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He Y, Zhu L, Dong X, Li A, Xu S, Wang L, Shao Y. Metabolic Regulation of Two pksCT Gene Transcripts in Monascus ruber Impacts Citrinin Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1174. [PMID: 38132775 PMCID: PMC10745002 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT), a secondary metabolite produced by the filamentous fungi Monascus species, exhibits nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and carcinogenic effects in mammals, remarkably restricting the utilization of Monascus-derived products. CIT synthesis is mediated through the pksCT gene and modified by multiple genetic factors. Here, the regulatory effects of two pksCT transcripts, pksCTα, and pksCTβ, generated via pre-mRNA alternative splicing (AS), were investigated using hairpin RNA (ihpRNA) interference, and their impact on CIT biosynthesis and the underlying mechanisms were assessed through chemical biology and transcriptome analyses. The CIT yield in ihpRNA-pksCTα and ihpRNA-pksCT (α + β) transformants decreased from 7.2 μg/mL in the wild-type strain to 3.8 μg/mL and 0.08 μg/mL, respectively. Notably, several genes in the CIT biosynthetic gene cluster, specifically mrl3, mrl5, mrr1, and mrr5 in the ihpRNA-pksCT (α + β) transformant, were downregulated. Transcriptome results revealed that silencing pksCT has a great impact on carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and AS events. The key enzymes in the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and glycolysis were significantly inhibited in the transformants, leading to a decrease in the production of biosynthetic precursors, such as acetyl-coenzyme-A (acetyl-coA) and malonyl-coenzyme-A (malonyl-coA). Furthermore, the reduction of CIT has a regulatory effect on lipid metabolism via redirecting acetyl-coA from CIT biosynthesis towards lipid biosynthesis. These findings offer insights into the mechanisms underlying CIT biosynthesis and AS in Monascus, thus providing a foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-Rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (L.Z.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (A.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Lisha Zhu
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-Rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (L.Z.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (A.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Xingxing Dong
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-Rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (L.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Aoran Li
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (A.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Suyin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (A.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Liling Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China;
| | - Yanchun Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Muzafar S, Sharma RD, Chauhan N, Prasad R. Intron distribution and emerging role of alternative splicing in fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6414529. [PMID: 34718529 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spliceosomal introns are noncoding sequences that are spliced from pre-mRNA. They are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes, although the average number of introns per gene varies considerably between different eukaryotic species. Fungi are diverse in terms of intron numbers ranging from 4% to 99% genes with introns. Alternative splicing is one of the most common modes of posttranscriptional regulation in eukaryotes, giving rise to multiple transcripts from a single pre-mRNA and is widespread in metazoans and drives extensive proteome diversity. Earlier, alternative splicing was considered to be rare in fungi, but recently, increasing numbers of studies have revealed that alternative splicing is also widespread in fungi and has been implicated in the regulation of fungal growth and development, protein localization and the improvement of survivability, likely underlying their unique capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. However, the role of alternative splicing in pathogenicity and development of drug resistance is only recently gaining attention. In this review, we describe the intronic landscape in fungi. We also present in detail the newly discovered functions of alternative splicing in various cellular processes and outline areas particularly in pathogenesis and clinical drug resistance for future studies that could lead to the development of much needed new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraya Muzafar
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India
| | - Ravi Datta Sharma
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122413, Haryana, India
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Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wen Q, Xiong Z, Cao X, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Huang Z. An overview on the biosynthesis and metabolic regulation of monacolin K/lovastatin. Food Funct 2021; 11:5738-5748. [PMID: 32555902 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin/monacolin K (MK) is used as a lipid lowering drug, due to its effective hypercholesterolemic properties, comparable to synthetic statins. Lovastatin's biosynthetic pathway and gene cluster composition have been studied in depth in Aspergillus terreus. Evidence shows that the MK biosynthetic pathway and gene cluster in Monascus sp. are similar to those of lovastatin in A. terreus. Currently, research efforts have been focusing on the metabolic regulation of MK/lovastatin synthesis, and the evidence shows that a combination of extracellular and intracellular factors is essential for proper MK/lovastatin metabolism. Here, we comprehensively review the research progress on MK/lovastatin biosynthetic pathways, its synthetic precursors and inducing substances and metabolic regulation, with a view to providing reference for future research on fungal metabolism regulation and metabolic engineering for MK/lovastatin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhiting Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qinyou Wen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zixiao Xiong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenghuai Zheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yangxin Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China and China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Science and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Kumar S, Mutturi S. Alternative splicing regulates the α-glucosidase synthesis in Aspergillus neoniger NCIM 1400. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:658-665. [PMID: 34281659 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus neoniger NCIM 1400 whose cell-free fraction was earlier established for transglycosylation activity conferred by α-glucosidase gene (agdA), was subjected to sequence analysis. Preliminary results revealed certain dynamics in the intron splicing mechanism, and to ascertain these molecular events, a detailed study was carried. The electrophoresis results from the cDNA portion (B-fragment) of agdA showed multiple bands, indicating the amplification of one or more fragments. The sequence results of cDNA cloned vector revealed the retention type of alternative splicing in the agdA. The splicing mechanism of agdA in NCIM 1400 was compared to different A. niger strains, which harbours agdA orthologues, using PCR. It was observed that effective intron splicing leads to higher α-glucosidase activity from these selected Aspergillus spp. To explore the dynamics of intron retention in A. neoniger NCIM 1400, time-course analysis of intron retention, enzyme activity, and sugar consumption were carried over a period of 168 h of fungal growth. RT-qPCR results revealed that introns retention was not detected during the initial growth phase when the maltose and its hydrolysed product, glucose were consumed. Here we demonstrate that exhaustion of maltose causes increase in retention of introns in the mRNA transcripts of agdA gene, and this could be the possible mode of regulating this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Microbiology & Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570020, India; AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Sarma Mutturi
- Microbiology & Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570020, India; AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India.
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Fang S, Hou X, Qiu K, He R, Feng X, Liang X. The occurrence and function of alternative splicing in fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Peng L, Ai‐lati A, Liu S, Ji Z, Mao J, Che X. Effects of Chinese medicines on monacolin K production and related genes transcription of Monascus ruber in red mold rice fermentation. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2134-2142. [PMID: 32328280 PMCID: PMC7174227 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monacolin K (MK) is a secondary metabolite synthesized by polyketide synthases of Monascus spp. In this study, the combined supplementation of three medicines, including Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP), Fructus crataegi (FC), and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (RAD), were mixed with nonglutinous rice and were optimized by response surface methodology to enhance the production of MK in fermented red mold rice (RMR). Under the optimum condition, MK production achieved 3.60 mg/g, which was 41.18% higher than RMR without medicines. The improved MK production was mainly caused by the up-regulated transcription level of mokA, mokB, mokF, mokH, mokI, and mplaeA. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of Poria cocos (PC) on MK production (only 0.436 mg/g) was caused by significantly down-regulated transcription of six tested genes. Therefore, this study is beneficial for better understanding of the possible mechanism of enhanced MK production by optimization of fermentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Chinese Rice WineShaoxingChina
| | - Aisikaer Ai‐lati
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Chinese Rice WineShaoxingChina
| | - Shuangping Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Chinese Rice WineShaoxingChina
| | - Zhongwei Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Chinese Rice WineShaoxingChina
| | - Jian Mao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Chinese Rice WineShaoxingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Xin Che
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- School of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Chinese Rice WineShaoxingChina
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Chen W, Geng SL, Song Z, Li YJ, Wang H, Cao JY. Alternative splicing and expression analysis of HSF1 in diapause pupal brains in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1258-1269. [PMID: 30324758 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diapause is the arrest of the development of insects and can be used for the development of effective agricultural pest management strategies. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is reported to be up-regulated during diapause to maintain survival in some insect species. However, its regulatory mechanism is unknown. RESULTS Expression of hsp70 in Helicoverpa armigera was found to be up-regulated in diapause pupal brains. To elucidate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of hsp70, we focused our attention on its transcription factor, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). Four alternative splicing variants of HSF1 from pupal brains of H. armigera were identified, and subcellular localization analysis indicated that these variants were exclusively expressed in the nucleus. Real-time PCR analysis showed that all of these variants were up-regulated in diapause pupal brains, and their expression patterns were consistent with that of hsp70. Finally, promoter activity assay and Western blotting detection demonstrated that hsp70 was activated and up-regulated by these variants. CONCLUSION Expression of hsp70 in H. armigera during diapause is regulated by multiple alternatively spliced isoforms of HSF1. The results of this study may provide important information for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of hsps during insect diapause. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Lei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Juan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biological Medicine, Beijing City University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Yun Cao
- School of Economics and Trade, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Liu Q, Cai L, Shao Y, Zhou Y, Li M, Wang X, Chen F. Inactivation of the global regulator LaeA in Monascus ruber results in a species-dependent response in sporulation and secondary metabolism. Fungal Biol 2015; 120:297-305. [PMID: 26895858 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear regulator LaeA has been proven to globally govern fungal development and secondary metabolism, but its function may be species-dependent, even though its amino acid sequences are well conserved in numerous fungi. Herein we identified the LaeA in Monascus ruber M7 (MrLaeA), and verified its role to mediate growth, sporulation and secondary metabolism. Results showed that the radial growth rate of the selected MrlaeA knock-out mutant (MrΔlaeA-22) was significantly faster than that of the parental strain M. ruber M7, and growth was accompanied by the formation of an abnormal colony phenotype with more abundant aerial hyphae. Interestingly, conidia production of the MrΔlaeA-22 strain was about thrice that of M. ruber M7, but ascospores were not observed in the MrΔlaeA-22 strain. Additionally, compared to M. ruber M7, MrΔlaeA-22 exhibited drastically reduced production of multiple secondary metabolites, especially those of the six well-known Monascus pigments and citrinin. Simultaneously, the selected MrlaeA complementation strain (MrΔlaeA::laeA-45) nearly recovered the capacity for sporulation and secondary metabolism observed in the parental strain. These results demonstrate that MrLaeA regulates not only secondary metabolism, but also asexual and sexual differentiation in M. ruber, but some of its regulation appears to differ from other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Li Cai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yanchun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Youxiang Zhou
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Mu Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China.
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China.
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Chen W, He Y, Zhou Y, Shao Y, Feng Y, Li M, Chen F. Edible Filamentous Fungi from the SpeciesMonascus: Early Traditional Fermentations, Modern Molecular Biology, and Future Genomics. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Yi He
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Youxiang Zhou
- Inst. of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Yanchun Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Yanli Feng
- College of Life Sciences; Hubei Normal Univ.; Huangshi Hubei Province 435000 China
| | - Mu Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- National Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- College of Food Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural Univ.; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
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Shao Y, Lei M, Mao Z, Zhou Y, Chen F. Insights into Monascus biology at the genetic level. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3911-22. [PMID: 24633442 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The genus of Monascus was nominated by van Tieghem in 1884, but its fermented product-red mold rice (RMR), namely red yeast rice, has been used as folk medicines, food colorants, and fermentation starters for more than thousands of years in oriental countries. Nowadays, RMR is widely developed as food supplements around the world due to its functional compounds such as monacolin K (MK, also called lovastatin) and γ-aminobutyric acid. But the usage of RMR also incurs controversy resulting from contamination of citrinin (a kind of mycotoxin) produced by some Monascus strains. In the past decade, it has made great progress to Monascus spp. at the genetic level with the application of molecular biology techniques to restrain the citrinin production and increase the yields of MK and pigment in RMR, as well as aid Monascus classification and phylogenesis. Up to now, hundreds of papers about Monascus molecular biology (MMB) have been published in the international primary journals. However, to our knowledge, there is no MMB review issued until now. In this review, current understanding of Monascus spp. from the view of molecular biology will be covered and insights into research areas that need to be further investigated will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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12
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Kempken F. Alternative splicing in ascomycetes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4235-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sanchez JF, Somoza AD, Keller NP, Wang CCC. Advances in Aspergillus secondary metabolite research in the post-genomic era. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:351-71. [PMID: 22228366 DOI: 10.1039/c2np00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review studies the impact of whole genome sequencing on Aspergillus secondary metabolite research. There has been a proliferation of many new, intriguing discoveries since sequencing data became widely available. What is more, the genomes disclosed the surprising finding that there are many more secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways than laboratory research had suggested. Activating these pathways has been met with some success, but many more dormant genes remain to be awakened.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Sanchez
- University of Southern California-Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Yin W, Keller NP. Transcriptional regulatory elements in fungal secondary metabolism. J Microbiol 2011; 49:329-39. [PMID: 21717315 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-1009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce a variety of secondary metabolites of diverse beneficial and detrimental activities to humankind. The genes required for a given secondary metabolite are typically arranged in a gene cluster. There is considerable evidence that secondary metabolite gene regulation is, in part, by transcriptional control through hierarchical levels of transcriptional regulatory elements involved in secondary metabolite cluster regulation. Identification of elements regulating secondary metabolism could potentially provide a means of increasing production of beneficial metabolites, decreasing production of detrimental metabolites, aid in the identification of 'silent' natural products and also contribute to a broader understanding of molecular mechanisms by which secondary metabolites are produced. This review summarizes regulation of secondary metabolism associated with transcriptional regulatory elements from a broad view as well as the tremendous advances in discovery of cryptic or novel secondary metabolites by genomic mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Yin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Cichewicz RH. Epigenome manipulation as a pathway to new natural product scaffolds and their congeners. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 27:11-22. [PMID: 20024091 DOI: 10.1039/b920860g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The covalent modification of chromatin is an important control mechanism used by fungi to modulate the transcription of genes involved in secondary metabolite production. To date, both molecular-based and chemical approaches targeting histone and DNA posttranslational processes have shown great potential for rationally directing the activation and/or suppression of natural-product-encoding gene clusters. In this Highlight, the organization of the fungal epigenome is summarized and strategies for manipulating chromatin-related targets are presented. Applications of these techniques are illustrated using several recently published accounts in which chemical-epigenetic methods and mutant studies were successfully employed for the de novo or enhanced production of structurally diverse fungal natural products (e.g., anthraquinones, cladochromes, lunalides, mycotoxins, and nygerones).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Cichewicz
- Natural Products Discovery Group and Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 620 Parrington Oval, Room 208, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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