1
|
Zhang YQ, Song XY, Liu F. XanFur, a novel Fur protein induced by H 2O 2, positively regulated by the global transcriptional regulator Clp and required for the full virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0118723. [PMID: 37831462 PMCID: PMC10714925 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01187-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) has been found to be a bacterial pathogen causing bacterial leaf blight in rice for many years, the molecular mechanisms of the rice-Xoo interaction has not been fully understood. In this study, we found that XanFur of Xoo is a novel ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein conserved among major pathogenic Xanthomonas species. XanFur is required for the virulence of Xoo in rice, and likely involved in regulating the virulence determinants of Xoo. The expression of xanfur is induced by H2O2, and positively regulated by the global transcriptional regulator Clp. Our results reveal the function and regulation of the novel virulence-related Fur protein XanFur in Xoo, providing new insights into the interaction mechanisms of rice-Xoo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liao CT, Chiang YC, Hsiao YM. Functional characterization and proteomic analysis of lolA in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:20. [PMID: 30665348 PMCID: PMC6341742 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gram-negative Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is the pathogenic bacterium that causes black rot disease in crucifers. The virulence determinants of this bacterium include extracellular enzymes, exopolysaccharides, and biofilm formation. Here, one transposon mutant of X. campestris pv. campestris strain 17 that affects biofilm formation was isolated, and subsequent analyses led to the identification of the lolA gene, which encodes an outer membrane lipoprotein chaperone. Results The lolA mutant exhibited significant reductions in bacterial attachment, extracellular enzyme production, virulence, and tolerance in the presence of myriad membrane-perturbing agents. These phenotypic changes of the mutant could be complemented to the wild-type level through the intact lolA gene. Proteomic analysis revealed that 109 proteins were differentially expressed after lolA mutation. These differentially expressed proteins were categorized in various functional groups and were mainly associated with the membrane component, were involved in transport, and contained receptor activity. Through reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, deletion of lolA was determined to have caused significantly reduced expression of genes that encode the major extracellular enzymes, the biofilm-related proteins, and the virulence-related proteins. The RT-qPCR analysis also indicated that the expression of several genes that encode putative outer membrane lipoproteins and TonB-dependent receptors was reduced after lolA mutation. Conclusions This is the first report to define the lolA gene as a virulence factor and to contribute to the functional understanding of, and provide new information concerning, the role of lolA in Xanthomonas. Furthermore, the results of this study provide and extend new insights into the function of lolA in bacteria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1387-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Tsai Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Chiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Q, Ji F, Guo J, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang J, An L, Bao Y. LotS/LotR/Clp, a novel signal pathway responding to temperature, modulating protease expression via c-di-GMP mediated manner in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia FF11. Microbiol Res 2018; 214:60-73. [PMID: 30031482 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as one of increasing food spoilage bacteria and fish pathogens has become a threat to aquiculture industry. A major factor contributing to the success of bacterium is its outstanding ability to secrete protease at low temperatures. Here, a cAMP receptor like protein (Clp) shows a positive regulation on this protease, named S. maltophilia temperature-response protease (SmtP). Interestingly, a two-component system, comprising of LotS sensor and LotR regulator, for low-temperature response is also confirmed to modulate SmtP expression with similar effect to Clp. Evidence is presented that LotS/LotR modulates smtP (coding SmtP) expression via Clp: clp promoter activity was reduced significantly at low temperatures and protease activity was partially restored by Clp overexpressed in lotS or lotR deletion strain. Furthermore, as a Clp negative effector, the binding ability of c-di-GMP with Clp is not impacted by temperature. c-di-GMP level was increased in S. maltophilia growing at high temperature, but not exhibited significantly in lotR deleted strain, these indicate that LotR is required for temperature modulating c-di-GMP level, although the synthesis or degradation activity of c-di-GMP by LotR was not detected. These findings suggest that LotS/LotR/Clp play an important role in responding to temperature stimuli via c-di-GMP mediated manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Fangling Ji
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianli Guo
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yuepeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lijia An
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; School of Food and Environment Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang B, Wu G, Zhang Y, Qian G, Liu F. Dissecting the virulence-related functionality and cellular transcription mechanism of a conserved hypothetical protein in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1859-1872. [PMID: 29392817 PMCID: PMC6638143 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypothetical proteins without defined functions are largely distributed in all sequenced bacterial genomes. Understanding their potent functionalities is a basic demand for bacteriologists. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, is one of the model systems for the study of molecular plant pathology. One-quarter of proteins in the genome of this bacterium are defined as hypothetical proteins, but their roles in Xoo pathogenicity are unknown. Here, we generated in-frame deletions for six hypothetical proteins selected from strain PXO99A and found that one of them (PXO_03177) is required for the full virulence of this strain. PXO_03177 is conserved in Xanthomonas, and is predicted to contain two domains relating to polysaccharide synthesis. However, we found that mutation of this gene did not affect the production or modification of extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), two major polysaccharides produced by Xoo relating to its infection. Interestingly, we found that inactivation of PXO_03177 significantly impaired biofilm formation and tolerance to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), both of which are considered to play key roles during Xoo infection in rice leaves. These findings thus enable us to define a function for PXO_03177 in the virulence of Xoo. Furthermore, we also found that the global regulator Clp controls the transcription of PXO_03177 by direct binding to its promoter region, presenting the first cellular regulatory pathway for the modulation of expression of this hypothetical protein gene. Our results provide reference information for PXO_03177 homologues in Xanthomonas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
| | - Guichun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of EducationNanjing 210095China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing 210014China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tayi L, Maku RV, Patel HK, Sonti RV. Identification of Pectin Degrading Enzymes Secreted by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Determination of Their Role in Virulence on Rice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166396. [PMID: 27907079 PMCID: PMC5132194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo) causes the serious bacterial blight disease of rice. Xoo secretes a repertoire of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) like cellulases, xylanases, esterases etc., which act on various components of the rice cell wall. The major cellulases and xylanases secreted by Xoo have been identified and their role in virulence has been determined. In this study, we have identified some of the pectin degrading enzymes of Xoo and assessed their role in virulence. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the presence of four pectin homogalacturonan (HG) degrading genes in the genome of Xoo. The four HG degrading genes include one polygalacturonase (pglA), one pectin methyl esterase (pmt) and two pectate lyases (pel and pelL). There was no difference in the expression of pglA, pmt and pel genes by laboratory wild type Xoo strain (BXO43) grown in either nutrient rich PS medium or in plant mimic XOM2 medium whereas the expression of pelL gene was induced in XOM2 medium as indicated by qRT-PCR experiments. Gene disruption mutations were generated in each of these four genes. The polygalacturonase mutant pglA- was completely deficient in degrading the substrate Na-polygalacturonicacid (PGA). Strains carrying mutations in the pmt, pel and pelL genes were as efficient as wild type Xoo (BXO43) in cleaving PGA. These observations clearly indicate that PglA is the major pectin degrading enzyme produced by Xoo. The pectin methyl esterase, Pmt, is the pectin de-esterifying enzyme secreted by Xoo as evident from the enzymatic activity assay performed using pectin as the substrate. Mutations in the pglA, pmt, pel and pelL genes have minimal effects on virulence. This suggests that, as compared to cellulases and xylanases, the HG degrading enzymes may not have a major role in the pathogenicity of Xoo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Tayi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Roshan V. Maku
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Hitendra Kumar Patel
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chang SC, Deng WL, Huang HC, Chung KR, Tzeng KC. Differential expression of pectolytic enzyme genes in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and demonstration that pectate lyase Pel3 is required for the formation of citrus canker. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
7
|
Li CT, Liao CT, Du SC, Hsiao YP, Lo HH, Hsiao YM. Functional characterization and transcriptional analysis of galE gene encoding a UDP-galactose 4-epimerase in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Microbiol Res 2013; 169:441-52. [PMID: 24120348 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causative agent of black rot in crucifers, a disease that causes tremendous agricultural loss. In this study, the Xcc galE gene was characterized. Sequence and mutational analysis demonstrated that the Xcc galE encodes a UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), which catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. Alanine substitution of the putative catalytic residues (Ser124, Tyr147, and Lys151) of GalE caused loss of epimerase activity. Further study showed that the Xcc galE mutant had reduced biofilm formation ability. Furthermore, reporter assays revealed that galE transcription exhibits a distinct expression profile under different culture conditions, is subject to catabolite repression, and is positively regulated by Clp and RpfF. In addition, the galE transcription initiation site was mapped. This is the first time that UDP-galactose 4-epimerase has been characterized in the crucifer pathogen Xcc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Te Li
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Tsai Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Chiao Du
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Hsiao
- Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Hsia Lo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vorhölter FJ, Wiggerich HG, Scheidle H, Sidhu VK, Mrozek K, Küster H, Pühler A, Niehaus K. Involvement of bacterial TonB-dependent signaling in the generation of an oligogalacturonide damage-associated molecular pattern from plant cell walls exposed to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pectate lyases. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:239. [PMID: 23082751 PMCID: PMC3551730 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient perception of attacking pathogens is essential for plants. Plant defense is evoked by molecules termed elicitors. Endogenous elicitors or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) originate from plant materials upon injury or pathogen activity. While there are comparably well-characterized examples for DAMPs, often oligogalacturonides (OGAs), generated by the activity of fungal pathogens, endogenous elicitors evoked by bacterial pathogens have been rarely described. In particular, the signal perception and transduction processes involved in DAMP generation are poorly characterized. RESULTS A mutant strain of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris deficient in exbD2, which encodes a component of its unusual elaborate TonB system, had impaired pectate lyase activity and caused no visible symptoms for defense on the non-host plant pepper (Capsicum annuum). A co-incubation of X. campestris pv. campestris with isolated cell wall material from C. annuum led to the release of compounds which induced an oxidative burst in cell suspension cultures of the non-host plant. Lipopolysaccharides and proteins were ruled out as elicitors by polymyxin B and heat treatment, respectively. After hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic acid and subsequent HPAE chromatography, the elicitor preparation contained galacturonic acid, the monosaccharide constituent of pectate. OGAs were isolated from this crude elicitor preparation by HPAEC and tested for their biological activity. While small OGAs were unable to induce an oxidative burst, the elicitor activity in cell suspension cultures of the non-host plants tobacco and pepper increased with the degree of polymerization (DP). Maximal elicitor activity was observed for DPs exceeding 8. In contrast to the X. campestris pv. campestris wild type B100, the exbD2 mutant was unable to generate elicitor activity from plant cell wall material or from pectin. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the second report on a DAMP generated by bacterial features. The generation of the OGA elicitor is embedded in a complex exchange of signals within the framework of the plant-microbe interaction of C. annuum and X. campestris pv. campestris. The bacterial TonB-system is essential for the substrate-induced generation of extracellular pectate lyase activity. This is the first demonstration that a TonB-system is involved in bacterial trans-envelope signaling in the context of a pathogenic interaction with a plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Jörg Vorhölter
- Department of Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hsiao YM, Song WL, Liao CT, Lin IH, Pan MY, Lin CF. Transcriptional analysis and functional characterization of XCC1294 gene encoding a GGDEF domain protein in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Arch Microbiol 2011; 194:293-304. [PMID: 22002465 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-011-0760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide cyclic di-GMP is a second messenger in bacteria that regulates a range of cellular functions including the virulence of pathogens. GGDEF is a protein domain involved in the synthesis of cyclic di-GMP. The genome of the crucifer pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) encodes 21 proteins with a GGDEF domain. Clp, a homolog of the model transcription factor Crp of Escherichia coli, is a global regulator in Xcc. The aim of this study is to identify genes encoding GGDEF domain proteins whose expression is regulated by Clp. Results of reporter assay and RT-PCR analysis suggested that Clp regulates the expression of a set of genes encoding proteins harboring GGDEF domain. The transcription initiation site of XCC1294, one of the Clp regulated gene encoding a GGDEF domain protein, was mapped. Promoter analysis and gel retardation assay indicated that the transcription of XCC1294 is positively and directly regulated by Clp. Furthermore, transcription of XCC1294 was subject to catabolite repression and affected by several stress conditions. We also showed that mutation of XCC1294 results in enhanced surface attachment. In addition, transcription of three putative adhesin genes (xadA, fhaC, and yapH) was increased in the XCC1294 mutant. Taken together, the data presented here indicate that Clp positively regulates expression of XCC1294, and that XCC1294 serves a regulator of bacterial attachment and regulates different adhesin genes expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hsiao YM, Liu YF, Fang MC, Song WL. XCC2731, a GGDEF domain protein in Xanthomonas campestris, is involved in bacterial attachment and is positively regulated by Clp. Microbiol Res 2011; 166:548-65. [PMID: 21237626 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), which is the causative agent of black rot in crucifers, the virulence factor level is substantially decreased in the mutant deficient in RpfG, a phosphodiesterase that degrades the second messenger cyclic di-GMP. The rpfG mutant also grew in an aggregated state. It is indicated that expression of Pseudomonas GGDEF domain protein WspR (a diguanylate cyclase that synthesizes cyclic di-GMP) in wild-type Xcc can produce a phenocopy of the rpfG mutant. In this study, we showed that over-expression of GGDEF domain protein XCC2731 in wild-type Xcc caused (i) aggregation of cells, (ii) reduction in motility, and (iii) decrease in production of virulence factor extracellular enzymes and exopolysaccharides. Site-directed mutagenesis of the conserved G, G, and E residues of the GGDEF domain in XCC2731 abolished its function. The XCC2731 mutant has attenuated virulence. Furthermore, XCC2731 mutant was affected in surface attachment. Using the 5' RACE method, the XCC2731 transcription initiation site was mapped at nucleotide G, 15nt upstream of the XCC2731 start codon. Transcriptional fusion assay and gel retardation analysis indicated that Clp (cAMP receptor protein-like protein) positively regulates XCC2731 transcription in a direct manner. Reporter analysis also revealed that XCC2731 transcription is subject to catabolite repression, and reduced under conditions of oxygen limitation and high osmolarity. Our findings not only extend previous work on Clp regulation to show that it influences the expression of XCC2731 in Xcc, but also are the first to characterize the GGDEF domain protein gene expression in this phytopathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Transcriptional analysis of pmeA gene encoding a pectin methylesterase in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Res Microbiol 2010; 162:270-8. [PMID: 21187145 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides and several extracellular enzymes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causative agent of black rot in crucifers, are virulence determinants. It is known that Clp (cAMP receptor protein-like protein) and RpfF (an enoyl-CoA hydratase homologue required for the synthesis of the diffusible signal factor, DSF) regulate production of these factors. In this study, plate assay revealed that Xcc possesses pectin methylesterase activity and that its expression is controlled by Clp and RpfF. Mutational analysis has demonstrated that pmeA encodes a pectin methylesterase. Using the 5' RACE method, the pmeA transcription initiation site was mapped. Transcriptional fusion assays showed that pmeA transcription is positively regulated by Clp and RpfF, subject to catabolite repression which is independent of Clp or RpfF, and repressed under conditions of high osmolarity or oxygen limitation. This study not only extends previous work on Clp and RpfF regulation by showing that they both influence the expression of pmeA in Xcc, but also, for the first time, characterizes pectin methylesterase gene expression in Xanthomonas.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen CH, Lin NT, Hsiao YM, Yang CY, Tseng YH. Two non-consensus Clp binding sites are involved in upregulation of the gum operon involved in xanthan polysaccharide synthesis in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Res Microbiol 2010; 161:583-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Chen YY, Wu CH, Lin JW, Weng SF, Tseng YH. Mutation of the gene encoding a major outer-membrane protein in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causes pleiotropic effects, including loss of pathogenicity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:2842-2854. [PMID: 20522496 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.039420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the phytopathogen that causes black rot in crucifers. The xanthan polysaccharide and extracellular enzymes produced by this organism are virulence factors, the expression of which is upregulated by Clp (CRP-like protein) and DSF (diffusible signal factor), which is synthesized by RpfF. It is also known that biofilm formation/dispersal, regulated by the effect of controlled synthesis of DSF on cell-cell signalling, is required for virulence. Furthermore, a deficiency in DSF causes cell aggregation with concomitant production of a gum-like substance that can be dispersed by addition of DSF or digested by exogenous endo-beta-1,4-mannanase expressed by Xcc. In this study, Western blotting of proteins from a mopB mutant (XcMopB) showed Xcc MopB to be the major outer-membrane protein (OMP); Xcc MopB shared over 97 % identity with homologues from other members of Xanthomonas. Similarly to the rpfF mutant, XcMopB formed aggregates with simultaneous production of a gummy substance, but these aggregates could not be dispersed by DSF or endo-beta-1,4-mannanase, indicating that different mechanisms were involved in aggregation. In addition, XcMopB showed surface deformation, altered OMP composition, impaired xanthan production, increased sensitivity to stressful conditions including SDS, elevated temperature and changes in pH, reduced adhesion and motility and defects in pathogenesis. The finding that the major OMP is required for pathogenicity is unprecedented in phytopathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chieh-Hao Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Juey-Wen Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Fen Weng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hsiung Tseng
- Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 907, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hsiao YM, Liu YF, Fang MC, Tseng YH. Transcriptional regulation and molecular characterization of the manA gene encoding the biofilm dispersing enzyme mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase in Xanthomonas campestris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1653-1663. [PMID: 20073482 DOI: 10.1021/jf903637s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide and several extracellular enzymes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causative agent of black rot in crucifers, are important virulence determinants. It is known that Clp (cAMP receptor protein-like protein) and RpfF (an enoyl-CoA hydratase homologue required for the synthesis of diffusible signal factor, DSF) regulate the production of these determinants. Addition of DSF or Xcc extracellular protein containing partially purified mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78, encoded by manA) can disperse the cell aggregates formed by rpfF mutant. In this study, nucleotide G 64 nt upstream of the manA translation start codon was determined as the transcription initiation site by the 5' RACE technique. Transcriptional fusion assays showed that manA transcription is positively regulated by Clp and RpfF and induced by locust bean gum. The manA coding region was cloned and expressed in E. coli as recombinant ManA (rManA). The rManA was purified by affinity chromatography, and its biochemical properties were characterized. The rManA had a pH optimum at 7.0 (0.1 M Hepes) and a temperature optimum at about 37 degrees C. Sequence and mutational analyses demonstrated that Xcc manA encodes the major mannanase, a member of family 5 of glycosyl hydrolases. This study not only extends previous work on Clp and RpfF regulation by showing that they both influence the expression of manA in Xcc, but it also for the first time characterizes Xanthomonas mannanase at the protein level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas cause a variety of diseases in economically important monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crop plants worldwide. Successful infection and bacterial multiplication in the host tissue often depend on the virulence factors secreted including adhesins, polysaccharides, LPS and degradative enzymes. One of the key pathogenicity factors is the type III secretion system, which injects effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to manipulate plant cellular processes such as basal defense to the benefit of the pathogen. The coordinated expression of bacterial virulence factors is orchestrated by quorum-sensing pathways, multiple two-component systems and transcriptional regulators such as Clp, Zur, FhrR, HrpX and HpaR. Furthermore, virulence gene expression is post-transcriptionally controlled by the RNA-binding protein RsmA. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the infection strategies and regulatory networks controlling secreted virulence factors from Xanthomonas species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Büttner
- Genetics Department, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|