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Ismail I, Huda N. Meat alternatives. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91001-9.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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2
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Chen YH, Shin JY, Wei HM, Lin CC, Yu LCH, Liao WT, Chen DC, Chu CL. Prevention of dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis by the fungal protein Ling Zhi-8 via promoting the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. Food Funct 2021; 12:1639-1650. [PMID: 33481975 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02604b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fungal immunomodulatory protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (GL) regulates immune cells and inhibits tumor growth; however, the role of LZ-8 in protecting intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is unknown. In this study, we aim to investigate the functional effect of LZ-8 on IECs. LZ-8 effectively rescued the pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced loss of tight junctions (TJs) by enhancing transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), reducing permeability, and maintaining the distribution of TJ proteins, in Caco-2 cells. Mechanistically, LZ-8 blocked the upregulation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and NF-kB activation by TLR2-mediated suppression of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 expression. Furthermore, LZ-8 pre-treatment reduced the pathological scores of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. These results indicated that LZ-8 protected the barrier function of IECs against inflammation. Thus, LZ-8 may potentially be a novel candidate for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jenn-Yeu Shin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Mei Wei
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Linda C H Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Dz-Chi Chen
- Yeastern Biotech Co. Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ejike UC, Chan CJ, Lim CSY, Lim RLH. Functional evaluation of a recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein from L. rhinocerus produced in P. pastoris and E. coli host expression systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2799-2813. [PMID: 33763709 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are bioactive proteins with immunomodulatory properties. We previously reported the heterologous production in Escherichia coli of FIP-Lrh from Tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) with potent cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines. However, protein produced in E. coli lacks post-translational modifications and may be contaminated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. Therefore, in this study, yFIP-Lrh produced in Pichia pastoris was functionally compared with eFIP-Lrh produced in E. coli. Expression construct of FIP-Lrh cDNA in pPICZα was generated, transformed into P. pastoris X-33 and Mut+ transformants were verified by colony PCR. Induction with 0.5% or 1% methanol resulted in a secreted 13.6 kDa yFIP-Lrh which was subsequently purified and verified using LCMS/MS analysis. Size exclusion chromatography confirmed eFIP-Lrh as a homodimer whereas the larger size of yFIP-Lrh may indicate post-translational modification despite negative for glycoproteins staining. At lower concentration (4-8 μg/mL), yFIP-Lrh induced significantly higher Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) cytokines production in mice splenocytes, whereas 16 μg/mL eFIP-Lrh induced significantly higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10), possibly due to higher residual LPS endotoxin (0.082 EU/mL) in eFIP-Lrh compared to negligible level in yFIP-Lrh (0.001 EU/mL). Furthermore, yFIP-Lrh showed higher cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cells. Since both recombinant proteins of FIP-Lrh have the same peptide sequence, besides glycosylation, other post-translational modifications in yFIP-Lrh may account for its enhanced immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative activities. In conclusion, P. pastoris is preferred over E. coli for production of a functionally active yFIP-Lrh devoid of endotoxin contamination. KEY POINTS: • FIP-Lrh can induced production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines by mouse splenocytes. • Higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells observed for yeast compared to E. coli produced FIP-Lrh. • P. pastoris allows production of an endotoxin-free and functionally active recombinant FIP-Lrh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udochukwu Camillius Ejike
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chong Joo Chan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Crystale Siew Ying Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Renee Lay Hong Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Liu Y, Bastiaan-Net S, Wichers HJ. Current Understanding of the Structure and Function of Fungal Immunomodulatory Proteins. Front Nutr 2020; 7:132. [PMID: 33015115 PMCID: PMC7461872 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are a group of proteins found in fungi, which are extensively studied for their immunomodulatory activity. Currently, more than 38 types of FIPs have been described. Based on their conserved structure and protein identity, FIPs can be classified into five subgroups: Fve-type FIPs (Pfam PF09259), Cerato-type FIPs (Pfam PF07249), PCP-like FIPs, TFP-like FIPs, and unclassified FIPs. Among the five subgroups, Fve-type FIPs are the most studied for their hemagglutinating, immunomodulating, and anti-cancer properties. In general, these small proteins consist of 110–125 amino acids, with a molecular weight of ~13 kDa. The other four subgroups are relatively less studied, but also show a noticeable influence on immune cells. In this review, we summarized the protein modifications, 3-dimensional structures and bioactivities of all types of FIPs. Moreover, structure-function relationship of FIPs has been discussed, including relationship between carbohydrate binding module and hemagglutination, correlation of oligomerization and cytokine induction, relevance of glycosylation and lymphocyte activation. This summary and discussion may help gain comprehensive understanding of FIPs' working mechanisms and scope future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Liu
- Laboratory of Food Enzyme Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China.,Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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González A, Cruz M, Losoya C, Nobre C, Loredo A, Rodríguez R, Contreras J, Belmares R. Edible mushrooms as a novel protein source for functional foods. Food Funct 2020; 11:7400-7414. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fast demographic growth has led to increasing interest in low-cost alternative protein sources to meet population needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail González
- Food Research Department
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Autonomous University of Coahuila
- Saltillo
- Mexico
| | - Mario Cruz
- Food Science and Technology Department
- Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University
- Saltillo
- Mexico
| | - Carolina Losoya
- Food Research Department
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Autonomous University of Coahuila
- Saltillo
- Mexico
| | - Clarisse Nobre
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
- University of Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | - Araceli Loredo
- Food Research Department
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Autonomous University of Coahuila
- Saltillo
- Mexico
| | - Rosa Rodríguez
- Food Research Department
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Autonomous University of Coahuila
- Saltillo
- Mexico
| | - Juan Contreras
- Food Research Department
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Autonomous University of Coahuila
- Saltillo
- Mexico
| | - Ruth Belmares
- Food Research Department
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Autonomous University of Coahuila
- Saltillo
- Mexico
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6
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Fungal immunomodulatory proteins: characteristic, potential antitumor activities and their molecular mechanisms. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:307-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ahn BY. Optimization of Vitamin D2 Production using Enoki Mushroom Powder and the Preparation of Doenjang using the Powder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.17495/easdl.2018.2.28.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Tung CH, Lin CC, Wang HJ, Chen SF, Sheu F, Lu TJ. Application of thermal stability difference to remove flammutoxin in fungal immunomodulatory protein, FIP-fve, extract from Flammulina velutipes. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:1005-1014. [PMID: 29976393 PMCID: PMC9303031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-fve) is a potential functional food ingredient. However, undesirable component flammutoxin (FTX) would occur in the extracted fraction of FIP-fve. In this paper, an application of heating processing instead of the intensive separation process was employed in fractionation of FIP-fve, meanwhile, exclusion of FTX was reached. Contents of FIP-fve and FTX were monitored by HPLC-UV-ESI-MS. Both FIP-fve and FTX had higher thermal stability in a lower concentration solution. Cold water could effectively extract FIP-fve and FTX from fresh mushroom without acetic acid and disulfide-bond breaking agent β-mercaptoethanol commonly used in biochemical studies. Heating cold water extract contained 580 μg/mL FIP-fve and 452 μg/mL FTX at 60 °C for 5 min could effectively exclude FTX and remain 75% of FIP-fve. Adding 0.1 M trehalose or 20% ethanol did not significantly alter the stability of both proteins. The method developed is an applicable procedure for preparing FIP-fve solution free of FTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsin Tung
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617,
Taiwan, ROC
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 161-2, Kunyang Street, Nangang District, Taipei, 11561,
Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Chieh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617,
Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huei-Ju Wang
- Department of Applied Science of Living, Chinese Culture University, No. 55, Hwa-Kang Road, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei, 11114,
Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sung-Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Chow Road, Taipei, 11677,
Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fuu Sheu
- Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617,
Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Jang Lu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617,
Taiwan, ROC
- Corresponding author: E-mail address: (T.-J. Lu)
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9
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Chen SJ, Lin HH, Huang WC, Tsai PJ, Chen WP, Chen DC, Chuang LT. Ling-Zhi-8 protein (LZ-8) suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in murine microglial BV-2 cells. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1346062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Jung Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tao Yuan General Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsing Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Tsai
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Dz-Chi Chen
- Yeastern Biotech, Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Te Chuang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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11
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An Immunomodulatory Protein (Ling Zhi-8) from a Ganoderma lucidum Induced Acceleration of Wound Healing in Rat Liver Tissues after Monopolar Electrosurgery. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:916531. [PMID: 24883073 PMCID: PMC4026841 DOI: 10.1155/2014/916531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an immunomodulatory protein (Ling Zhi-8, LZ-8) on wound healing in rat liver tissues after monopolar electrosurgery. Animals were sacrificed for evaluations at 0, 3, 7, and 28 days postoperatively. It was found that the wound with the LZ-8 treatment significantly increases wound healing. Western blot analysis clearly indicated that the expression of NF-κB was decreased at 3, 7, and 28 days when liver tissues were treated with LZ-8. Moreover, caspase-3 activity of the liver tissue also significantly decreases at 7 and 28 days, respectively. DAPI staining and TUNEL assays revealed that only a minimal dispersion of NF-κB was found on the liver tissue treated with LZ-8 at day 7 as compared with day 3 and tissues without LZ-8 treatment. Similarly, apoptosis was decreased on liver tissues treated with LZ-8 at 7 days when compared to the control (monopolar electrosurgery) tissues. Therefore, the analytical results demonstrated that LZ-8 induced acceleration of wound healing in rat liver tissues after monopolar electrosurgery.
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12
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Huang WN, Yang CY, Chen DC, Chuang LT. Correlation of the Structure and Bioactivity of Recombinant Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein, Ling-Zhi-8 (LZ-8) Following Exposure to Denaturing Conditions. J Food Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ning Huang
- Department of Biotechnology; Yuanpei University; 306 Yuanpei St. Hsinchu 30015 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yao Yang
- Division of Animal Medicine; Animal Technology Institute Taiwan; Maoli Taiwan
| | - Dz-Chi Chen
- Yeastern Biotech, Inc.; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Lu-Te Chuang
- Department of Biotechnology; Yuanpei University; 306 Yuanpei St. Hsinchu 30015 Taiwan
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13
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Vegetable foods: A cheap source of proteins and peptides with antihypertensive, antioxidant, and other less occurrence bioactivities. Talanta 2013; 106:328-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Bastiaan-Net S, Chanput W, Hertz A, Zwittink RD, Mes JJ, Wichers HJ. Biochemical and functional characterization of recombinant fungal immunomodulatory proteins (rFIPs). Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 15:167-75. [PMID: 23174509 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two novel FIPs have been identified and characterized. The first is FIP-nha, identified in the ascomycete Nectria haematococca, and as such, FIP-nha would be the first FIP to be identified outside the order of Basidiomycota. The second is LZ-9, an LZ-8 like protein identified in Ganoderma lucidum. Recombinant FIPs (rFIPs) were produced in Pichia pastoris and purified using His-affinity magnetic beads. The bioactive characteristics of FIP-nha and LZ-9 were compared to the well-known FIPs, LZ-8 from G. lucidum and FIP-fve from Flammulina velutipes, which were produced and purified using the same method. The produced rFIPs: rLZ-8, rLZ-9, rFIP-fve and rFIP-nha were investigated for their hemagglutinating activity which revealed that rLZ-8, rLZ-9 and rFIP-nha were able to agglutinate rabbit, mouse and sheep red blood cells while rFIP-fve only agglutinated rabbit red blood cells. None of the rFIPs were able to agglutinate human red blood cells unless the cells were trypsinized. In addition, all rFIPs were studied and compared to several lectins for their effect on Caco-2 intestinal cell layer integrity using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement. rLZ-9 appeared to have the highest effect in lowering TEER, similar to one of the tested lectins. Testing of rFIPs for their activation of inflammation-related genes of THP-1 macrophages showed rFIP-fve to be the strongest inducer of pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription. These results indicate that each rFIP has a unique bioactive profile as well as each lectin, creating the basis for further studies to relate structure to biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Xu X, Yan H, Chen J, Zhang X. Bioactive proteins from mushrooms. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:667-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wu CT, Lin TY, Hsu HY, Sheu F, Ho CM, Chen EIT. Ling Zhi-8 mediates p53-dependent growth arrest of lung cancer cells proliferation via the ribosomal protein S7-MDM2-p53 pathway. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1890-6. [PMID: 21983128 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8), an immunomodulatory protein, is derived from and has been cloned from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi or Ling Zhi); this protein exhibits immunomodulating and antitumor properties. We investigated the effects of recombinant LZ-8 protein (rLZ-8) on the proliferation of A549 human lung cancer cells. Here, we showed that rLZ-8 inhibits cell growth and that this is correlated with increased G(1) arrest. The treatment of A549 cells with rLZ-8 activated p53 and p21 expression, and both the G(1) arrest and the antigrowth effect were found to be p53 dependent. It was further demonstrated that rLZ-8 inhibited tumor growth in mice transplanted with Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Interestingly, rLZ-8 treatment was found to lead to nucleolar stress (or ribosomal stress) as evidenced by inhibition of precursor ribosomal RNA synthesis and reduced polysome formation in A549 cells. These changes resulted in an increasing binding of ribosomal protein S7 to MDM2 and a decreased interaction between MDM2 and p53. Taking these results together, we have identified a novel rLZ-8 antitumor function that positively modulates p53 via ribosomal stress and inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Our current results suggest that rLZ-8 may have potential as a therapeutic intervention for the treatment of cancers that contain wild-type p53 and high expression of MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ting Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Li-Nong Street, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Lin CC, Yu YL, Shih CC, Liu KJ, Ou KL, Hong LZ, Chen JDC, Chu CL. A novel adjuvant Ling Zhi-8 enhances the efficacy of DNA cancer vaccine by activating dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1019-27. [PMID: 21499904 PMCID: PMC11029078 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccine has been suggested to use in cancer therapy, but the efficacy remains to be improved. The immunostimulatory effect of a fungal immunomodulatory protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) isolated from Ganoderma lucidum has been reported. In this study, we tested the adjuvanticity of LZ-8 for HER-2/neu DNA vaccine against p185(neu) expressing tumor MBT-2 in mice. We found that recombinant LZ-8 stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) via TLR4 and its stimulatory effect was not due to any microbe contaminant. In addition, LZ-8 enhanced the ability of DCs to induce antigen-specific T cell activation in vitro and in a subunit vaccine model in vivo. Surprisingly, LZ-8 cotreatment strongly improved the therapeutic effect of DNA vaccine against MBT-2 tumor in mice. This increase in antitumor activity was attributed to the enhancement of vaccine-induced Th1 and CTL responses. Consistent with the results from DCs, the promoting effect of LZ-8 on DNA vaccine was diminished when the MBT-2 tumor cells were grown in TLR4 mutant mice. Thus, we concluded that LZ-8 may be a promising adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccine by activating DCs via TLR4.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/therapy
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Asgar MA, Fazilah A, Huda N, Bhat R, Karim AA. Nonmeat Protein Alternatives as Meat Extenders and Meat Analogs. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:513-529. [PMID: 33467834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The direct consumption of vegetable proteins in food products has been increasing over the years because of animal diseases, global shortage of animal protein, strong demand for wholesome and religious (halal) food, and economic reasons. The increasing importance of legume and oilseed proteins in the manufacturing of various functional food products is due to their high-protein contents. However, the greatest obstacle to utilizing these legumes and oilseeds is the presence of antinutrients; but these antinutrients can be successfully removed or inactivated by employing certain processing methods. In contrast, the potential negative impact of the antinutrients is partially balanced by the fact that they may have a health-promoting role. Legumes and oilseeds provide well-balanced amino acid profiles when consumed with cereals. Soybean proteins, wheat gluten, cottonseed proteins, and other plant proteins have been used for texturization. Texturized vegetable proteins can extend meat products while providing an economical, functional, and high-protein food ingredient or can be consumed directly as a meat analog. Meat analogs are successful because of their healthy image (cholesterol free), meat-like texture, and low cost. Mycoprotein is fungal in origin and is used as a high-protein, low-fat, health-promoting food ingredient. Mycoprotein has a good taste and texture. Texturized vegetable proteins and a number of mycoprotein products are accepted as halal foods. This article summarizes information regarding the molecular, nutritional, and functional properties of alternative protein sources to meat and presents current knowledge to encourage further research to optimize the beneficial effects of alternative protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Asgar
- Author Asgar is with Dept. of Crop Science and Technology, Univ. of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Authors Asgar, Fazilah, Huda, Bhat, and Karim are with Food Biopolymer Group, School of Industrial Technology, Univ. Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia. Direct inquiries to author Karim (E-mail: )
| | - A Fazilah
- Author Asgar is with Dept. of Crop Science and Technology, Univ. of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Authors Asgar, Fazilah, Huda, Bhat, and Karim are with Food Biopolymer Group, School of Industrial Technology, Univ. Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia. Direct inquiries to author Karim (E-mail: )
| | - Nurul Huda
- Author Asgar is with Dept. of Crop Science and Technology, Univ. of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Authors Asgar, Fazilah, Huda, Bhat, and Karim are with Food Biopolymer Group, School of Industrial Technology, Univ. Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia. Direct inquiries to author Karim (E-mail: )
| | - Rajeev Bhat
- Author Asgar is with Dept. of Crop Science and Technology, Univ. of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Authors Asgar, Fazilah, Huda, Bhat, and Karim are with Food Biopolymer Group, School of Industrial Technology, Univ. Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia. Direct inquiries to author Karim (E-mail: )
| | - A A Karim
- Author Asgar is with Dept. of Crop Science and Technology, Univ. of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Authors Asgar, Fazilah, Huda, Bhat, and Karim are with Food Biopolymer Group, School of Industrial Technology, Univ. Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia. Direct inquiries to author Karim (E-mail: )
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Yeh CH, Chen HC, Yang JJ, Chuang WI, Sheu F. Polysaccharides PS-G and protein LZ-8 from Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) exhibit diverse functions in regulating murine macrophages and T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:8535-8544. [PMID: 20681640 DOI: 10.1021/jf100914m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive components in Ganoderma lucidum mainly include polysaccharides (PS-G) and immunomodulatory protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8). These components may have diverse regulatory functions in the immune system. However, the PS-G preparations from different procedures still contained partial LZ-8 residue, indicating that the specific target and regulating function of PS-G and LZ-8 were not fully understood. In the present study, PS-G was subjected to 15% TCA for removing proteins and the LZ-8 detection using anti-LZ-8 monoclonal antibodies showed a remarkable 89.7% protein reduction of the deproteinized PS-G (dpPS-G). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae which expressed recombinant LZ-8 protein (rLZ-8) without glycosylation was generated and then compared with dpPS-G in the induction toward murine primary macrophage and T lymphocytic cells. The peritoneal macrophages from TLR4-deficient and wild type mice revealed that TLR4 was a putative receptor of dpPS-G, mediating the TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-12p70 cytokine production and CD86, MHC II expression on macrophages, while rLZ-8 enhanced the production of IL-1beta, IL-12p70, CD86, and MHC II expression by another obscure route. rLZ-8-treated macrophages enhanced the release of IFN-gamma and IL-2 by murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, whereas dpPS-G treatment did not enhance the release of IFN-gamma and IL-2. Furthermore, although the direct rLZ-8-treatment conduced dramatic CD154, CD44 expression on CD3(+) T cells and increased IL-2, IFN-gamma secretion on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, the dpPS-G was incapable of priming CD3(+), CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells unitarily. Taken together, these results demonstrated that LZ-8 could activate murine macrophages and T lymphocytes but PS-G was merely the activator for macrophages, suggesting their diverse roles in activating the innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Yeh
- Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10673, Taiwan, ROC
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KASHIMOTO NAOKI, ISHII SATOMI, MYOJIN YUKI, USHIJIMA MITSUYASU, HAYAMA MINORU, WATANABE HIROMITSU. A water-soluble extract from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) mycelia attenuates the small intestinal injury induced by anti-cancer drugs. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:63-68. [PMID: 22966257 PMCID: PMC3436462 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether a water-soluble extract from the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) mycelia (MAK) is able to protect the small intestine against damage induced by anti-cancer drugs. Six-week-old male B6C3F1/Crlj mice were fed a basal diet (MF) alone or with various doses of MAK or Agarics blazei Murrill (AGA) beginning one week before treatment with the anti-cancer drugs. Mice were sacrificed 3.5 days after injection of the anti-cancer drug, the small intestine was removed and tissue specimens were examined for the regeneration of small intestinal crypts. In experiment 1, the number of regenerative crypts after the administration of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) intravenously (250 mg/kg) or intraperitoneally (250 or 500 mg/kg) was compared after treatment with MAK or AGA. MAK protected against 5FU-induced small intestinal injury whereas AGA did not. In experiment 2, we investigated the protective effect of MAK against small intestinal injury induced by the anti-cancer drugs: UFT (tegafur with uracil; 1,000 mg/kg, orally), cisplatin (CDDP; 12.5 and 25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), cyclophosphamide (CPA; 250 mg/kg, orally) and gefitinib (Iressa; 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg, orally). UFT and CDDP decreased the number of regenerative crypts, but treatment with MAK attenuated the extent of UFT- or CDDP-induced small intestinal injury. CPA or Iressa plus MAK up-regulated crypt regeneration. The present results indicate that MAK ameliorates the small intestinal injury caused by several anti-cancer drugs, suggesting that MAK is a potential preventive agent against this common adverse effect of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- NAOKI KASHIMOTO
- Health Care Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195
| | - SATOMI ISHII
- Health Care Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195
| | - YUKI MYOJIN
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - MITSUYASU USHIJIMA
- Health Care Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195
| | - MINORU HAYAMA
- Health Care Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195
| | - HIROMITSU WATANABE
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Ou CC, Hsiao YM, Wu WJ, Tasy GJ, Ko JL, Lin MY. FIP-fve stimulates interferon-gamma production via modulation of calcium release and PKC-alpha activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:11008-11013. [PMID: 19919129 DOI: 10.1021/jf902725s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory protein, FIP-fve, has been isolated from Flammulina velutipes, and its immunomodulatory effects are believed to be associated with the enhanced activation of IFN-gamma-releasing Th1 cells. However, the mechanisms of FIP-fve-mediated signal transduction in the regulation of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are still poorly understood. Using fluo-3 AM, we found that FIP-fve induces a rapid elevation in calcium concentration. ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blot assays demonstrated significant increases in the production and mRNA expression of IFN-gamma and protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha) activation in activated PBMCs, which were abolished by EGTA, nifedipine and GO6976. In conclusion, Ca2+ release and PKC-alpha activation are required for IFN-gamma production induced by FIP-fve in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chyn Ou
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Chien-kuo N. Road, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
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Oral administration of an Enoki mushroom protein FVE activates innate and adaptive immunity and induces anti-tumor activity against murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:239-46. [PMID: 19909827 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
FVE is a documented immunomodulatory protein purified from Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) and known as an activator for human T lymphocytes. This present study was aimed to investigate the anti-tumor effect and the related mechanisms of oral administration of FVE using a murine hepatoma model. Oral administration of FVE (10mg/kg) significantly increased the life span and inhibited the tumor size of BNL 1MEA.7R.1 (BNL) hepatoma-bearing mice. Tumor-bearing mice receiving oral FVE treatment had the highest tumoricidal capacity of peritoneal macrophages and tumor-specific splenocytes against BNL hepatoma cells. In addition, in vivo neutralization of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) demonstrated a significant decrease of FVE-induced anti-tumor effect (P<0.05). The expression levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules and costimulatory molecule CD80 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from the FVE-treated mice were upregulated as compared with those of the PBS-treated mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining showed a strong inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis in hepatoma tissues after oral administration of FVE. Taken together, oral administration of FVE displayed anti-tumor activity through activating both innate and adaptive immunity of the host to prime a cytotoxic immune response and IFN-gamma played a key role in the anti-tumor efficacy of FVE.
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Immunomodulation by food: promising concept for mitigating allergic disease? Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:37-45. [PMID: 19455311 PMCID: PMC2724636 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The importance of a properly functioning and well-balanced immune system for maintaining health has become strikingly evident over the past decades. Roughly since World War II, there has been an apparent decrease in the prevalence of "traditional" infectious diseases, with a concomitant increase in immune-related disorders, such as allergies. Causally, a relationship with changes in life-style-related factors such as the increasing use of hygienic practices seems likely. Diet and nutrition can affect the functioning of various immune parameters. This concept can be utilised in attempts to prevent or mitigate allergic reactions via the development of targeted food products or ingredients. This review describes recent findings with respect to food products and ingredients that show potential in this respect, with special emphasis on pro- and prebiotics, beta-glucans and fungal immunomodulatory proteins. What all of these approaches have in common is that they appear to strengthen Th1-mediated immunity, thus possibly restoring defective immune maturation due to overly hygienic living conditions: a little bit of dirt does not seem bad!
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