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Li D, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Li X, Chen X, Yin Y, Hu J, Li J, Guo M, Wang X. What Should Be Responsible for Eryptosis in Chronic Kidney Disease? Kidney Blood Press Res 2022; 47:375-390. [PMID: 35114677 DOI: 10.1159/000522133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal anemia is an important complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In addition to insufficient secretion of erythropoietin (EPO) and erythropoiesis disorders, the impact of eryptosis on renal anemia demands attention. However, a systemic analysis concerning the pathophysiology of eryptosis has not been expounded. SUMMARY The complicated conditions in CKD patients, including oxidative stress, osmotic stress, metabolic stress, accumulation of uremic toxins, and iron deficiency, affect the normal skeleton structure of red blood cells (RBCs) and disturbs ionic homeostasis, causing phosphatidylserine to translocate to the outer lobules of the RBC membrane that leads to early elimination and/or shortening of the RBC lifespan. Inadequate synthesis of RBCs cannot compensate for their accelerated destruction, thus exacerbating renal anemia. Meanwhile, EPO treatment alone will not reverse renal anemia. A variety of eryptosis inhibitors have so far been found, but evidence of their effectiveness in the treatment of CKD remains to be established. KEY MESSAGES In this review, the pathophysiological processes and factors influencing eryptosis in CKD were elucidated. The aim of this review was to underline the importance of eryptosis in renal anemia and determine some promising research directions or possible therapeutic targets to correct anemia in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China,
| | - Xujuan Zheng
- Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiangling Li
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xuexun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yonghua Yin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiangming Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Medicine College & Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Anti-Eryptotic Activity of Food-Derived Phytochemicals and Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063019. [PMID: 35328440 PMCID: PMC8951285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBCs), senescent or damaged due to particular stress, can be removed by programmed suicidal death, a process called eryptosis. There are various molecular mechanisms underlying eryptosis. The most frequent is the increase in the cytoplasmic concentration of Ca2+ ions, later exposure of erythrocytes to oxidative stress, hyperosmotic shock, ceramide formation, stimulation of caspases, and energy depletion. Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposed by eryptotic RBCs due to interaction with endothelial CXC-Motiv-Chemokin-16/Scavenger-receptor, causes the RBCs to adhere to vascular wall with consequent damage to the microcirculation. Eryptosis can be triggered by various xenobiotics and endogenous molecules, such as high cholesterol levels. The possible diseases associated with eryptosis are various, including anemia, chronic kidney disease, liver failure, diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, thrombosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, and lupus. This review addresses and collates the existing ex vivo and animal studies on the inhibition of eryptosis by food-derived phytochemicals and natural compounds including phenolic compounds (PC), alkaloids, and other substances that could be a therapeutic and/or co-adjuvant option in eryptotic-driven disorders, especially if they are introduced through the diet.
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Alfhili MA, Basudan AM, Alsughayyir J. Antiproliferative Wnt inhibitor wogonin prevents eryptosis following ionophoric challenge, hyperosmotic shock, oxidative stress, and metabolic deprivation. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13977. [PMID: 34664287 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anemia is a common complication of chemotherapy and may arise due to premature or suicidal death of red blood cells (RBCs). Prevention of RBC death thus lends itself as a promising strategy to counteract anemia. Wogonin (WGN; 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) is a Wnt inhibitor derived from Scutellaria baicalensis plant with potent cytotoxic and antitumor potential. However, the nature of interaction of WGN with human RBCs is unknown. RBCs from healthy participants were exposed to different hemolytic and eryptotic stimuli for 24 or 48 hr at 37°C in the presence and absence of 100 μM WGN. Calcium overload was induced by 2 μM ionomycin, hyperosmotic shock with excessive sucrose, oxidative stress by 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), and metabolic deprivation by exclusion of glucose. Hemolysis was estimated from extracellular hemoglobin, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure by Annexin V-FITC, intracellular calcium by Fluo4/AM, and oxidative stress by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2 DCFDA). While WGN did not rescue the cells from the hemolytic activity of ionomycin, it reduced PS externalization by interfering with calcium influx under both ionomycin treatment and metabolic exhaustion. WGN also significantly inhibited PS exposure upon hyperosmotic shock, but the effect was independent of calcium entry. Moreover, WGN exhibited antihemolytic and anti-eryptotic activities against PEITC without appreciable reduction in ROS levels. Altogether, WGN prevents PEITC-induced hemolysis and suppresses eryptosis due to calcium accumulation, hyperosmotic shock, oxidative stress, and metabolic exhaustion. These novel insights may open new avenues into the therapeutic application of WGN for conditions in which anemia is commonly encountered, most notably cancer. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The herbal supplement Sho-Saiko-To (Xiaochaihu-tang) is commonly prescribed to relieve symptoms of liver disease. Flavonoids from the herbal constituents of Sho-Saiko-To have demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. In this work, we identify WGN, a major flavonoid in Sho-Saiko-To, as a novel inhibitor of hemolysis and eryptosis of human erythrocytes. Since inordinate erythrocyte death is a major obstacle in therapeutic drug development, our findings argue for the use of WGN as a natural alternative, either as a primary or an adjuvant drug, for a wide assortment of pathological conditions including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kengaiah J, Nandish SKM, Ramachandraiah C, Chandramma, Shivaiah A, Vishalakshi GJ, Paul M, Santhosh MS, Shankar RL, Sannaningaiah D. Protective Effect of Tamarind Seed Coat Ethanol Extract on Eryptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:119-129. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Alvarez-Sala A, López-García G, Attanzio A, Tesoriere L, Cilla A, Barberá R, Alegría A. Effects of Plant Sterols or β-Cryptoxanthin at Physiological Serum Concentrations on Suicidal Erythrocyte Death. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1157-1166. [PMID: 29345907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The eryptotic and hemolytic effects of a phytosterol (PS) mixture (β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol) or β-cryptoxanthin (β-Cx) at physiological serum concentration and their effect against oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH) (75 and 300 μM) were evaluated. β-Cryptoxanthin produced an increase in eryptotic cells, cell volume, hemolysis, and glutathione depletion (GSH) without ROS overproduction and intracellular Ca2+ influx. Co-incubation of both bioactive compounds protected against β-Cx-induced eryptosis. Under tBOOH stress, PS prevented eryptosis, reducing Ca2+ influx, ROS overproduction and GSH depletion at 75 μM, and hemolysis at both tBOOH concentrations. β-Cryptoxanthin showed no cytoprotective effect. Co-incubation with both bioactive compounds completely prevented hemolysis and partially prevented eryptosis as well as GSH depletion induced by β-Cx plus tBOOH. Phytosterols at physiological serum concentrations help to prevent pro-eryptotic and hemolytic effects and are promising candidate compounds for ameliorating eryptosis-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alvarez-Sala
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Gabriel López-García
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Alessandro Attanzio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo , Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo , Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Reyes Barberá
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
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Jagadish S, Hemshekhar M, NaveenKumar SK, Sharath Kumar KS, Sundaram MS, Basappa, Girish KS, Rangappa KS. Novel oxolane derivative DMTD mitigates high glucose-induced erythrocyte apoptosis by regulating oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:167-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Triggers, inhibitors, mechanisms, and significance of eryptosis: the suicidal erythrocyte death. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:513518. [PMID: 25821808 PMCID: PMC4364016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis is characterized by erythrocyte shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include Ca(2+) entry, ceramide formation, stimulation of caspases, calpain activation, energy depletion, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of several kinases. Eryptosis is triggered by a wide variety of xenobiotics. It is inhibited by several xenobiotics and endogenous molecules including NO and erythropoietin. The susceptibility of erythrocytes to eryptosis increases with erythrocyte age. Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes adhere to the vascular wall by binding to endothelial CXC-Motiv-Chemokin-16/Scavenger-receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized low density lipoprotein (CXCL16). Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes are further engulfed by phagocytosing cells and are thus rapidly cleared from circulating blood. Eryptosis eliminates infected or defective erythrocytes thus counteracting parasitemia in malaria and preventing detrimental hemolysis of defective cells. Excessive eryptosis, however, may lead to anemia and may interfere with microcirculation. Enhanced eryptosis contributes to the pathophysiology of several clinical disorders including metabolic syndrome and diabetes, malignancy, cardiac and renal insufficiency, hemolytic uremic syndrome, sepsis, mycoplasma infection, malaria, iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and Wilson's disease. Facilitating or inhibiting eryptosis may be a therapeutic option in those disorders.
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Pharmacological profile of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus). Molecules 2015; 20:754-79. [PMID: 25574819 PMCID: PMC6272297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The female inflorescences of hops (Humulus lupulus L.), a well-known bittering agent used in the brewing industry, have long been used in traditional medicines. Xanthohumol (XN) is one of the bioactive substances contributing to its medical applications. Among foodstuffs XN is found primarily in beer and its natural occurrence is surveyed. In recent years, XN has received much attention for its biological effects. The present review describes the pharmacological aspects of XN and summarizes the most interesting findings obtained in the preclinical research related to this compound, including the pharmacological activity, the pharmacokinetics, and the safety of XN. Furthermore, the potential use of XN as a food additive considering its many positive biological effects is discussed.
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Schempp H, Vogel S, Hückelhoven R, Heilmann J. Re-evaluation of superoxide scavenging capacity of xanthohumol. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1435-44. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.515216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Eberhard M, Föller M, Lang F. Effect of phytic acid on suicidal erythrocyte death. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2028-2033. [PMID: 20058927 DOI: 10.1021/jf903666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytic acid, an anticarcinogenic food component, stimulates apoptosis of tumor cells. Similar to apoptosis, human erythrocytes may undergo suicidal death or eryptosis, characterized by cell membrane scrambling and cell shrinkage. Triggers of eryptosis include energy depletion. Phytate intake could cause anemia, an effect attributed to iron complexation. The present experiments explored whether phytic acid influences eryptosis. Supernatant hemoglobin concentration was determined to reveal hemolysis, annexin V-binding in FACS analysis was utilized to identify erythrocytes with scrambled cell membrane, forward scatter in FACS analysis was taken as a measure of cell volume, and a luciferin-luciferase assay was employed to determine erythrocyte ATP content. As a result, phytic acid (>or=1 mM) did not lead to significant hemolysis, but significantly increased the percentage of annexin V-binding erythrocytes, significantly decreased forward scatter, and significantly decreased cellular ATP content. In conclusion, phytic acid stimulates suicidal human erythrocyte death, an effect paralleling its proapoptotic effect on nucleated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberhard
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tubingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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