yields of steviol glycosides or a more balanced metabolite profile in terms of pharmacologically useful metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yee Lee
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
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10
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Descriptive Sensory Profile and Consumer Study Impact of Different Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on the Descriptive, Temporal Profile, and Consumer Acceptance in a Peach Juice Matrix. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020244. [PMID: 35053976 PMCID: PMC8775159 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of peach juice sweetened with sucrose, widely used non-nutritive sweeteners, the artificial sucralose, neotame blend, and the natural stevia extract with different rebaudioside A concentrations on the temporal and quantitative descriptive profile, and consumer acceptance of the beverage. The sensory profiling was determined by quantitative descriptive and time–intensity analyses. The results showed that the sweeteners neotame and sucralose present higher sweetening power, and the different rebaudioside A concentrations did not affect the sweetening power of the stevia extract. The samples sweetened with stevia with 40% and 95% of rebaudioside A were characterized by the sensory attributes bitter taste, bitter aftertaste, astringency, and black tea flavor, with a negative influence on the consumers’ acceptance. The different concentrations of rebaudioside A in stevia interfered substantially in the descriptors bitter taste and bitter aftertaste, showing that the higher the percentage of rebaudioside A, the lower bitterness of peach juice.
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Hollá M, Šatínský D, Švec F, Sklenářová H. UHPLC coupled with charged aerosol detector for rapid separation of steviol glycosides in commercial sweeteners and extract of Stevia rebaudiana. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114398. [PMID: 34626939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural sweeteners are in high demand as a part of a healthy lifestyle. Among them, sweeteners with decreased caloric value and suitability for diabetes patients are most requested. Extension in their consumption extends the need for their quality control. A fast gradient UHPLC coupled with charged aerosol detection enabling quantitation of stevioside, rebaudioside A-D, and steviolbioside in commercial sweeteners and Stevia rebaudiana plant extracts has been developed. The method was developed to achieve high efficiency, simplicity, versatility, and low solvent consumption. All steviol glycosides were baseline-separated in less than 4 min with a total run time of 7 min. Buffer-free eluents were used in the separations and only 2.45 mL solvent were needed per analysis. The Luna Omega Polar column featuring polar modification of the C18 stationary phase was employed with mobile phases composed of water and acetonitrile for the excellent separation of polar steviol glycosides. The flow rate of the mobile phase 0.35 mL/min, column temperature 50 °C and injection volume 2 µL were used. Critical pair of glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside A, were baseline separated with a resolution of 2.41. The universal charged aerosol detector allowed quantitation of steviol glycosides with a limit of detection and quantitation 0.15 and 0.5 µg/mL, respectively. Method intra-day precision was less than 2% (RSD), and the recovery was 89.6-105.0% and 93.8-111.4% for plant material and sweetener tablets, respectively. The quantity of steviol glycosides in three out of four commercial sweeteners was 3.0-12.3% higher than declared. The content was about 12.4% less than declared in one sample. But the difference from the labeled content corresponded to trueness and precision of the developed method together with variability of sweeteners production. The most abundant glycoside detected in sweeteners was stevioside followed by rebaudioside A. A leaf-to-stem ratio describing the dominant accumulation of steviol glycosides in leaves affected the differences in the amount of steviol glycosides among plant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Hollá
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Šatínský
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sklenářová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Abdallah SH, Mostafa NM, Mohamed MAEH, Nada AS, Singab ANB. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling and hepatoprotective activities of Stevia leaves extract, butanol fraction and stevioside against radiation-induced toxicity in rats. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5619-5625. [PMID: 34894905 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2015594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside is the major component of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves, family Asteraceae. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses of leaves total methanol extract (TEx) and standardized butanol fraction (BF, 113.5 mg stevioside/g) were performed herein, revealing steviol glycosides, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and sesquiterpenoids. Their hepatoprotective activities against radiation-induced toxicity were evaluated compared to pure stevioside. Rats pretreatment with stevioside, TEx, and BF orally for 7 days before subjection to 6.5 Gy whole-body-gamma-irradiation reversed histopathological damages; improved liver functions and restored depleted antioxidants. ALT and reduced-glutathione levels showed insignificant changes, compared to control, by (5.22%, 3.20%, 24.90%) and (-0.47%, -3.95%, -2.63%), respectively. Glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, and MDA levels were significantly ameliorated. Liver tissue molecular profiling showed reduction in elevated TNF-α by 23.83%, 29.06%, 28.34%, respectively, and in NF-kB and COX-2 expression levels via immunohistochemical study. BF showed better hepatoprotective activity than TEx which may be attributed to higher stevioside, flavonoids, and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherien H Abdallah
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Abd El Hameed Mohamed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Nada
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Chen M, Zeng X, Zhu Q, Wang D, Han S, Liang S, Lin Y. Effective synthesis of Rebaudioside A by whole-cell biocatalyst Pichia pastoris. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jang J, Kim SK, Guthrie B, Goddard WA. Synergic Effects in the Activation of the Sweet Receptor GPCR Heterodimer for Various Sweeteners Predicted Using Molecular Metadynamics Simulations. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12250-12261. [PMID: 34613740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sweet taste is elicited by activation of the TAS1R2/1R3 heterodimer G protein-coupled receptor. This is a therapeutic target for treatment of obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. Sweetener blends provide attractive strategies to lower the sugar level while preserving the attractive taste of food. To understand the synergic effect of various sweetener blend combinations of artificial and natural sweeteners, we carried out our molecular dynamics studies using predicted structures of the TAS1R2/1R3 heterodimer and predicted structures for the sweeteners. We used as a measure of activation the intracellular ionic lock distance between transmembrane helices 3 and 6 of TAS1R3. We find that full synergic combinations [rebaudioside A (Reb-A)/acesulfame K and Reb-A/sucralose] and partial synergic combinations (sucralose/acesulfame K) show significantly more negative changes in the free energy compared to single-ligand cases, while a pair known to be suppressive (saccharin and acesulfame K) shows significantly less changes than for the single-ligand case. This study provides an atomistic understanding of the mechanism for synergy and identifies new combinations of sweeteners to reduce the caloric content for treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewan Jang
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian Guthrie
- Cargill Global Core Research, Wayzata, Minnesota 55391, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Muñoz-Labrador A, Azcarate S, Lebrón-Aguilar R, Quintanilla-López JE, Galindo-Iranzo P, Kolida S, Methven L, Rastall RA, Moreno FJ, Hernandez-Hernandez O. Transglycosylation of Steviol Glycosides and Rebaudioside A: Synthesis Optimization, Structural Analysis and Sensory Profiles. Foods 2020; 9:E1753. [PMID: 33256263 PMCID: PMC7759977 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve flavor profiles, three cyclodextrin glucosyltransferases (CGTases) from different bacteriological sources, Paenibacillus macerans, Geobacillus sp. and Thermoanaerobacter sp., were used with an extract of steviol glycosides (SVglys) and rebaudioside A (RebA) as acceptor substrates in two parallel sets of reactions. A central composite experimental design was employed to maximize the concentration of glucosylated species synthesized, considering temperature, pH, time of reaction, enzymatic activity, maltodextrin concentration and SVglys/RebA concentration as experimental factors, together with their interactions. Liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector (LC-DAD), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were used to characterize and identify the chemical structures obtained along the optimization. To assess the impact on the sensory properties, a sensory analysis was carried out with a group of panelists that evaluated up to 16 sensorial attributes. CGTase transglucosylation of the C-13 and/or C-19 led to the addition of up to 11 glucose units to the steviol aglycone, which meant the achievement of enhanced sensory profiles due to a diminution of bitterness and licorice appreciations. The outcome herein obtained supposes the development of new potential alternatives to replace free sugars with low-calorie sweeteners with added health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñoz-Labrador
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (O.H.-H.)
| | - Silvana Azcarate
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA (C1425FQB), Argentina;
| | - Rosa Lebrón-Aguilar
- Institute of Physical Chemistry ‘Rocasolano’ (IQFR-CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-A.); (J.E.Q.-L.); (P.G.-I.)
| | - Jesús E. Quintanilla-López
- Institute of Physical Chemistry ‘Rocasolano’ (IQFR-CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-A.); (J.E.Q.-L.); (P.G.-I.)
| | - Plácido Galindo-Iranzo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry ‘Rocasolano’ (IQFR-CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-A.); (J.E.Q.-L.); (P.G.-I.)
| | - Sofia Kolida
- OptiBiotix Health PLC, Innovation Centre, Innovation Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DG, UK;
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (L.M.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Robert A. Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (L.M.); (R.A.R.)
| | - F. Javier Moreno
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (O.H.-H.)
| | - Oswaldo Hernandez-Hernandez
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (O.H.-H.)
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16
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Zhang S, Liu Q, Lyu C, Chen J, Xiao R, Chen J, Yang Y, Zhang H, Hou K, Wu W. Characterizing glycosyltransferases by a combination of sequencing platforms applied to the leaf tissues of Stevia rebaudiana. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:794. [PMID: 33187479 PMCID: PMC7664074 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is considered one of the most valuable plants because of the steviol glycosides (SGs) that can be extracted from its leaves. Glycosyltransferases (GTs), which can transfer sugar moieties from activated sugar donors onto saccharide and nonsaccharide acceptors, are widely distributed in the genome of S. rebaudiana and play important roles in the synthesis of steviol glycosides. Results Six stevia genotypes with significantly different concentrations of SGs were obtained by induction through various mutagenic methods, and the contents of seven glycosides (stevioboside, Reb B, ST, Reb A, Reb F, Reb D and Reb M) in their leaves were considerably different. Then, NGS and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing were combined to analyse leaf tissue from these six different genotypes to generate a full-length transcriptome of S. rebaudiana. Two phylogenetic trees of glycosyltransferases (SrUGTs) were constructed by the neighbour-joining method and successfully predicted the functions of SrUGTs involved in SG biosynthesis. With further insight into glycosyltransferases (SrUGTs) involved in SG biosynthesis, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method was used to characterize the relationships between SrUGTs and SGs, and forty-four potential SrUGTs were finally obtained, including SrUGT85C2, SrUGT74G1, SrUGT76G1 and SrUGT91D2, which have already been reported to be involved in the glucosylation of steviol glycosides, illustrating the reliability of our results. Conclusion Combined with the results obtained by previous studies and those of this work, we systematically characterized glycosyltransferases in S. rebaudiana and forty-four candidate SrUGTs involved in the glycosylation of steviol glucosides were obtained. Moreover, the full-length transcriptome obtained in this study will provide valuable support for further research investigating S. rebaudiana. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07195-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshan Zhang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chengcheng Lyu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jinsong Chen
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Renfeng Xiao
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jingtian Chen
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yunshu Yang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kai Hou
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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17
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Liu Z, Ren K, Feng Y, Uong T, Krepich S, You H. Rapid and Economic Determination of 13 Steviol Glycosides in Market-Available Food, Dietary Supplements, and Ingredients: Single-Laboratory Validation of an HPLC Method. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10142-10148. [PMID: 32790304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides, obtained from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (stevia) or produced via bioconversion and biosynthesis, are diterpenes used by the food/dietary supplement industry as zero-calorie sweeteners derived from natural sources. JECFA 2017 is the most updated international standardized method but it runs for 80 min per sample with suboptimal separations on several critical pairs for its high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) determination. We developed and validated a rapid and economic HPLC-UV method using the superficially porous particle column to determine 13 steviol glycosides (stevioside, dulcoside A, rubusoside, steviobioside, and rebaudioside A-F, I, M, and N). Baseline separation with a minimum resolution of 1.5 for 13 steviol glycosides was achieved within only 14 min of separation time. The hydrocarbon stationary phase with additional steric interactions from the isobutyl side chains on the C18 ligand was shown to be an important contributor to chromatographic selectivity of several critical pairs of steviol glycosides. The method was proven to perform suitably on columns from three different manufacturers and two HPLC instruments. The method was further used to perform a single-lab validation on eight food and supplement products with multiple matrices. The results ranged from 0.05% w/w rebaudioside A for a hard-candy finished product to 100.8% w/w purity for a rebaudioside M raw ingredient. The validation test results showed that the method was linear, suitable, specific, accurate, and precise. The method is therefore suitable to be considered as a new industrial standard for quality control analysis for stevia products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Liu
- Eurofins Supplement Analysis Center, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 1365 Redwood Way, Petaluma, California 94954, United States
| | - Kangzi Ren
- Eurofins Botanical Testing Inc. US, 2951 Saturn Street, Brea, California 92821, United States
| | - Ye Feng
- Eurofins Supplement Analysis Center, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 1365 Redwood Way, Petaluma, California 94954, United States
| | - Tommy Uong
- Phenomenex, Inc., 411 Madrid Avenue, Torrance, California 90501-1430, United States
| | - Scott Krepich
- ChromaDex, Inc., 10005 Muirlands Blvd. Suite #G, Irvine, California 92618-2538, United States
| | - Hong You
- Eurofins Supplement Analysis Center, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 1365 Redwood Way, Petaluma, California 94954, United States
- Eurofins Botanical Testing Inc. US, 2951 Saturn Street, Brea, California 92821, United States
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18
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Morlock GE, Heil J. HI-HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-HESI-HRMS and bioprofiling of steviol glycosides, steviol, and isosteviol in Stevia leaves and foods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6431-6448. [PMID: 32328691 PMCID: PMC7442773 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Food products and botanicals on the global market need to be investigated in a more comprehensive way to detect effects, falsifications or adulterations. This is especially true for such ones containing Stevia leaves, Stevia extracts, or steviol glycosides. A multi-imaging profiling was developed exploiting hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). A minimalistic sample preparation, different mixtures of acetonitrile and water/buffer on the silica gel phase as well as derivatization reagents and optional hyphenation with high-resolution mass spectrometry were exploited. The hydrophilic interaction high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HI-HPTLC) development took 10 min for 48 analyses. It was used to screen Stevia leaf extracts and 20 different food products. For the first time, the biological and biochemical profiling of Stevia leaf products by HI-HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-assay pointed to 19 different bioactive compound bands found in the more natural multicomponent Stevia leaf extracts, whereas most of these activities were not existent for the steviol glycosides. The chemically isolated, purified, and EU-regulated steviol glycosides ease risk assessment and food product development. However, multipotent botanicals may have subtle impact on homeostasis via several metabolic pathways, providing benefits for the consumer's health. Analyzed side by side by means of the effect-directed profiling, their individual activity profiles were visualized as image and individual substances of importance were pointed out. Multi-imaging (comprehensive detection) plus non-targeted bioprofiling (focus on known and unknown bioactivity) allows for a fast detection of questionable product changes that occur along the global food chain and are particularly related to food safety. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud E Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Julia Heil
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Yılmaz FM, Görgüç A, Uygun Ö, Bircan C. Steviol glycosides and polyphenols extraction from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves using maceration, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted techniques. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1743311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Mehmet Yılmaz
- Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Efeler, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Görgüç
- Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Efeler, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Özge Uygun
- Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Efeler, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Cavit Bircan
- Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Efeler, Aydın, Turkey
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20
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Elgaard L, Mielby LA, Hopfer H, Byrne DV. A Comparison of Two Sensory Panels Trained with Different Feedback Calibration Range Specifications via Sensory Description of Five Beers. Foods 2019; 8:E534. [PMID: 31683760 PMCID: PMC6915535 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedback on panel performance is traditionally provided by the panel leader, following an evaluation session. However, a novel method for providing immediate feedback to panelists was proposed, the Feedback Calibration Method (FCM). The aim of the current study was to compare the performance of two panels trained by using FCM with two different approaches for ranges calibration, namely self-calibrated and fixed ranges. Both panels were trained using FCM for nine one-hour sessions, followed by a sensory evaluation of five beer samples (in replicates). Results showed no difference in sample positioning in the sensory space by the two panels. Furthermore, the panels' discriminability was also similar, while the self-calibrated panel had the highest repeatability. The results from the average distance from target and standard deviations showed that the self-calibrated panel had the lowest distance from target and standard deviation throughout all sessions. However, the decrease in average distance from target and standard deviations over training sessions was similar among panels, meaning that the increase in performance was similar. The fact that both panels had a similar increase in performance and yielded similar sensory profiles indicates that the choice of target value calibration method is unimportant. However, the use of self-calibrated ranges could introduce an issue with the progression of the target scores over session, which is why the fixed target ranges should be applied, if available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Elgaard
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
| | - Line A Mielby
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
| | - Helene Hopfer
- Department of Food Science and Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Derek V Byrne
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
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21
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Elgaard L, Jensen S, Mielby LA, Byrne DV. Performance of beer sensory panels: A comparison of experience level, product knowledge, and responsiveness to feedback calibration. J SENS STUD 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Line Elgaard
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and TechnologyAarhus University Aarslev Denmark
| | - Sidsel Jensen
- Carlsberg Research LaboratoryCarlsberg Brewery A/S Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Line A. Mielby
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and TechnologyAarhus University Aarslev Denmark
| | - Derek V. Byrne
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and TechnologyAarhus University Aarslev Denmark
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22
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Perception of Bitter Taste through Time-Intensity Measurements as Influenced by Taste Modulation Compounds in Steviol Glycoside Sweetened Beverages. BEVERAGES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages5030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To limit sugar consumption and maintain sweetness levels in the diet, food and beverage developers often use high potency sweeteners (HPSs) as alternatives. Steviol glycosides are considered a consumer-friendly alternative but they are perceived to have a bitter taste accompanied by sweet and bitter lingering. Recently, taste modulators have been discovered that help to alleviate negative attributes like bitterness of HPSs. To show that taste modulation compounds (TMCs) decrease perceived bitterness associated with steviol glycosides, a trained descriptive panel (n = 9) performed a single-attribute time-intensity (TI) assessment over 2 min. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze TI curves and curve parameters (AUC, Imax and Tmax). Principal components analysis (PCA) was also used to assess TI curves. Results showed that statistically significant results depended on the analysis method. Bitterness perception was shown to persist less over 2 min for steviol glycosides with TMCs when assessing raw scores and parameters. The same was not found using differences from control curves or weighted curves from PCA. These findings demonstrate that particular TMCs may subtly decrease perceived bitterness of steviol glycosides. However, business objectives of TMC use may dictate what kind of analysis method to use when analyzing perceived bitter perception of TMCs over time.
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23
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Zhang SS, Chen H, Xiao JY, Liu Q, Xiao RF, Wu W. Mutations in the uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase 76G1 gene result in different contents of the major steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 162:141-147. [PMID: 30897351 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the metabolic glycosylation grid of steviol glycosides, UGT76G1 was shown to catalyze at least eight different glucosylation steps, including the formation of rebaudioside B (Reb B) and rebaudioside A (Reb A) (Olsson et al., 2016). In this study, the accumulation of steviolbioside, Reb B, stevioside (ST) and Reb A in more than 140 samples of stevia leaves collected from different regions in China were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and five genotypes, 'N01-N05', with significantly different levels of the abovementioned glycosides were discovered. Mutations in the UGT76G1 gene cloned from cDNAs from these five genotypes were identified, and the functions of the recombinant UGT76G1 variants were ascertained by adding steviolbioside and ST substrates. In addition, homology modeling and molecular docking were used to elucidate the functional differences between variants and UGT76G1. Comparing the sequences of the five variants 'N01-N05' with UGT76G1 (AY345974.1) revealed that base substitutions were not observed in 'N01'. By contrast, 'N02' exhibited 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 9 associated amino acid substitutions or insertions with notable variations in the protein structure; however, an enzyme assay showed similar functionalities between the variant and UGT76G1. In 'N03', 49 SNPs and 29 associated amino acid substitutions or insertions were identified and shown to induce significant variations in the protein structure, especially in the binding pocket, resulting in the lack of functionality of this variant in the enzyme assay. These results were in agreement with the docking profiles. Moreover, a nonsense mutation of p.1090T > G in 'N04' and an insertion of a 68 base fragment in 'N05' were found, and both produced a premature protein without any catalytic activity. Therefore, UGT76G1, which is vital to the content of main steviol glycosides, should be a key gene marker for the molecular breeding of Stevia rebaudiana. Our investigations also revealed the location and orientation of active groups of the receptors and donors in the UGT76G1 enzyme, which play key roles in determining whether the enzyme has any enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Shan Zhang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jie-Yu Xiao
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ren-Feng Xiao
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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24
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Bioactivity Profile of the Diterpene Isosteviol and its Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040678. [PMID: 30769819 PMCID: PMC6412665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Steviosides, rebaudiosides and their analogues constitute a major class of naturally occurring biologically active diterpene compounds. The wide spectrum of pharmacological activity of this group of compounds has developed an interest among medicinal chemists to synthesize, purify, and analyze more selective and potent isosteviol derivatives. It has potential biological applications and improves the field of medicinal chemistry by designing novel drugs with the ability to cope against resistance developing diseases. The outstanding advancement in the design and synthesis of isosteviol and its derivative has proved its effectiveness and importance in the field of medicinal chemical research. The present review is an effort to integrate recently developed novel drugs syntheses from isosteviol and potentially active pharmacological importance of the isosteviol derivatives covering the recent advances.
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25
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Yang Y, Wei Y, Guo X, Qi P, Zhu H, Tang W. Glycyrrhetic acid monoglucuronide: sweetness concentration-response and molecular mechanism as a naturally high-potency sweetener. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1187-1193. [PMID: 31275719 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetic acid monoglucuronide (GAM) is obtained from the natural sweetener glycyrrhizin through enzymolysis. Its sweetness concentration-response (C-R) behavior in room-temperature in water was determined using two-alternative forced choice discrimination tests. The C-R equation of resultant hyperbolic curve relating sucrose equivalent (SE, %) to GAM concentration ([GAM], mg/L) was SE = 19.6 × [GAM]/(194.8 + [GAM]). From the C-R function, Pw (2) of GAM, relative to a 2% (w/v) sucrose reference, is more than 900, which has much higher potency than its precursor glycyrrhizin. Molecular modeling showed that GAM is finely bound into protein 1EWK through conventional hydrogen bonds, π-Alkyl interactions and Van der Waals bonds, which exhibited better protein inclusion than Glycyrrhizin. Thus, GAM could be developed as a new zero-calorie, naturally high-potency sweetener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongan Yang
- Elion-Nature Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210038 China
| | - Yuangang Wei
- Elion-Nature Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210038 China
| | - Xiaonan Guo
- Elion-Nature Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210038 China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- 2State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- 2State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- Elion-Nature Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210038 China.,3School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
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26
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Gold ND, Fossati E, Hansen CC, DiFalco M, Douchin V, Martin VJJ. A Combinatorial Approach To Study Cytochrome P450 Enzymes for De Novo Production of Steviol Glucosides in Baker's Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2918-2929. [PMID: 30474973 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of steviol glycosides in planta proceeds via two cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs): kaurene oxidase (KO) and kaurenoic acid hydroxylase (KAH). KO and KAH function in succession with the support of a NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) to convert kaurene to steviol. This work describes a platform for recombinant production of steviol glucosides (SGs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, demonstrating the full reconstituted pathway from the simple sugar glucose to the SG precursor steviol. With a focus on optimization of the KO-KAH activities, combinations of functional homologues were tested in batch growth. Among the CYPs, novel KO75 (CYP701) and novel KAH82 (CYP72) outperformed their respective functional homologues from Stevia rebaudiana, SrKO (CYP701A5) and SrKAH (CYP81), in assays where substrate was supplemented to culture broth. With kaurene produced from glucose in the cell, SrCPR1 from S. rebaudiana supported highest turnover for KO-KAH combinations, besting two other CPRs isolated from S. rebaudiana, the Arabidopsis thaliana ATR2, and a new class I CPR12. Some coexpressions of ATR2 with a second CPR were found to diminish KAH activity, showing that coexpression of CPRs can lead to competition for CYPs with possibly adverse effects on catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Gold
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Elena Fossati
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marcos DiFalco
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | | | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomic, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
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27
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Bursać Kovačević D, Maras M, Barba FJ, Granato D, Roohinejad S, Mallikarjunan K, Montesano D, Lorenzo JM, Putnik P. Innovative technologies for the recovery of phytochemicals from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves: A review. Food Chem 2018; 268:513-521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Gardana C, Simonetti P. Determination of steviol glycosides in commercial extracts of Stevia rebaudiana and sweeteners by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1578:8-14. [PMID: 30287064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana extracts are used as sweeteners in several countries worldwide. Several extracts of diverse composition are available on the market, and their taste depends on the contents of the various steviol glycosides. This study presents an accurate method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of steviol glycosides in 40 Stevia extracts, 7 sweeteners and 3 Stevia-sweetened beverages by a UHPLC coupled to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The sub-2 μm amide column provided the separation of all the target analytes in a run time of 30 min with high resolution. The effect of different eluent compositions on the ionisation efficiency of the steviol glycosides was studied. The optimal ionisation conditions were achieved in negative mode using 0.05% formic acid. Under this condition, adducts were not found, [M-H]- were the main ions and the spontaneous loss of a glucose residue at C19 was reduced. The %RSD for intra- and inter-day precision for all eleven analytes varied from 2.1 to 4.2% and 3.0-5.1%, respectively. The recoveries from spiked Stevia extract samples were greater than 95% for all analytes. Rebaudioside A was the most abundant, ranging from 23 to 102%. Nine Stevia extracts and one drink were not compliant with the European Regulation. Isosteviol was under the LOD in all samples and steviol was found in four samples in quantities in the range 0.01-0.03%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gardana
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences. Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - P Simonetti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences. Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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29
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Acevedo W, Capitaine C, Rodríguez R, Araya-Durán I, González-Nilo F, Pérez-Correa JR, Agosin E. Selecting optimal mixtures of natural sweeteners for carbonated soft drinks through multi-objective decision modeling and sensory validation. J SENS STUD 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waldo Acevedo
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering; School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Valparaíso Chile
| | | | | | - Ingrid Araya-Durán
- Universidad Andrés Bello; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology; Santiago Chile
| | - Fernando González-Nilo
- Universidad Andrés Bello; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology; Santiago Chile
| | - José R. Pérez-Correa
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering; School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering; School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centro de Aromas y Sabores; DICTUC; Santiago Chile
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Seki H, Tamura K, Muranaka T. Plant-derived isoprenoid sweeteners: recent progress in biosynthetic gene discovery and perspectives on microbial production. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:927-934. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1387514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Increased public awareness of negative health effects associated with excess sugar consumption has triggered increasing interest in plant-derived natural sweeteners. Steviol glycosides are a group of highly sweet diterpene glycosides contained in the leaves of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). Mogrosides, extracted from monk fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii), are a group of cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycosides. Glycyrrhizin is an oleanane-type triterpenoid glycoside derived from the underground parts of Glycyrrhiza plants (licorice). This review focuses on the natural isoprenoid sweetening agents steviol glycosides, mogrosides, and glycyrrhizin, and describes recent progress in gene discovery and elucidation of the catalytic functions of their biosynthetic enzymes. Recently, remarkable progress has been made in engineering the production of various plant-specialized metabolites in microbial hosts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae via the introduction of biosynthetic enzyme genes. Perspectives on the microbial production of plant-derived natural sweeteners are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Zimmermann BF. Beaming steviol glycoside analysis into the next dimension. Food Chem 2017; 241:150-153. [PMID: 28958513 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nine state-of-the-art reversed phase (RP) columns for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography were tested for the separation of steviol glycosides. The main criteria were resolution of the critical peak pair rebaudioside A and stevioside and the retention time of rebaudioside D. Three columns yielded a resolution of 2 or more of the critical peak pair and two of them showed sufficient retention of rebaudioside D, namely 1.62 and 1.84min corresponding to retention factors of 0.98 and 1.24. The separation of nine steviol glycosides was possible in 11min with UV and MS compatible, buffer-free eluents at moderate temperature. The presented method is proposed to be adopted as a new official method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno F Zimmermann
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Römerstraße 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany; Institut Kurz, Stöckheimer Weg 1, D-50829 Köln, Germany.
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Yoneda Y, Nakashima H, Miyasaka J, Ohdoi K, Shimizu H. Impact of blue, red, and far-red light treatments on gene expression and steviol glycoside accumulation in Stevia rebaudiana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 137:57-65. [PMID: 28215607 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni is a plant that biosynthesizes a group of natural sweeteners that are up to approximately 400 times sweeter than sucrose. The sweetening components of S. rebaudiana are steviol glycosides (SGs) that partially share their biosynthesis pathway with gibberellins (GAs). However, the molecular mechanisms through which SGs levels can be improved have not been studied. Therefore, transcription levels of several SG biosynthesis-related genes were analyzed under several light treatments involved in GA biosynthesis. We detected higher transcription of UGT85C2, which is one of the UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in catalyzing the sugar-transfer reaction, under red/far-red (R/FR) 1.22 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and blue LEDs treatment. In this study, it was demonstrated that transcription levels of SG-related genes and the SGs content are affected by light treatments known to affect the GA contents. It is expected that this approach could serve as a practical way to increase SG contents using specific light treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoneda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Juro Miyasaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Ohdoi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Molina-Calle M, Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro M. Characterization of Stevia leaves by LC–QTOF MS/MS analysis of polar and non-polar extracts. Food Chem 2017; 219:329-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Influence of pulsed electric field processing on the quality of fruit juice beverages sweetened with Stevia rebaudiana. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Olsson K, Carlsen S, Semmler A, Simón E, Mikkelsen MD, Møller BL. Microbial production of next-generation stevia sweeteners. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:207. [PMID: 27923373 PMCID: PMC5142139 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucosyltransferase UGT76G1 from Stevia rebaudiana is a chameleon enzyme in the targeted biosynthesis of the next-generation premium stevia sweeteners, rebaudioside D (Reb D) and rebaudioside M (Reb M). These steviol glucosides carry five and six glucose units, respectively, and have low sweetness thresholds, high maximum sweet intensities and exhibit a greatly reduced lingering bitter taste compared to stevioside and rebaudioside A, the most abundant steviol glucosides in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. RESULTS In the metabolic glycosylation grid leading to production of Reb D and Reb M, UGT76G1 was found to catalyze eight different reactions all involving 1,3-glucosylation of steviol C 13- and C 19-bound glucoses. Four of these reactions lead to Reb D and Reb M while the other four result in formation of side-products unwanted for production. In this work, side-product formation was reduced by targeted optimization of UGT76G1 towards 1,3 glucosylation of steviol glucosides that are already 1,2-diglucosylated. The optimization of UGT76G1 was based on homology modelling, which enabled identification of key target amino acids present in the substrate-binding pocket. These residues were then subjected to site-saturation mutagenesis and a mutant library containing a total of 1748 UGT76G1 variants was screened for increased accumulation of Reb D or M, as well as for decreased accumulation of side-products. This screen was performed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing all enzymes in the rebaudioside biosynthesis pathway except for UGT76G1. CONCLUSIONS Screening of the mutant library identified mutations with positive impact on the accumulation of Reb D and Reb M. The effect of the introduced mutations on other reactions in the metabolic grid was characterized. This screen made it possible to identify variants, such as UGT76G1Thr146Gly and UGT76G1His155Leu, which diminished accumulation of unwanted side-products and gave increased specific accumulation of the desired Reb D or Reb M sweeteners. This improvement in a key enzyme of the Stevia sweetener biosynthesis pathway represents a significant step towards the commercial production of next-generation stevia sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Olsson
- Evolva A/S, Lersø Park Alle 42-44, 5th, 2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Carlsen
- Evolva A/S, Lersø Park Alle 42-44, 5th, 2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Angelika Semmler
- Evolva A/S, Lersø Park Alle 42-44, 5th, 2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Ernesto Simón
- Evolva A/S, Lersø Park Alle 42-44, 5th, 2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | | | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology “bioSYNergy”, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
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Acevedo W, González-Nilo F, Agosin E. Docking and Molecular Dynamics of Steviol Glycoside-Human Bitter Receptor Interactions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7585-7596. [PMID: 27640213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stevia is one of the sweeteners with the greatest consumer demand because of its natural origin and minimal calorie content. Steviol glycosides (SG) are the main active compounds present in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana and are responsible for its sweetness. However, recent in vitro studies in HEK 293 cells revealed that SG specifically activate the hT2R4 and hT2R14 bitter taste receptors, triggering this mouth feel. The objective of this study was to characterize the interaction of SG with these two receptors at the molecular level. The results showed that SG have only one site for orthosteric binding to these receptors. The binding free energy (ΔGbinding) between the receptor and SG was negatively correlated with SG bitterness intensity, for both hT2R4 (r = -0.95) and hT2R14 (r = -0.89). We also determined, by steered molecular dynamics simulations, that the force required to extract stevioside from the receptors was greater than that required for rebaudioside A, in accordance with the ΔG values obtained by molecular docking. Finally, we identified the loop responsible for the activation by SG of both receptors. As a whole, these results contribute to a better understanding of the resulting off-flavor perception of these natural sweeteners in foods and beverages, allowing for better prediction, and control, of the resulting bitterness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo Acevedo
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando González-Nilo
- Universidad Andrés Bello , Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Avenida República 239, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 Santiago, Chile
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Development and application of a quantitative method based on LC–QqQ MS/MS for determination of steviol glycosides in Stevia leaves. Talanta 2016; 154:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and chemistry of diterpenoids from terrestrial as opposed to marine sources and includes, labdanes, clerodanes, pimaranes, abietanes, kauranes, gibberellins, cembranes and their cyclization products. The literature from January to December, 2014 is reviewed.
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