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Li X, Li C, Li S, Chen X, Yue N, Wang Q, Zhang C, Shao H, Zheng L, Jin F. High-throughput screening and quantitative analysis of hidden ingredients in plant protection products by GC-MS/MS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115556. [PMID: 37837694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Hidden ingredients in plant protection products (PPPs) threaten public health, food trade, and the environment. In this study, we developed a high-throughput screening method of 639 hidden ingredients in PPPs using GC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Results showed that the qualitative criteria of retention time (tR) shift and uncertainty of qualifier to quantifier ratio in the commercially available Shimadzu Smart Pesticides Database were set at < 0.17 min and < 30%, respectively, which could be used to tentatively identify compounds without standards. The limits of quantification were 0.01-0.05 mg/kg. A wide linear range of 10-1000 μg/L was observed with R2 ≥ 0.975. Recoveries from three types of PPP formulations were 62.08%- 126.3%, with relative standard deviations < 15.7%. Finally, this method was applied to screen and quantify hidden ingredients in 91 plant protection products (PPPs) samples collected from online sales in China. Only one hidden ingredient, dimethomorph (1.6 g/kg), was detected in the polyoxin formulation (15% wettable powder). The results will be helpful in assessing the potential risks of hidden ingredients in PPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yue
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lufei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Lykogianni M, Bempelou E, Karamaouna F, Aliferis KA. Do pesticides promote or hinder sustainability in agriculture? The challenge of sustainable use of pesticides in modern agriculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148625. [PMID: 34247073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture aims to meet the food needs of the growing world population while ensuring minimal impact on the environment and humans as well as productivity. Although pesticides represent the backbone of the agri-food sector in its endeavor to secure food production their application is perceived by many as an obstacle towards the achievement of sustainability; the main concerns are linked with their adverse effects on human health and the environment. Τhis review aims to present the status of chemical plant protection and provide insights into the use of pesticides within the context of sustainable agriculture. It mainly focuses on the strengthened legislation frameworks, which especially in the European Union and the United States of America ensure the placement in the market of pesticides with acceptable toxicological and environmental profiles without compromising crop production. Furthermore, the implementation of Integrated Pest Management principles plays a key role in the sustainable use of pesticides. The stringent regulatory requirements have resulted in the dramatic increase of the associated effort and costs in pesticide research and development (R&D) of improved products. Nevertheless, the investment of leading agrochemical companies in the R&D of new pesticides remains high. All the above set the ground for the sustainable use of pesticides in crop production while their successful application remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Lykogianni
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Efficacy Assessment of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Attica, Greece.
| | - Eleftheria Bempelou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Attica, Greece.
| | - Filitsa Karamaouna
- Laboratory of Efficacy Assessment of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides Assessment and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Attica, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos A Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece; Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Eldin Bayoumi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, P.O.B. 68, 11241 Cairo, Egypt
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Marczewska P, Płonka M, Rolnik J, Sajewicz M. Determination of azoxystrobin and its impurity in pesticide formulations by liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:599-603. [PMID: 32253976 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1746572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of azoxystrobin and its relevant impurity (Z)-azoxystrobin using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) in suspension concentrate (SC) pesticide formulations, with the aim of the product quality control. Method validation was realized according to SANCO/3030/99 rev. 5. The proposed method was characterized by acceptable accuracy and precision. The repeatability expressed as ratio standard deviation (%RSD) to relative standard deviation (%RSDr) was lower than 1, whereas individual recoveries were in the range of 97-103% and 90-110% for azoxystrobin and (Z)-azoxystrobin, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the impurity ((Z)-azoxystrobin) amounted to 0.3 µg mL-1 and was acceptable because it was lower than the maximum permitted level according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 703/2011 of 20 July 2011 for the active substance (azoxystrobin) being 25 g kg-1 of the azoxystrobin content found. The method described in this paper is simple, precise, accurate and selective as well as represents a new and reliable way of simultaneous determination of azoxystrobin and its relevant impurity in formulated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Marczewska
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice, Poland
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marlena Płonka
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Rolnik
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Marczewska P, Miszczyk M, Płonka M, Kronenbach-Dylong D, Szeremeta D, Sajewicz M. Application of different chromatographic techniques and chemometric analysis in authenticity testing of plant protection products containing azoxystrobin as an active substance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:590-597. [PMID: 31046583 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1610298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin (methyl(2E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy] phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate) is an active ingredient used to protect crops against fungal diseases. The experience of the Polish control laboratory indicates relatively frequent cases of counterfeit plant protection products (PPPs) containing this active substance. The present study aimed to use chemometric methods to model chemical fingerprints obtained by different chromatographic techniques to verify the original formulation of PPPs containing the active substance azoxystrobin. The pesticides used in the study came from different sources (including stores and warehouses), were manufactured at a different time and came from different production batches. The results obtained with the HPLC-DAD and HS-GC-MS techniques were then modeled using principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA) classifier. The proposed approach has been confirmed as useful for verifying the authenticity of PPPs and can be used in the routine control testing of SC pesticides containing azoxystrobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Marczewska
- a Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography , Institute of Chemistry University of Silesia , Katowice , Poland
- b Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute , Sosnicowice , Poland
| | - Marek Miszczyk
- b Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute , Sosnicowice , Poland
| | - Marlena Płonka
- b Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute , Sosnicowice , Poland
| | - Dorota Kronenbach-Dylong
- b Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute , Sosnicowice , Poland
| | - Dariusz Szeremeta
- a Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography , Institute of Chemistry University of Silesia , Katowice , Poland
| | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- a Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography , Institute of Chemistry University of Silesia , Katowice , Poland
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Miszczyk M, Płonka M, Stobiecki T, Kronenbach-Dylong D, Waleczek K, Weber R. Official control of plant protection products in Poland: detection of illegal products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:31906-31916. [PMID: 29616478 PMCID: PMC6208707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Market presence of illegal and counterfeit pesticides is now a global problem. According to data published in 2012 by the European Crop Protection Association (ECPA), illegal products represent over 10% of the global market of plant protection products. Financial benefits are the main reason for the prevalence of this practice. Counterfeit and illegal pesticides may contain substances that may pose a threat to the environment, crops, animals, and humans, inconsistent with the label and registration dossier. In Poland, action against illegal and counterfeit plant protection products is undertaken by the Main Inspectorate of Plant Health and Seed Inspection (PIORiN), the police, the prosecution, and the pesticide producers. Results of chemical analyses carried out by the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory (PQTL IPP-NRI Sosnicowice Branch) indicate that a majority of illegal pesticides in Poland are detected in the group of herbicides. Products from parallel trade tend to have the most irregularities. This article describes the official quality control system of plant protection products in Poland and presents the analytical methods for testing pesticides suspected of adulteration and recent test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Miszczyk
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland.
| | - Marlena Płonka
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stobiecki
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kronenbach-Dylong
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Waleczek
- Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Gliwicka 29 Street, 44-153, Sosnicowice, Poland
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststrasse 23, D-73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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Płonka M, Walorczyk S, Miszczyk M. Chromatographic methods for the determination of active substances and characterization of their impurities in pesticide formulations. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Płonka M, Walorczyk S, Miszczyk M, Kronenbach-Dylong D. Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of chlorpyrifos and its impurity sulfotep in liquid pesticide formulations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:736-741. [PMID: 27385655 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1198637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for simultaneous determination of the active substance (chlorpyrifos) and its relevant impurity (sulfotep) in commercial pesticide formulations has been developed and validated. The proposed method entails extraction of the analytes from samples by sonication with acetone and analysis by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The proposed method was characterized by satisfactory accuracy and precision. The repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower than the acceptable values calculated from the modified Horwitz equation whereas individual recoveries were in the range of 98-102% and 80-120% for chlorpyrifos and sulfotep, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the impurity (sulfotep) was 0.003 mg mL(-1) corresponding to the maximum permitted level according to Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) specifications for the active substance (chlorpyrifos) being 3 g kg(-1) of the chlorpyrifos content found. The main advantage of the proposed method was a considerable reduction in the analysis time since both analytes were determined based on a single injection into the GC-FID. Analysis of real samples of commercial pesticide formulations confirmed fitness-for-purpose of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Płonka
- a Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Sośnicowice , Poland
| | - Stanisław Walorczyk
- b Department of Pesticide Residue Research , Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute , Poznań , Poland
| | - Marek Miszczyk
- a Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Sośnicowice , Poland
| | - Dorota Kronenbach-Dylong
- a Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute Sośnicowice Branch, Pesticide Quality Testing Laboratory , Sośnicowice , Poland
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Wang M, Duong B, Su M. Organic Phase Change Nanoparticles for in-Product Labeling of Agrochemicals. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:1810-1819. [PMID: 28347096 PMCID: PMC5304798 DOI: 10.3390/nano5041810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop in-product covert barcodes for anti-counterfeiting of agrochemicals. This paper reports a new organic nanoparticle-based in-product barcode system, in which a panel of organic phase change nanoparticles is added as a barcode into in a variety of chemicals (herein agrochemicals). The barcode is readout by detecting melting peaks of organic nanoparticles using differential scanning calorimetry. This method has high labeling capacity due to small sizes of nanoparticles, sharp melting peaks, and large scan range of thermal analysis. The in-product barcode can be effectively used to protect agrochemical products from being counterfeited due to its large coding capacity, technical readiness, covertness, and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Binh Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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