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Euler L, Wagener F, Thomas A, Thevis M. Determination and enantioselective separation of zilpaterol in human urine after mimicking consumption of contaminated meat using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry techniques. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9357. [PMID: 35851724 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The synthetic β-adrenoreceptor agonist zilpaterol is legitimately used as an animal feed supplement in selected countries due to its known effects on lipolysis and protein biosynthesis. These pharmacological characteristics of zilpaterol have contributed to its classification as doping agent in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency. However, the use as a feed supplement can lead to residues of the drug in edible tissues and, possibly, also in the urine of consumers. METHODS To provide urinary elimination profiles of microdosed zilpaterol and to determine whether the ingestion of zilpaterol below or at the acceptable daily intake level of 0.04 μg/kg bodyweight can result in an adverse analytical finding (AAF) in doping controls, healthy volunteers were administered single or multiple oral doses of 0.5 μg or 3 μg zilpaterol to mimic ingestion of contaminated cattle meat. Urine samples were collected and analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method and a newly developed chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS/MS) method. RESULTS Urinary peak concentrations of zilpaterol were observed for all volunteers 1.5-12.5 h after ingestion, and maximum levels >5 ng/mL, which would constitute an AAF in doping controls, were found after the intake of 3 μg of zilpaterol on five consecutive days in one out of five study participants. Noteworthy, the enantiomeric ratio of excreted zilpaterol remained constant over time. CONCLUSION This study provides first insights into the urinary excretion of microdosed zilpaterol. Furthermore, a method was successfully developed and applied for the separation of the zilpaterol enantiomers with mass spectrometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Euler
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felicitas Wagener
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Germany
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Machin J, Brewer K, Morales-Briceno A, Fenger C, Maylin G, Tobin T. Sporadic worldwide "clusters" of feed driven Zilpaterol identifications in racing horses: a review and analysis. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:11. [PMID: 35568924 PMCID: PMC9107120 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zilpaterol is a β2-adrenergic agonist medication approved in certain countries as a cattle feed additive to improve carcass quality. Trace amounts of Zilpaterol can transfer to horse feed, yielding equine urinary "identifications" of Zilpaterol. These "identifications" occur because Zilpaterol is highly bioavailable in horses, resistant to biotransformation and excreted as unchanged Zilpaterol in urine, where it has a 5 day or so terminal half-life.In horses, urinary steady-state concentrations are reached 25 days (5 half-lives) after exposure to contaminated feed. Zilpaterol readily presents in horse urine, yielding clusters of feed related Zilpaterol identifications in racehorses. The first cluster, April 2013, involved 48 racehorses in California; the second cluster, July 2013, involved 15 to 80 racehorses in Hong Kong. The third cluster, March 2019, involved 24 racehorses in Mauritius; this cluster traced to South African feedstuffs, triggering an alert concerning possible Zilpaterol feed contamination in South African racing. The fourth cluster, September/October 2020 involved 18 or so identifications in French racing, reported by the French Laboratories des Courses Hippiques, (LCH), and in July 2021, a fifth cluster of 10 Zilpaterol identifications in South Africa.The regulatory approach to these identifications has been to alert horsemen and feed companies and penalties against horsemen are generally not implemented. Additionally, given their minimal exposure to Zilpaterol, there is little likelihood of Zilpaterol effects on racing performance or adverse health effects for exposed horses.The driving factor in these events is that Zilpaterol is dissolved in molasses for incorporation into cattle feed. Inadvertent incorporation of Zilpaterol containing molasses into horse feed was the source of the California and Hong Kong Zilpaterol identifications. A second factor in the 2019 Mauritius and 2020 French identifications was the sensitivity of testing for Zilpaterol in Mauritius and France, with the French laboratory reportedly testing at a "more sensitive level for Zilpaterol". As of January 1st, 2021, the new FEI Atypical Finding (ATF) policy specifies Zilpaterol as a substance to be treated as an Atypical Finding (ATF), allowing consideration of inadvertent feed contamination in the regulatory evaluation of Zilpaterol identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Machin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and the Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Kimberly Brewer
- , 15775 Cypress Creek Lane, Wellington, FL, 33414, New Zealand
| | | | - Clara Fenger
- Equine Integrated Medicine, 4904 Ironworks Rd, Georgetown, KY, 40324, USA
| | - George Maylin
- New York Drug Testing and Research Program, 777 Warren Rd Ithaca, New York, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas Tobin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and the Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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3
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Moeller BC, Clifford A, Emery RT, Alarcio G, Favro G, Arthur RM. Detection and Confirmation of Zilpaterol in Equine Hair Using Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:31-38. [PMID: 34355536 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Zilpaterol is a β2 -adrenergic agonist and a repartitioning agent that has a high potential for abuse in equine performance athletes. Analysis of zilpaterol in hair is an alternative sampling matrix that extends detection time periods beyond those found in urine or blood samples. Our laboratory has been screening for zilpaterol in hair for many years and recently detected and confirmed its presence in official samples. Accordingly, a liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to detect and confirm zilpaterol in equine hair. Briefly, equine hair was decontaminated, cut, and pulverized prior to disruption and liquid-liquid extraction in basic conditions. Following extraction, the sample was introduced to an Agilent 1260 HPLC and zilpaterol was separated using a reverse phase gradient with a total run time of 12.5 minutes. Following chromatographic separation, zilpaterol and its corresponding stable isotope labeled internal standard were introduced via positive mode electrospray ionization to a Thermo Q-Exactive Plus mass spectrometer and spectra collected using parallel reaction monitoring. The methodology was validated using in-house criteria including characterization of accuracy, precision, recovery, linear range, matrix effects, limit of detection and limit of quantitation and the method was found to be fit-for-purpose to confirm the presence of zilpaterol in equine hair. This methodology has been used to detect and confirm the presence of zilpaterol from out-of-competition hair samples submitted by regional racing authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Moeller
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Amel Clifford
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Richard T Emery
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Gwen Alarcio
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Gianna Favro
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Rick M Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Xu C, Gao H, Pan N, Jiang M, Huang Y, Zhu K, Gong P, Lv S. Clenbuterol, salbutamol, and ractopamine in fresh meat products in Jilin province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1634100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haicheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nanzhu Pan
- College of food engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ketong Zhu
- College of food engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Pingsheng Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Smith DJ, Shelver WL, Chakrabarty S, Hoffman TW. Detection and quantification of residues in sheep exposed to trace levels of dietary zilpaterol HCl. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1289-1301. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Smith
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Weilin L. Shelver
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
- ORISE Post-Doctoral Fellow, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Travis W. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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6
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Chakrabarty S, Shelver WL, Hakk H, Smith DJ. Atmospheric Solid Analysis Probe and Modified Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Screening and Semi-Quantification of Zilpaterol in Urine and Tissues of Sheep. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10871-10880. [PMID: 30295475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometric methods including desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and atmospheric solid analysis probe (ASAP) have great potential for applications requiring real-time screening of target molecules in complex matrixes. Such techniques can also rapidly produce repeatable semiquantitative data, with minimal sample preparation, relative to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In this study, a commercial ASAP probe was used to conduct both ASAP-MS and modified DESI (MDESI) MS analyses. We conducted real-time qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of the leanness-enhancing agent zilpaterol in incurred sheep urine, kidney, muscle, liver, and lung samples using ASAP-MS and MDESI MS. Using ASAP, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) in urine were 1.1 and 3.7 ng/mL, respectively, while for MDESI MS they were 1.3 and 4.4 ng/mL, respectively. The LODs for tissues were 0.1-0.4 ng/g using ASAP, and 0.2-0.6 ng/g with MDESI MS. The LOQs of the tissues in ASAP were 0.4-1.2 ng/g and 0.5-2.1 ng/g in MDESI MS. Trace levels of zilpaterol were accurately analyzed in urine and tissues of sheep treated with dietary zilpaterol HCl. The correlation coefficient ( R2) between semiquantitative ASAP-MS and MDESI MS results of urine samples was 0.872. The data from ASAP and MDESI MS were validated using LC-MS/MS; urinary zilpaterol concentrations ≥5.0 ng/mL or tissue zilpaterol concentrations ≥1.5 ng/g were detected by ASAP and MDESI MS, respectively, 100% of the time. Forty samples could be analyzed in triplicate, directly from biological matrixes in under an hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1616 Albrecht Boulevard , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1616 Albrecht Boulevard , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
| | - Heldur Hakk
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1616 Albrecht Boulevard , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
| | - David J Smith
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory , 1616 Albrecht Boulevard , Fargo , North Dakota 58102 , United States
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Shelver WL, Smith DJ. Development of an immunochromatographic assay for the β-adrenergic agonist feed additive zilpaterol. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1519-1529. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1463568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L. Shelver
- USDA-ARS, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, USA
| | - David J. Smith
- USDA-ARS, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, USA
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8
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Analysis of 10 β-agonists in pork meat using automated dispersive pipette extraction and LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Cheng TYD, Shelver WL, Hong CC, McCann SE, Davis W, Zhang Y, Ambrosone CB, Smith DJ. Urinary Excretion of the β-Adrenergic Feed Additives Ractopamine and Zilpaterol in Breast and Lung Cancer Patients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7632-7639. [PMID: 27641640 PMCID: PMC5510757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
β2-Adrenergic agonists (β-agonists) have been legally used in the U.S. for almost two decades to increase lean muscle mass in meat animals. Despite a cardiotoxic effect after high-dose exposure, there has been limited research on human β-agonist exposures related to meat consumption. We quantified urinary concentrations of ractopamine and zilpaterol, two FDA-approved β-agonist feed additives, and examined the extent to which the concentrations were associated with estimated usual meat intake levels. Overnight urine samples from 324 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and spot urine samples from 46 lung cancer patients at the time of diagnosis, prior to treatment, were collected during 2006-2010 and 2014-2015, respectively. Urinary ractopamine and zilpaterol concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Ractopamine and zilpaterol, respectively, were detected in 8.1% and 3.0% of the urine samples collected (n = 370). Only 1.1% (n = 4) of the urine samples had zilpaterol concentrations above the limit of quantification, with the mean value of 0.07 ng/mL in urine. The presence of detectable ractopamine and zilpaterol levels were not associated with meat consumption estimated from a food frequency questionnaire, including total meat (P = 0.13 and 0.74, respectively), total red meat (P = 0.72 and 0.74), unprocessed red meat (P = 0.74 and 0.73), processed red meat (P = 0.72 and 0.15), and poultry intake (P = 0.67 for ractopamine). Our data suggest that the amount of meat-related exposure of β-agonists was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yuan David Cheng
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Weilin L. Shelver
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND
| | - Chi-Chen Hong
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Susan E. McCann
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Warren Davis
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - David J. Smith
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND
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10
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Xiong L, Gao YQ, Li WH, Yang XL, Shimo SP. Simple and sensitive monitoring of β2-agonist residues in meat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a QuEChERS with preconcentration as the sample treatment. Meat Sci 2015; 105:96-107. [PMID: 25828164 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of the levels of 10 β2-agonists in meat. The samples were extracted using an aqueous acidic solution and cleaned up using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) technique utilising a DVB-NVP-SO3Na sorbent synthesised in-house. First, the β2-agonist residues were extracted in an aqueous acidic solution, followed by matrix solid-phase dispersion for clean-up. The linearities of the method were R(2)=0.9925-0.9998, with RSDs of 2.7-15.3% and 73.7-103.5% recoveries. Very low limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of 0.2-0.9 μg/kg and 0.8-3.2 μg/kg, respectively, were achieved for spiked meat. The values obtained were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the EU and China. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The evaluated method provided reliable screening, quantification and identification of 10 β2-agonists in meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Ya-Qin Gao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wei-Hong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shimo Peter Shimo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Product (Lanzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
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11
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Geis-Asteggiante L, Nuñez A, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR. Structural characterization of product ions by electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to support regulatory analysis of veterinary drug residues in foods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1061-1081. [PMID: 24711270 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Monitoring of veterinary drug residues in foods is often conducted using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Results have high economic stakes for producers, but the ions monitored are usually selected due to signal intensities without structural interpretation. In this study, the ion transitions were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry. METHODS The 62 veterinary drugs from the LC/MS/MS method consisted of sulfonamides, β-lactams, phenicols, macrolides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroids. They were individually infused into a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization (ESI) operated in positive mode. The MS and collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS spectra for each analyte were obtained for structural elucidation. The Q-TOF instrument was calibrated to obtain a mass accuracy error <5 ppm for the MS and MS/MS spectra. RESULTS The use of high-resolution ESI-Q-TOF-MS for the generation of the MS/MS product ions allowed for the determination of chemical formulae for the analytes, some of which led to new findings. Assigned structures were based on rational interpretation of the most stable possible products with comparison with the scientific literature. In difficult cases, isotopically labeled drugs or hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange experiments were used to help confirm the structures of the product ions. CONCLUSIONS The use of ESI-Q-TOF-MS in this study has allowed structure elucidation of 186 MS/MS product ions previously selected for the LC/MS/MS analysis of 62 veterinary drugs. This serves to reduce the chances of false positives and negatives in the monitoring program, and provides justification and defense in regulatory enforcement actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Geis-Asteggiante
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA; Cátedra de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, DQO, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, General Flores 2124, 12800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Jiang XF, Zhu YH, Liu XY. Identification of ractopamine glucuronides and determination of bioactive ractopamine residues and its metabolites in food animal urine by ELISA, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:29-38. [PMID: 24444392 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.855327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ractopamine glucuronides have been identified in cattle urine sampled by LC-MS/MS. An ELISA method, which was capable of specifically determining (1R, 3R)-ractopamine stereoisomer and its glucuronide metabolites, had more than 100% recovery with an acceptable coefficient of variation in the inter- and intra-assay variation tests for RR-ractopamine. The concentration levels of parent ractopamine and ractopamine glucuronide metabolites as the main components of total ractopamine in cattle and sheep urine showed similar depletion trends, in which the concentration curves increased and reached a climax during the feeding period, and then dropped quickly when entering the withdrawal period. Data from the three methods had very good pair-wise correlations. In the cattle urine samples, the correlation coefficient (R(2)) for parent ractopamine between the ELISA and the LC-MS/MS or GC-MS results were 0.93 or 0.92; R(2) values for parent ractopamine and total ractopamine data measured by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS were 0.9651 and 0.9677, respectively. All R(2) values for data gained from sheep urine samples were >0.95. The study indicated that the close levels of RR-ractopamine stereoisomer in cattle and sheep urine samples may imply the presence of a similar depletion pattern in other livestock, and thus would facilitate an accurate detection and management of ractopamine usage in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Jiang
- a School of Chemistry and Life Science , Guizhou Normal College , Guiyang 550018 , China
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Shelver WL, Smith DJ. Immunochemical-based zilpaterol measurement and validation in urine and tissues. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.565038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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