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Ren Z, Zhao J, Cao X, Wang F. Tandem fusion of albumin-binding domains promoted soluble expression and stability of recombinant trichosanthin in vitro and in vivo. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 200:106147. [PMID: 35917982 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS), as a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein, has a very high cytoplasmic activity in vitro and can quickly kill cancer cells. However, it is easily filtered and cleared by the kidney, which results in the short half-life and severely limits its application. In this study, we constructed several recombinant proteins by fusing the albumin binding domain mutant ABD035(abbreviated as ABD) to the N- or C-terminus of TCS to endow the recombinant TCS fusion protein with a longer half-life property binding with endogenous human serum albumin (HSA) via ABD to effectively exert its anti-tumor activity in vivo. Pull down, Dynamic light scattering and ELISA assays all showed that TCS fused with two ABD sequences at the C-terminus of TCS, has stronger binding capacity to HSA in vitro than TCS with one ABD. In vivo studies in BALB/C mice were performed and the elimination half-life of TCS-ABD-ABD is about 15-fold longer compared to TCS and anti-tumor activity is about 30% higher than that of TCS alone in BALB/C mouse experiments. Moreover, we found that TCS with two ABDs in tandem have the highest soluble expression level, more than 5 times higher than that of TCS, and the yield of purified protein of TCS-ABD-ABD was as high as 68.9 mg/L culture solution, which was about 7-fold higher than that of TCS. Furthermore, MTT assay showed that the anti-tumor activity of TCS-ABD-ABD was significantly higher than TCS fused with only one ABD sequence, indicating that the repeated ABD sequences facilitated the biological activity of TCS. In this paper, the fusion of the albumin-binding domain in tandem with TCS can effectively improve its stability in vivo and also significantly increase its soluble expression, expanding the application of the albumin-binding domain in the high soluble expression and stability of protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZeFeng Ren
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - XueWei Cao
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - FuJun Wang
- New Drug R&D Center, Zhejiang Fonow Medicine Co., Ltd. 209 West Hulian Road, Dongyang, 322100, Zhejiang, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Ribotoxic Proteins, Known as Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis, from Mushrooms and Other Fungi According to Endo's Fragment Detection. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060403. [PMID: 35737065 PMCID: PMC9227437 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
rRNA N-glycosylases (EC 3.2.2.22) remove a specific adenine (A4324, rat 28S rRNA) in the sarcin ricin loop (SRL) involved into ribosome interaction with elongation factors, causing the inhibition of translation, for which they are known as plant 'ribosome inactivating proteins' (RIPs). However, protein synthesis inactivation could be the result of other enzymes, which often have rRNA as the target. In this scenario, Endo's assay is the most used method to detect the enzymes that are able to hydrolyze a phosphodiester bond or cleave a single N-glycosidic bond (rRNA N-glycosylases). Indeed, the detection of a diagnostic fragment from rRNA after enzymatic action, with or without acid aniline, allows one to discriminate between the N-glycosylases or hydrolases, which release the β-fragment after acid aniline treatment or α-fragment without acid aniline treatment, respectively. This assay is of great importance in the mushroom kingdom, considering the presence of enzymes that are able to hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds (e.g., ribonucleases, ribotoxins and ribotoxin-like proteins) or to remove a specific adenine (rRNA N-glycosylases). Thus, here we used the β-fragment experimentally detected by Endo's assay as a hallmark to revise the literature available on enzymes from mushrooms and other fungi, whose action consists of protein biosynthesis inhibition.
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Lu JQ, Shou JW, Lo KC, Tang YS, Shi WW, Shaw PC. Pore-Forming Cardiotoxin VVA2 (Volvatoxin A2) Variant I82E/L86K Is an Atypical Duplex-Specific Nuclease. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060392. [PMID: 35737053 PMCID: PMC9230820 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
VVA2 (volvatoxin A chain 2) is a cardiotoxic protein purified from Volvariella volvacea. Its biological activities include hemolysis, writhing reaction, neurotoxicity, and ventricular systolic arresting activity. The cytotoxicity of VVA2 was mainly considered due to its pore-forming activity. Here we report a novel biological activity of its variants VVA2 I82E/K86K as a duplex-specific nuclease. Recombinant VVA2 variant I82E/L86K (Re-VVA2 I82E/L86K), deprived of the oligomerization property, shows increased nuclease activity compared to VVA2. Re-VVA2 I82E/L86K converts supercoiled DNA (Replicative form I, RF I) into nicked form (RF II) and linear form (RF III) in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+. Besides plasmid DNA, it also exhibits nuclease activity on E. coli genomic DNA rather than ssDNA or RNA. Re-VVA2 I82E/L86K preferentially cleaves dG-dC-rich dsDNA regions and shows the best performance at pH 6–9 and 55 °C. Our structure–function study has revealed amino acid E111 may take an active part in nuclease activity through interacting with metal ions. Based on the sequences of its cleavage sites, a “double-hit” mechanism was thereby proposed. Given that Re-VVA2 I82E/L86K did not exhibit the conserved nuclease structure and sequence, it is considered an atypical duplex-specific nuclease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Lu
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (J.-W.S.); (K.-C.L.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia-Wen Shou
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (J.-W.S.); (K.-C.L.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Ching Lo
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (J.-W.S.); (K.-C.L.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Sang Tang
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (J.-W.S.); (K.-C.L.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shi
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (J.-W.S.); (K.-C.L.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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Sangthong S, Pintathong P, Pongsua P, Jirarat A, Chaiwut P. Polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea Mushroom: Extraction, Biological Activities and Cosmetic Efficacy. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060572. [PMID: 35736055 PMCID: PMC9225106 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea (VVP) were investigated for their cosmetic-related activities and in vivo efficacy for use as a multifunctional active cosmetic ingredient. Three different polysaccharide extraction methods, including hot water shaking (HS), microwave-assisted (MA) and ultrasonic-assisted (UA), were used. Extractable yield, polysaccharide contents and biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-elastase activities, were compared. The polysaccharides from HS provided the highest extraction yield (15.58 ± 0.96% w/w) and the highest beta-glucan content (18.80 ± 0.81% w/w). The HS polysaccharides also possessed the highest inhibitory effects toward lipid peroxidation (IC50 of 0.0378 mg/mL), tyrosinase (51.46 mg KAE/g), and elastase (604.21 ± 73.66 mg EGCG/g). The cytotoxicity of the VVP was determined for safe use. A cosmetic gel cream containing VVP was developed and 0.2% VVP formulation was observed to be the most stable in color. UV protection factors, skin irritation by single patch test, and in vivo efficacy, including skin moisturization, anti-wrinkle and whitening, were measured. The VVP showed no cytotoxicity against human dermal skin fibroblast. The gel cream containing VVP provided less sun protection factor; however, it significantly exhibited the skin benefits of increasing moisture, gross elasticity, net elasticity, and skin firmness. Improvements to skin roughness, scaliness, wrinkles and in melanin content were also depicted gradually along 8 weeks. V. volvacea, therefore, could be a good source for polysaccharides being used as a moisturizing, anti-wrinkle, and whitening agent in cosmetic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Sangthong
- School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (P.P.)
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (P.P.); (A.J.)
| | - Punyawatt Pintathong
- School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (P.P.)
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (P.P.); (A.J.)
| | - Patcharee Pongsua
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (P.P.); (A.J.)
| | - Areeya Jirarat
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (P.P.); (A.J.)
| | - Phanuphong Chaiwut
- School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (P.P.)
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (P.P.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-5-3916-839
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Lu JQ, Wong KB, Shaw PC. A Sixty-Year Research and Development of Trichosanthin, a Ribosome-Inactivating Protein. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030178. [PMID: 35324675 PMCID: PMC8950148 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tian Hua Fen, a herbal powder extract that contains trichosanthin (TCS), was used as an abortifacient in traditional Chinese medicine. In 1972, TCS was purified to alleviate the side effects. Because of its clinical applications, TCS became one of the most active research areas in the 1960s to the 1980s in China. These include obtaining the sequence information in the 1980s and the crystal structure in 1995. The replication block of TCS on human immunodeficiency virus in lymphocytes and macrophages was found in 1989 and started a new chapter of its development. Clinical studies were subsequently conducted. TCS was also found to have the potential for gastric and colorectal cancer treatment. Studies on its mechanism showed TCS acts as an rRNA N-glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.22) by hydrolyzing and depurinating A-4324 in α-sarcin/ricin loop on 28S rRNA of rat ribosome. Its interaction with acidic ribosomal stalk proteins was revealed in 2007, and its trafficking in mammalian cells was elucidated in the 2000s. The adverse drug reactions, such as inducing immune responses, short plasma half-life, and non-specificity, somehow became the obstacles to its usage. Immunotoxins, sequence modification, or coupling with polyethylene glycerol and dextran were developed to improve the pharmacological properties. TCS has nicely shown the scientific basis of traditional Chinese medicine and how its research and development have expanded the knowledge and applications of ribosome-inactivating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Lu
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (K.-B.W.)
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (K.-B.W.)
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (K.-B.W.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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Lu JQ, Shi WW, Xiao MJ, Tang YS, Zheng YT, Shaw PC. Lyophyllin, a Mushroom Protein from the Peptidase M35 Superfamily Is an RNA N-Glycosidase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111598. [PMID: 34769028 PMCID: PMC8584072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) hydrolyze the N-glycosidic bond and depurinate a specific adenine residue (A-4324 in rat 28S ribosomal RNA, rRNA) in the conserved α-sarcin/ricin loop (α-SRL) of rRNA. In this study, we have purified and characterized lyophyllin, an unconventional RIP from Lyophyllum shimeji, an edible mushroom. The protein resembles peptidase M35 domain of peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidases. Nevertheless, protein either from the mushroom or in recombinant form possessed N-glycosidase and protein synthesis inhibitory activities. A homology model of lyophyllin was constructed. It was found that the zinc binding pocket of this protein resembles the catalytic cleft of a classical RIP, with key amino acids that interact with the adenine substrate in the appropriate positions. Mutational studies showed that E122 may play a role in stabilizing the positively charged oxocarbenium ion and H121 for protonating N-3 of adenine. The tyrosine residues Y137 and Y104 may be used for stacking the target adenine ring. This work first shows a protein in the peptidase M35 superfamily based on conserved domain search possessing N-glycosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Lu
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shi
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Meng-Jie Xiao
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Sang Tang
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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Serna-Arbeláez MS, Florez-Sampedro L, Orozco LP, Ramírez K, Galeano E, Zapata W. Natural Products with Inhibitory Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Adv Virol 2021; 2021:5552088. [PMID: 34194504 PMCID: PMC8181102 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5552088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are considered one of the main public health problems worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the current modality of treatment for HIV-1 infection. It comprises the combined use of several drugs and can decrease the viral load and increase the CD4+ T cell count in patients with HIV-1 infection, thereby proving to be an effective modality. This therapy significantly decreases the rate of morbidity and mortality owing to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and prolongs and improves the quality of life of infected patients. However, nonadherence to ART may increase viral resistance to antiretroviral drugs and transmission of drug-resistant strains of HIV. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research for compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, exhibiting a potential for the development of an alternative or complementary therapy to ART with low cost and fewer side effects. Natural products and their derivatives represent an excellent option owing to their therapeutic potential against HIV. Currently, the derivatives of natural products available as anti-HIV-1 agents include zidovudine, an arabinonucleoside derivative of the Caribbean marine sponge (Tectitethya crypta), which inhibits the reverse transcriptase of the virus. This was the first antiviral agent approved for treatment of HIV infection. Additionally, bevirimat (isolated from Syzygium claviflorum) and calanolide A (isolated from Calophyllum sp.) are inhibitors of viral maturation and reverse transcription process, respectively. In the present review, we aimed to describe the wide repertoire of natural compounds exhibiting anti-HIV-1 activity that can be considered for designing new therapeutic strategies to curb the HIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Serna-Arbeláez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigacion en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Laura Florez-Sampedro
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina P. Orozco
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Katherin Ramírez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Productos Naturales Marinos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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Citores L, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM. Antiviral Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:80. [PMID: 33499086 PMCID: PMC7912582 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosylases from plants (EC 3.2.2.22) that inactivate ribosomes thus inhibiting protein synthesis. The antiviral properties of RIPs have been investigated for more than four decades. However, interest in these proteins is rising due to the emergence of infectious diseases caused by new viruses and the difficulty in treating viral infections. On the other hand, there is a growing need to control crop diseases without resorting to the use of phytosanitary products which are very harmful to the environment and in this respect, RIPs have been shown as a promising tool that can be used to obtain transgenic plants resistant to viruses. The way in which RIPs exert their antiviral effect continues to be the subject of intense research and several mechanisms of action have been proposed. The purpose of this review is to examine the research studies that deal with this matter, placing special emphasis on the most recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
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Rezvani V, Pourianfar HR, Mohammadnejad S, Madjid Ansari A, Farahmand L. Anticancer potentiality and mode of action of low-carbohydrate proteins and peptides from mushrooms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6855-6871. [PMID: 32556413 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe side effects of chemotherapy as well as drug resistance highlight the ongoing need to discover novel natural bioactive compounds with anticancer potentiality. Mushroom-derived proteins are among the naturally occurring compounds that have been the subject of a body of research on their potentiality in cancer therapy. The greatest attention in relevant review articles has been paid to well-known mushroom-derived glycoproteins such as lectins and protein-bound polysaccharide complexes such as polysaccharide-K (PSK) or krestin and polysaccharopeptide (PSP), which contain substantial amounts of carbohydrates (50-90%). These complex compounds exert their anticancer activity mainly by binding to cell membranes leading to extrinsic (death receptor) apoptosis or intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathways. However, several other research studies have reported pure, well-characterized, proteins or peptides from mushrooms, which are carbohydrate-free or have very low amounts of carbohydrate. These proteins may fall into four categories including fungal immunomodulatory proteins, ubiquitin-like proteins, enzymes, and unclassified proteins. Well-defined chemical structure, elucidated full amino acid or N-terminal sequences, purity, and having some distinct and specific pathways compared to glycoproteins have made these low-carbohydrate proteins attractive for cancer research. The aim of this review was therefore to improve the current understanding of mushroom-derived low-carbohydrate proteins and to consolidate the existing knowledge of the most promising mushroom species from which low-carbohydrate proteins have been derived, characterized, and examined for their anticancer activity. In addition, molecular targets and mechanisms of action of these proteins have been discussed. Key points • Mushroom-derived low-carbohydrate proteins lack or have low carbohydrate. • Low-carbohydrate proteins show potent anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. • There are specific pathways for low-carbohydrate proteins to inhibit cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vala Rezvani
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, P.O. Box 91775-1376, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid R Pourianfar
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, P.O. Box 91775-1376, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Safoora Mohammadnejad
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, P.O. Box 91775-1376, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Heterologous Production and Functional Characterization of Ageritin, a Novel Type of Ribotoxin Highly Expressed during Fruiting of the Edible Mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01549-19. [PMID: 31444206 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01549-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce various defense proteins against antagonists, including ribotoxins. These toxins cleave a single phosphodiester bond within the universally conserved sarcin-ricin loop of ribosomes and inhibit protein biosynthesis. Here, we report on the structure and function of ageritin, a previously reported ribotoxin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita The amino acid sequence of ageritin was derived from cDNA isolated from the dikaryon A. aegerita AAE-3 and lacks, according to in silico prediction, a signal peptide for classical secretion, predicting a cytoplasmic localization of the protein. The calculated molecular weight of the protein is slightly higher than the one reported for native ageritin. The A. aegerita ageritin-encoding gene, AaeAGT1, is highly induced during fruiting, and toxicity assays with AaeAGT1 heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli showed a strong toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae yet not against nematodes. The activity of recombinant A. aegerita ageritin toward rabbit ribosomes was confirmed in vitro Mutagenesis studies revealed a correlation between in vivo and in vitro activities, indicating that entomotoxicity is mediated by ribonucleolytic cleavage. The strong larvicidal activity of ageritin makes this protein a promising candidate for novel biopesticide development.IMPORTANCE Our results suggest a pronounced organismal specificity of a protein toxin with a very conserved intracellular molecular target. The molecular details of the toxin-target interaction will provide important insight into the mechanism of action of protein toxins and the ribosome. This insight might be exploited to develop novel bioinsecticides.
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Zhou R, Liu ZK, Zhang YN, Wong JH, Ng TB, Liu F. Research Progress of Bioactive Proteins from the Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:196-219. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180613090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, mushrooms have been widely used as traditional Chinese medicine in Asia.
Apart from polysaccharides and some small-molecule components, such as flavones, polyphenols and
terpenes, mushrooms produce a large number of pharmaceutically active proteins, which have become
popular sources of natural antitumor, antimicrobial, immunoenhancing agents. These bioactive proteins
include lectins, laccases, Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs), nucleases, and Fungal Immunomodulatory
Proteins (FIPs). The review is to summarize the characterstics of structure and bioactivities involved
in antitumor, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and immunoenhancing activities of proteins from
edible mushrooms, to better understand their mechanisms, and to direct research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Zhao Kun Liu
- Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ye Ni Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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12
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Zhu F, Zhou YK, Ji ZL, Chen XR. The Plant Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins Play Important Roles in Defense against Pathogens and Insect Pest Attacks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:146. [PMID: 29479367 PMCID: PMC5811460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic N-glycosidases that depurinate eukaryotic and prokaryotic rRNAs, thereby arresting protein synthesis during translation. RIPs are widely found in various plant species and within different tissues. It is demonstrated in vitro and in transgenic plants that RIPs have been connected to defense by antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and insecticidal activities. However, the mechanism of these effects is still not completely clear. There are a number of reviews of RIPs. However, there are no reviews on the biological functions of RIPs in defense against pathogens and insect pests. Therefore, in this report, we focused on the effect of RIPs from plants in defense against pathogens and insect pest attacks. First, we summarize the three different types of RIPs based on their physical properties. RIPs are generally distributed in plants. Then, we discuss the distribution of RIPs that are found in various plant species and in fungi, bacteria, algae, and animals. Various RIPs have shown unique bioactive properties including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and insecticidal activity. Finally, we divided the discussion into the biological roles of RIPs in defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects. This review is focused on the role of plant RIPs in defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insect attacks. The role of plant RIPs in defense against pathogens and insects is being comprehended currently. Future study utilizing transgenic technology approaches to study the mechanisms of RIPs will undoubtedly generate a better comprehending of the role of plant RIPs in defense against pathogens and insects. Discovering additional crosstalk mechanisms between RIPs and phytohormones or reactive oxygen species (ROS) against pathogen and insect infections will be a significant subject in the field of biotic stress study. These studies are helpful in revealing significance of genetic control that can be beneficial to engineer crops tolerance to biotic stress.
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13
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Lapadula WJ, Ayub MJ. Ribosome Inactivating Proteins from an evolutionary perspective. Toxicon 2017; 136:6-14. [PMID: 28651991 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosidases that inhibit protein synthesis through the elimination of a single adenine residue from 28S rRNA. Many of these toxins have been characterized in depth from a biochemical and molecular point of view. In addition, their potential use in medicine as highly selective toxins is being explored. In contrast, the evolutionary history of RIP encoding genes has remained traditionally underexplored. In recent years, accumulation of large genomic data has fueled research on this issue and revealed unexpected information about the origin and evolution of RIP toxins. In this review we summarize the current evidence available on the occurrence of different evolutionary mechanisms (gene duplication and losses, horizontal gene transfer, synthesis de novo and domain combination) involved in the evolution of the RIP gene family. Finally, we propose a revised nomenclature for RIP genes based on their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Jesús Lapadula
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, IMIBIO-SL-CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano Juri Ayub
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, IMIBIO-SL-CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
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14
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Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Domashevskiy AV, Goss DJ. Pokeweed antiviral protein, a ribosome inactivating protein: activity, inhibition and prospects. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:274-98. [PMID: 25635465 PMCID: PMC4344624 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses employ an array of elaborate strategies to overcome plant defense mechanisms and must adapt to the requirements of the host translational systems. Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) from Phytolacca americana is a ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) and is an RNA N-glycosidase that removes specific purine residues from the sarcin/ricin (S/R) loop of large rRNA, arresting protein synthesis at the translocation step. PAP is thought to play an important role in the plant's defense mechanism against foreign pathogens. This review focuses on the structure, function, and the relationship of PAP to other RIPs, discusses molecular aspects of PAP antiviral activity, the novel inhibition of this plant toxin by a virus counteraction-a peptide linked to the viral genome (VPg), and possible applications of RIP-conjugated immunotoxins in cancer therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Endoribonucleases/chemistry
- Fungal Proteins/chemistry
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Protein Isoforms
- RNA Caps/chemistry
- RNA Caps/genetics
- RNA Caps/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/chemistry
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/chemistry
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/genetics
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/metabolism
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/pharmacology
- Ribosomes/chemistry
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Ricin/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Domashevskiy
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Department of Sciences, City University of New York, 524 West 59th Street, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| | - Dixie J Goss
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York and the Graduate Center, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Nuchsuk C, Wetprasit N, Roytrakul S, Choowongkomon K, T-Thienprasert N, Yokthongwattana C, Arpornsuwan T, Ratanapo S. Bioactivities of Jc-SCRIP, a Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein fromJatropha curcasSeed Coat. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:453-62. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanthakan Nuchsuk
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nuanchawee Wetprasit
- Department of Biotechnology; Faculty of Science; Ramkhamhaeng University; Ramkamhaeng Rd. Bangkapi Bangkok 10240 Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA); 113 Clong-Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nattanan T-Thienprasert
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Chotika Yokthongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Theerakul Arpornsuwan
- Department of Medical Technology; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences; Thammasat University; Rangsit, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Sunanta Ratanapo
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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18
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Lapadula WJ, Sánchez Puerta MV, Juri Ayub M. Revising the taxonomic distribution, origin and evolution of ribosome inactivating protein genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72825. [PMID: 24039805 PMCID: PMC3764214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins are enzymes that depurinate a specific adenine residue in the alpha-sarcin-ricin loop of the large ribosomal RNA, being ricin and Shiga toxins the most renowned examples. They are widely distributed in plants and their presence has also been confirmed in a few bacterial species. According to this taxonomic distribution, the current model about the origin and evolution of RIP genes postulates that an ancestral RIP domain was originated in flowering plants, and later acquired by some bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. Here, we unequivocally detected the presence of RIP genes in fungi and metazoa. These findings, along with sequence and phylogenetic analyses, led us to propose an alternative, more parsimonious, hypothesis about the origin and evolutionary history of the RIP domain, where several paralogous RIP genes were already present before the three domains of life evolved. This model is in agreement with the current idea of the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) as a complex, genetically redundant organism. Differential loss of paralogous genes in descendants of LUCA, rather than multiple horizontal gene transfer events, could account for the complex pattern of RIP genes across extant species, as it has been observed for other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lapadula
- Área de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNSL and Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL-CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
| | - María Virginia Sánchez Puerta
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, IBAM-CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Juri Ayub
- Área de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNSL and Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL-CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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19
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Loss-Morais G, Turchetto-Zolet AC, Etges M, Cagliari A, Körbes AP, Maraschin FDS, Margis-Pinheiro M, Margis R. Analysis of castor bean ribosome-inactivating proteins and their gene expression during seed development. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:74-86. [PMID: 23569411 PMCID: PMC3615529 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013005000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes that inhibit protein synthesis after depurination of a specific adenine in rRNA. The RIP family members are classified as type I RIPs that contain an RNA-N-glycosidase domain and type II RIPs that contain a lectin domain (B chain) in addition to the glycosidase domain (A chain). In this work, we identified 30 new plant RIPs and characterized 18 Ricinus communis RIPs. Phylogenetic and functional divergence analyses indicated that the emergence of type I and II RIPs probably occurred before the monocot/eudicot split. We also report the expression profiles of 18 castor bean genes, including those for ricin and agglutinin, in five seed stages as assessed by quantitative PCR. Ricin and agglutinin were the most expressed RIPs in developing seeds although eight other RIPs were also expressed. All of the RIP genes were most highly expressed in the stages in which the endosperm was fully expanded. Although the reason for the large expansion of RIP genes in castor beans remains to be established, the differential expression patterns of the type I and type II members reinforce the existence of biological functions other than defense against predators and herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Loss-Morais
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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20
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Stasyk T, Lutsik-Kordovsky M, Wernstedt C, Antonyuk V, Klyuchivska O, Souchelnytskyi S, Hellman U, Stoika R. A new highly toxic protein isolated from the death cap Amanita phalloides is an L-amino acid oxidase. FEBS J 2010; 277:1260-9. [PMID: 20121947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new highly cytotoxic protein, toxophallin, was recently isolated from the fruit body of the death cap Amanita phalloides mushroom [Stasyk et al. (2008) Studia Biologica 2, 21-32]. The physico-chemical, chemical and biological characteristics of toxophallin differ distinctly from those of another death cap toxic protein, namely phallolysin. The interaction of toxophallin with target cells is not mediated by a specific cell surface receptor. It induces chromatin condensation, as well as DNA and nucleus fragmentation, which are typical for apoptosis. However, caspase III inhibitor [benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone] did not stop toxophallin-induced DNA fragmentation. Thus, toxophallin uses a caspase-independent pathway of apoptosis induction. In the present study, we applied a complementary approach based on a combination of proteomics and molecular biology tools for the protein identification of toxophallin. The primary structure of toxophallin was partially studied via direct sequencing of its tryptic peptides, followed by PCR-based cloning of the corresponding cDNA. A subsequent bioinformatic search revealed a structural homology of toxophallin with the l-amino acid oxidase of the Laccaria bicolor mushroom. This demonstrates the usefulness of our approach for the identification of proteins in organisms with unknown genomes. We also found a broad substrate specificity of toxophallin with respect to oxidizing selected amino acids. Ascorbic acid inhibited the cytotoxic effect of toxophallin, most likely as a result of scavenging hydrogen peroxide, which is the product of oxidase catalysis. Thus, in addition to highly toxic cyclopeptides and toxic lectin phallolysin, the death cap fruit body contains another cytotoxic protein in the form of an enzyme, namely l-amino acid oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Stasyk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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21
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Marmorin, a new ribosome inactivating protein with antiproliferative and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from the mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:669-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Parente A, Conforto B, Di Maro A, Chambery A, De Luca P, Bolognesi A, Iriti M, Faoro F. Type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves: differential seasonal and age expression, and cellular localization. PLANTA 2008; 228:963-975. [PMID: 18704492 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The expression of type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) in Phytolacca dioica L. leaves was investigated. Fully expanded leaves of young P. dioica plants (up to 3 years old) expressed two novel RIPs, dioicin 1 and dioicin 2. The former was also found in developing leaves from adult P. dioica within about two and a half weeks after leaf development, and the latter continuously synthesized, with no seasonal or ontogenetic constraint. Fully expanded leaves from adult P. dioica expressed four RIPs (PD-Ls1-4) exhibiting seasonal variation. RIPs were localized in the extracellular space, in the vacuole and in the Golgi apparatus of mesophyll cells. Dioicin 1 and dioicin 2 showed rRNA N-beta-glycosidase activity and displayed the following properties, respectively: (1) Mr values of 30,047.00 and 29,910.00, (2) pIs of 8.74 and 9.37, and (3) IC(50) values of 19.74 (0.658 nM) and 6.85 ng/mL (0.229 nM). Furthermore, they showed adenine polynucleotide glycosylase activity and nicked pBR322 dsDNA. The amino acid sequence of dioicin 2 had 266 amino acid residues, and the highest percentage identity (81.6%) and similarity (84.6%) with PAP-II from Phytolacca americana, while its identity with other RIPs from Phytolaccaceae was around 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Parente
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy.
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23
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Aceto S, Di Maro A, Conforto B, Siniscalco GG, Parente A, Delli Bovi P, Gaudio L. Nicking activity on pBR322 DNA of ribosome inactivating proteins from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves. Biol Chem 2005; 386:307-17. [PMID: 15899692 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins isolated from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves are rRNA-N-glycosidases, as well as adenine polynucleotide glycosylases. Here we report that some of them cleave supercoiled pBR322 dsDNA, generating relaxed and linear molecules. PD-L1, the glycosylated major form isolated from the winter leaves of adult P . dioica plants, produces both free 3'-OH and 5'-P termini randomly distributed along the DNA molecule, as suggested by labelling experiments with [alpha- 32P]dCTP and [gamma- 32 P]dATP. Moreover, when the reaction is carried out under low-salt conditions, cleavage is observed mainly at a specific site, located downstream of the ampicillin resistance gene (close to position 3200), ending with the deletion of a fragment of approximately 70 nucleotides. This cleavage pattern is similar to that obtained under the same conditions with mung bean nuclease, a single-strand endonuclease. Furthermore, pBR322 DNA treated with PD-L1 shows reduced transforming activity with E . coli HB101 competent cells in comparison to untreated control plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Aceto
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia Generale e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, I-80134 Napoli, Italy
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24
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Silva ALC, Goto LS, Dinarte AR, Hansen D, Moreira RA, Beltramini LM, Araújo APU. Pulchellin, a highly toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from Abrus pulchellus. Cloning heterologous expression of A-chain and structural studies. FEBS J 2005; 272:1201-10. [PMID: 15720394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pulchellin is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from seeds of the Abrus pulchellus tenuiflorus plant. This study aims to obtain active and homogeneous protein for structural and biological studies that will clarify the functional aspects of this toxin. The DNA fragment encoding pulchellin A-chain was cloned and inserted into pGEX-5X to express the recombinant pulchellin A-chain (rPAC) as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The deduced amino acid sequence analyses of the rPAC presented a high sequential identity (> 86%) with the A-chain of abrin-c. The ability of the rPAC to depurinate rRNA in yeast ribosome was also demonstrated in vitro. In order to validate the toxic activity we promoted the in vitro association of the rPAC with the recombinant pulchellin binding chain (rPBC). Both chains were incubated in the presence of a reduced/oxidized system, yielding an active heterodimer (rPAB). The rPAB showed an apparent molecular mass of approximately 60 kDa, similar to the native pulchellin. The toxic activities of the rPAB and native pulchellin were compared by intraperitoneal injection of different dilutions into mice. The rPAB was able to kill 50% of the tested mice with doses of 45 microg x kg(-1). Our results indicated that the heterodimer showed toxic activity and a conformational pattern similar to pulchellin. In addition, rPAC produced in this heterologous system might be useful for the preparation of immunoconjugates with potential as a therapeutic agent.
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MESH Headings
- Abrus/chemistry
- Abrus/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Circular Dichroism
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Plant/metabolism
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/toxicity
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Protein Subunits/toxicity
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/toxicity
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Seeds/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- André L C Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Abstract
The main results of the research performed in the last 30 years on ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are reviewed, with emphasis on the new, controversial and uncertain aspects. The nature, distribution, mechanism of action and properties of these proteins are briefly reported, together with their possible applications. A pattern appears of a still largely unexplored subject, whose role in nature is probably important, and not limited to the biology of plants, since RIPs have been found also in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Stirpe
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, I-40125 Bologna, Italy.
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26
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Ng TB, Wang HX. Flammin and velin: new ribosome inactivating polypeptides from the mushroom Flammulina velutipes. Peptides 2004; 25:929-33. [PMID: 15203238 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A protein designated flammin and exhibiting a molecular mass of 30kDa, and another protein designated velin and possessing a molecular mass of 19 kDa, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes. Flammin and velin inhibited translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC(50) of 1.4 and 2.5 nM, respectively. Flammin demonstrated only a small degree of resemblance in N-terminal sequence to angiosperm type 1 ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) such as trichosanthin, alpha-momorcharin and beta-momorcharin but no sequence similarity to other mushroom RIPs. Velin manifested limited sequence homology to the A chain of abrin, a type 2 angiosperm RIP. Neither flammin nor velin showed any ribonuclease or protease activity. Both flammin and velin were unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-Sepharose. They were separable in gel filtration on Superdex 75 by fast protein liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Ng TB, Wang H. Adustin, a small translation-inhibiting polypeptide from fruiting bodies of the wild mushroom Polyporus adusta. Peptides 2004; 25:689-92. [PMID: 15165726 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A polypeptide, with a molecular mass of 16.5 kDa as determined by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, has been isolated from the mushroom Polyporus adusta. The polypeptide, designated as adustin, inhibited translation in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC50 of 0.34 microM. It was isolated using a protocol that involved ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose and fast protein liquid chromatography-gel filtration on Superdex 75. Adustin was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose, and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-Sepharose.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Chambery A, Di Maro A, Monti MM, Stirpe F, Parente A. Volkensin from Adenia volkensii Harms (kilyambiti plant), a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:108-17. [PMID: 14686924 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Volkensin, a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from the roots of Adenia volkensii Harms (kilyambiti plant) was characterized both at the protein and nucleotide level by direct amino acid sequencing and cloning of the gene encoding the protein. Gene sequence analysis revealed that volkensin is encoded by a 1569-bp ORF (523 amino acid residues) without introns, with an internal linker sequence of 45 bp. Differences in residues present at several sequence positions (reproduced after repeated protein sequence analyses), with respect to the gene sequence, suggest several isoforms for the volkensin A-chain. Based on the crystallographic coordinates of ricin, which shares a high sequence identity with volkensin, a molecular model of volkensin was obtained. The 3D model suggests that the amino acid residues of the active site of the ricin A-chain are conserved at identical spatial positions, including Ser203, a novel amino acid residue found to be conserved in all known ribosome-inactivating proteins. The sugar binding site 1 of the ricin B-chain is also conserved in the volkensin B-chain, whilst in binding site 2, His246 replaces Tyr248. Native volkensin contains two free cysteinyl residues out of 14 derived from the gene sequence, thus suggesting a further disulphide bridge in the B chain, in addition to the inter- and intrachain disulphide bond pattern common to other type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chambery
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
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Zhao C, Sun H, Tong X, Qi Y. An antitumour lectin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Biochem J 2003; 374:321-7. [PMID: 12757412 PMCID: PMC1223597 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Revised: 04/09/2003] [Accepted: 05/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An antitumour lectin (named AAL) consisting of two identical subunits of 15.8 kDa was isolated from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita using a procedure which involved precipitating the extract by addition of (NH(4))(2)SO(4), ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow, gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 HR and finally purification on a GF-250 HPLC column. Amino acid analysis of the N-terminus and an internal fragment indicated that the sequences of the two fragments were QGVNIYNI and Q(K)PDGPWLVEK(Q)R respectively. AAL showed strong inhibition of the growth of human tumour cell lines HeLa, SW480, SGC-7901, MGC80-3, BGC-823, HL-60 and mouse sarcoma S-180. AAL also inhibited the viability of S-180 tumour cells in vivo. Analysis by Hoechst 33258 staining, MitoSensor Kit and flow cytometry showed that AAL induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. TUNEL (terminal transferase deoxytidyl uridine end labelling) analysis of slides of tumour tissues excised from BALB/c mice also demonstrated the apoptosis-induction activity of the lectin. Furthermore, AAL was shown to possess DNase activity in assays using plasmid pCDNA3 and salmon sperm DNA. Based on the results obtained in these assays, we conclude that AAL exerts its antitumour effects via apoptosis-inducing and DNase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Zhao
- School of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430072, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Selitrennikoff
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, and MycoLogics, Inc., Denver Colorado 80262, USA.
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