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Herdiana Y, Husni P, Nurhasanah S, Shamsuddin S, Wathoni N. Chitosan-Based Nano Systems for Natural Antioxidants in Breast Cancer Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2953. [PMID: 37447598 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of death globally, accounting for around 13% of all deaths. Chemotherapy, the common treatment for cancer, can have side effects that lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increase in oxidative stress in the body. Antioxidants are important for maintaining the health of cells and helping the immune system function properly. They play a crucial role in balancing the body's internal environment. Using natural antioxidants is an alternative to mitigate the harmful effects of oxidative stress. However, around 80% of natural antioxidants have limited effectiveness when taken orally because they do not dissolve well in water or other solvents. This poor solubility affects their ability to be absorbed by the body and limits their bioavailability. One strategy that has been considered is to increase their water solubility to increase their oral bioavailability. Chitosan-based nanoparticle (CSNP) systems have been extensively explored due to their reliability and simpler synthesis routes. This review focuses on the various methods of chitosan-based nanoformulation for developing effective oral dosage forms for natural antioxidants based on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties. Chitosan (CS) could be a model, because of its wide use in polymeric NPs research, thus providing a better understanding of the role of vehicles that carry natural antioxidants in maintaining the stability and enhancing the performance of cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedi Herdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Patihul Husni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Siti Nurhasanah
- Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Nanobiotech Research Initiative, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN Interdisciplinary Collaboration on Advanced Sciences (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviated the Adverse Effects of Sildenafil on the Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:9944985. [PMID: 36891377 PMCID: PMC9988388 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9944985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sildenafil (SF) is widely used for erectile dysfunction and other conditions, though with limitations regarding oral absorption and adverse effects. Despite nanotechnological improvements, the effect of nanocarriers on SF hepatotoxicity has not been documented to date. This study aimed at assessing the impact of chitosan nanoparticles either uncoated (CS NPs) or Tween 80-coated (T-CS NPs) on the effects of SF on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats. Test SF-CS NPs prepared by ionic gelation were uniform positively charged nanospheres (diameter 178-215 nm). SF was administered intraperitoneally to male rats (1.5 mg/kg body weight) in free or nanoencapsulated forms as SF-CS NPs and T-SF-CS NPs for 3 weeks. Free SF significantly suppressed the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as in an indirect measure of free radicals. Interestingly, SF-CS NPs and T-SF-CS-NPs treatments significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of SF on the activity of these enzymes whereas, GST activity was inhibited. Moreover, the protein expression of GST was downregulated upon treatment of rats with free SF, SF-CS-NPs, and T-SF CS-NPs. In contrast, the activity and protein expression of GPx was induced by SF-CS NPs and T-SF-CS-NPs treatments. The histopathological study showed that SF induced multiple adverse effects on the rat liver architecture which were markedly suppressed particularly by T-SF-CS NPs. In conclusion, chitosan nanoencapsulation of SF counteracted the adverse effects of SF on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and liver architecture. Findings might have significant implications in improving the safety and efficacy of SF treatment of the widely expanding disease conditions.
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Kumar R, Kumar M, Rizvi SI. Chitosan Displays a Potent Caloric Restriction Mimetic Effect in Senescent Rats. Rejuvenation Res 2021; 24:390-396. [PMID: 34486386 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2021.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a polysaccharide made up of β1,4-linked d-glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-GlcN. In this study, we evaluated the possible caloric restriction mimetic (CRM) effect of dietary chitosan on systemic redox status, inflammatory biomarkers, and lipid profile in plasma and erythrocyte samples of d-galactose-induced mimetically aged rats. We found a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl, fasting glucose, body weight, cholesterol, triglyceride, inflammatory markers-interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in an accelerated senescent rat model. There was also a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in glutathione, advanced glycation end product in senescent rats. Chitosan treatment increased ferric-reducing antioxidant potential, glutathione, plasma membrane-reduced system in accelerated senescent model of rats. Our finding suggests that chitosan has properties similar to a CRM and can effectively maintain the redox homeostasis during the aging process in rat erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Munish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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Liao GC, Jhuang JH, Yao HT. Artichoke leaf extract supplementation lowers hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation and increases multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Food Funct 2021; 12:7239-7249. [PMID: 34165128 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00861g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract (ALE) contains many phytonutrients that may have antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities against many diseases including liver damage. To investigate the protective effects of ALE on high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet-induced steatohepatitis and liver damage in mice, twenty-four female mice were fed an HFHC diet without or with 0.5% and 1% ALE supplementation for 6 weeks. The antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities and histological changes in the liver after ALE treatment were evaluated. The results show that ALE treatment reduced the HFHC diet-induced elevation of liver damage, as indicated by an increased alanine aminotransferase activity in plasma and perivenular inflammatory infiltrates in the liver. In addition, ALE ameliorated HFHC diet-induced depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH) and elevations of plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride and hepatic triglyceride. ALE suppressed HFHC diet-induced accumulation of cholesterol precursors, including squalene and desmosterol in the liver. Higher hepatic GSH contents and activities of GSH-related enzymes were observed after ALE treatment. Higher expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were induced by the HFHC diet; however, ALE treatment reduced HO-1 expression. The NOD-like receptor protein 3, caspase-1, and interleukin-1β protein and mRNA levels were reduced in the liver by ALE. A higher multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 expression in the liver was found after ALE treatment. These results suggest that ALE may ameliorate oxidative stress, inflammation and lipid metabolism disorder in HFHC diet-induced steatohepatitis and liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chen Liao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 100 Jingmao Road, Taichung 406, Taiwan.
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Yalman V, Çelik E, Arslan Ö, Alkan F, Türkoğlu NL, Şirin HT, Arslan AK, Demirbilek M. A study on bone tissue engineering: Injectable chitosan-g-stearic acid putty. Technol Health Care 2020; 28:227-239. [PMID: 32200363 DOI: 10.3233/thc-191775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioengineering products can help bone tissue regeneration. OBJECTIVE There is an ongoing research for more effective biomaterials in bone regeneration. Chitosan (Ch) grafted stearic acid (Ch-g-Sa) polymer was synthesized and its usability as a putty was evaluated in this study. METHODS The chemical structure of Ch-g-Sa polymer was investigated using Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). Thermal properties of Ch-g-Sa polymer were determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Putties containing nano-hydroxyapatite were prepared and in-vitro degradation properties and viscosity of the putties were determined. RESULTS The cytotoxicity, oxidation effect and osteogenic potential of the putties were investigated on MC3T3 cells while the inflammatory effect of the putties was studied on THP-1 cells. For the determination of the osteogenic effect of the putties, ALP and RUNX2 gene expression of MC3T3 cells were studied. CONCLUSION Ch-g-Sa/HA putties are promising biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Yalman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, 34349, Turkey
| | - Ekin Çelik
- Medical Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, 40100, Turkey
| | - Ömer Arslan
- Advanced Technologies Research and Application Center, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Funda Alkan
- Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara, 06900, Turkey
| | - Nelisa Laçin Türkoğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, 34349, Turkey
| | - Hasret Tolga Şirin
- Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara, 06900, Turkey
| | - Arslan Kağan Arslan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Murat Demirbilek
- Advanced Technologies Research and Application Center, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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Liu YT, Chen HW, Lii CK, Jhuang JH, Huang CS, Li ML, Yao HT. A Diterpenoid, 14-Deoxy-11, 12-Didehydroandrographolide, in Andrographis p aniculata Reduces Steatohepatitis and Liver Injury in Mice Fed a High-Fat and High-Cholesterol Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:E523. [PMID: 32085637 PMCID: PMC7071475 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (deAND), a diterpenoid in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, acts as a bioactive phytonutrient that can treat many diseases. To investigate the protective effects of deAND on reducing fatty liver disease, male mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet without or with 0.05% and 0.1% deAND supplementation. Cholesterol accumulation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in liver and liver injury were evaluated after deAND treatment. The results show that deAND treatment for seven weeks reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase activity and lowered hepatic cholesterol accumulation, tumor nuclear factor-α, and histological lesions. The 0.1% deAND treatment reduced HFHC diet-induced apoptosis by lowering the caspase 3/pro-caspase 3 ratio. After 11 weeks of deAND treatment, increased NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), capase-1, and interleukin-1β protein levels in liver were suppressed by deAND treatment. In addition, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression, heme oxygenase-1 protein expression, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were increased in mice fed the HFHC diet. However, those activities of antioxidant enzymes or proteins were also upregulated by 0.1% deAND treatment. Furthermore, deAND treatment tended to lower hepatic lipid peroxides. Finally, deAND treatment reversed the depletion of hepatic glutamate level induced by the HFHC diet. These results indicate that deAND may ameliorate HFHC diet-induced steatohepatitis and liver injury by increasing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ta Liu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-K.L.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-L.L.)
| | - Haw-Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-K.L.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-L.L.)
| | - Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-K.L.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-L.L.)
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-Hua Jhuang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-K.L.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-L.L.)
| | - Chin-Shiu Huang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Ling Li
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-K.L.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-L.L.)
| | - Hsien-Tsung Yao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (Y.-T.L.); (H.-W.C.); (C.-K.L.); (J.-H.J.); (M.-L.L.)
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Yao HT, Lee PF, Lii CK, Liu YT, Chen SH. Freshwater clam extract reduces liver injury by lowering cholesterol accumulation, improving dysregulated cholesterol synthesis and alleviating inflammation in high-fat, high-cholesterol and cholic acid diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. Food Funct 2019; 9:4876-4887. [PMID: 30160281 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00851e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) is a traditional liver-protective food in Asia. Recent studies have renewed attention on high cholesterol accumulation and dysregulated cholesterol synthesis in the liver as a critical factor in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this study, we investigated the protective effects of freshwater clam extract (FCE) and its fat fraction (FCE oil) on high-fat, high-cholesterol and cholic acid (HFHC) diet-induced lean steatohepatitis in mice. Mice were fed a HFHC diet containing FCE or FCE oil for 6 weeks. FCE, but not FCE oil, feeding reduced liver injury as indicated by decreased plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. Liver total cholesterol accumulation was reduced after FCE and FCE oil treatment. Accumulation of squalene and desmosterol, the precursors of cholesterol, in the liver was reduced by FCE but not by FCE oil. The caspase-1 (p10) and interleukin (IL)-1β (p17) protein expressions in the liver were suppressed by both FCE and FCE oil. Therefore, FCE may act as functional food that can reduce steatohepatitis and liver injury by reducing cholesterol accumulation, improving dysregulated cholesterol synthesis and attenuating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Tsung Yao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Jiang Y, Fu C, Wu S, Liu G, Guo J, Su Z. Determination of the Deacetylation Degree of Chitooligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15110332. [PMID: 29068401 PMCID: PMC5706022 DOI: 10.3390/md15110332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The methods for determination of chitosan content recommended in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia are not applicable for evaluation of the extent of deacetylation (deacetylation degree, DD) in chitooligosaccharides (COS). This study explores two different methods for assessment of DD in COS having relatively high and low molecular weights: an acid-base titration with bromocresol green indicator and a first order derivative UV spectrophotometric method for assessment of DD in COS. The accuracy of both methods as a function of molecular weight was also investigated and compared to results obtained using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Our study demonstrates two simple, fast, widely adaptable, highly precise, accurate, and inexpensive methods for the effective determination of DD in COS, which have the potential for widespread commercial applications in developing country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chuhan Fu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Sihui Wu
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational Technical School, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Tajima M, Ikarashi N, Igeta S, Toda T, Ishii M, Tanaka Y, Machida Y, Ochiai W, Yamada H, Sugiyama K. Different Diets Cause Alterations in the Enteric Environment and Trigger Changes in the Expression of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 3A, a Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:624-34. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Tajima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | | | - Shintaro Igeta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Takahiro Toda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Division of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hoshi University
| | - Yoshiaki Machida
- Division of Applied Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hoshi University
| | - Wataru Ochiai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Harumi Yamada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
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KIM MUNOCK, MOON DONGOH, KANG CHANGHEE, CHOI YUNGHYUN, LEE JAEDONG, KIM GIYOUNG. WATER-SOLUBLE CHITOSAN SENSITIZES APOPTOSIS IN HUMAN LEUKEMIA CELLS VIA THE DOWNREGULATION OF BCL-2 AND DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF AKT. J Food Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2011.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bioadhesive pellets increase local 5-aminosalicylic acid concentration in experimental colitis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:379-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Yao HT, Luo MN, Hung LB, Chiang MT, Lin JH, Lii CK, Huang CY. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides on drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver and kidneys. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1171-7. [PMID: 22386817 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver and kidneys, male Spraque-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 1% or 3% COS for 5 weeks. The activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, UDP-glucurosyltransferase (UGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver and kidneys were determined. Significant decreases in microsomal CYP3A-catalyzed testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, CYP2C-catalyzed diclofenac 4-hydroxylation, and CYP4A-catalyzed lauric acid 12-hydroxylation in the liver of rats fed the COS diets were observed compared with those rats fed the control diet. Immunoblot analyses of CYP proteins showed the same trend as with enzyme activities. Increased glutathione content in liver was found in rats fed the 1% COS diet. Increased hepatic NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity was found in rats fed the COS diets. In kidneys, COS had little or no effect on CYP enzyme activities. However, increased GST activity was observed in rats fed the COS diets. Moreover, a higher UGT activity was found in rats fed the 1% COS diet. Our results indicate that COS may suppress hepatic CYP enzymes and induce phase II detoxifying reactions in the liver and kidneys of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Tsung Yao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC.
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Omara EA, Aly HF, Nada SA. Chitosan induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in mice with special reference to gender effect in glycolytic enzymes activities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 62:29-40. [PMID: 22154824 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is an antilipidemic dietary supplement used as a diet aide. The present study investigated the effect of sex-toxicity relationship between male and female mice orally given two dose levels (150 and 300 mg/kg) for 35 days. Chitosan treatment caused significant elevation in transaminases (ALT, AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in liver and in serum urea and creatinine in dose dependent manner; no sex differences between-treated groups. Lipid profile parameters significantly decreased and significant increase in glycolytic enzymes activities in all treatment groups. Female mice treated with chitosan (300 mg/kg) had significant reduction in lipid profile parameters than the same dose of male group. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities significantly enhanced without sex differences, while glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and hexokinase (HK) significantly elevated in the higher dose of females than male. Histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues showed moderate to severe histopathological changes depend on the dose and gender difference. Image analysis resulted significant depletion in glycogen and protein contents especially in female more than male. These results indicated that female mice were more susceptible to the toxic effect of chitosan than males when administered with the higher dose for a long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayat A Omara
- Pathology Dept., National Research Centre, P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Yao HT, Lin JH, Chiang MT, Chiang W, Luo MN, Lii CK. Suppressive effect of the ethanolic extract of adlay bran on cytochrome P-450 enzymes in rat liver and lungs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4306-4314. [PMID: 21395288 DOI: 10.1021/jf200117m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Adlay ( Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) is a grass crop and is reported to protect against various diseases such as cancer. To investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract of adlay bran (ABE) on drug-metabolizing enzymes and glutathione-related antioxidant enzymes in rats, three groups of eight male Sprague-Dawley rats each were fed a control diet or a diet containing 5 or 10% ABE for 4 weeks. Significant decreases in microsomal cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1-catalyzed ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, CYP2C-catalyzed diclofenac 4-hydroxylation, CYP2D-catalyzed dextromethorphan O-demethylation, and CYP3A-catalyzed testosterone 6β-hydroxylation in the liver and CYP1A1-catalyzed ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation in the lungs of rats fed ABE were observed. Immunoblot analyses also showed decreases of CYP1A1, 1A2, 2C6, 2C11, 2D1, 2E1, 3A1, and 3A2 in the liver and CYP1A1 in the lungs. Furthermore, rats fed the 10% ABE diet had a higher glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase activities in the lungs, but such an increase was not noted in the liver. Inhibition of various CYP-catalyzed enzyme reactions by ABE in rat and human liver microsomes had also been shown. The results of this study indicate that ABE feeding may suppress CYP enzyme activities and CYP protein expression in the liver and lungs of rats. Moreover, the increase of the antioxidant potential by ABE is tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Tsung Yao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Abstract
Objective: To prepare water-soluble chitosan(WSC) nanoparticles(WSC-NPs) and microspheres(WSC-MPs) , exam the morphology and particle sizes of them and study their effect on lowering lipids . Methods: WSC-NPs and WSC-MPs were prepared by ionic gelation process and spray-drying methods respectively. The effect of WSC-NPs and WSC-MPs on lowering lipids was evaluated by measuring its binding capacities of lipids in the conditions simulating human gastrointestinal tract in vitro. Also, the morphology and particle sizes of WSC-NPs and WSC-MPs were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle sizer. Resluts: WSC-NPs and WSC-MPs were nearly spherical in shape and the mean particles size varied from 200-400 nm and 3-7 μm respectively; The lipids-binding capacities of WSC-NPs and WSC-MPs were more effective compared with water-soluble chiosan. The lipids-binding capacity were enhenced when the particle size were decreased. Conclusion: WSC-NPs and WSC-MPs will be better fat-lowing food additives to replace water-soluble chitosan.
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