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Wallace-Povirk A, O'Connor C, Dekhne AS, Bao X, Nayeen MJ, Schneider M, Katinas JM, Wong-Roushar J, Kim S, Polin L, Li J, Back JB, Dann CE, Gangjee A, Hou Z, Matherly LH. Mitochondrial and Cytosolic One-Carbon Metabolism Is a Targetable Metabolic Vulnerability in Cisplatin-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:809-822. [PMID: 38377173 PMCID: PMC11150100 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
One-carbon (C1) metabolism is compartmentalized between the cytosol and mitochondria with the mitochondrial C1 pathway as the major source of glycine and C1 units for cellular biosynthesis. Expression of mitochondrial C1 genes including SLC25A32, serine hydroxymethyl transferase (SHMT) 2, 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2, and 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1-like was significantly elevated in primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) specimens compared with normal ovaries. 5-Substituted pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine antifolates (AGF347, AGF359, AGF362) inhibited proliferation of cisplatin-sensitive (A2780, CaOV3, IGROV1) and cisplatin-resistant (A2780-E80, SKOV3) EOC cells. In SKOV3 and A2780-E80 cells, colony formation was inhibited. AGF347 induced apoptosis in SKOV3 cells. In IGROV1 cells, AGF347 was transported by folate receptor (FR) α. AGF347 was also transported into IGROV1 and SKOV3 cells by the proton-coupled folate transporter (SLC46A1) and the reduced folate carrier (SLC19A1). AGF347 accumulated to high levels in the cytosol and mitochondria of SKOV3 cells. By targeted metabolomics with [2,3,3-2H]L-serine, AGF347, AGF359, and AGF362 inhibited SHMT2 in the mitochondria. In the cytosol, SHMT1 and de novo purine biosynthesis (i.e., glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase) were targeted; AGF359 also inhibited thymidylate synthase. Antifolate treatments of SKOV3 cells depleted cellular glycine, mitochondrial NADH and glutathione, and showed synergistic in vitro inhibition toward SKOV3 and A2780-E80 cells when combined with cisplatin. In vivo studies with subcutaneous SKOV3 EOC xenografts in SCID mice confirmed significant antitumor efficacy of AGF347. Collectively, our studies demonstrate a unique metabolic vulnerability in EOC involving mitochondrial and cytosolic C1 metabolism, which offers a promising new platform for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne Wallace-Povirk
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Carrie O'Connor
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Aamod S Dekhne
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xun Bao
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Md Junayed Nayeen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathew Schneider
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jade M Katinas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | - Seongho Kim
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lisa Polin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jessica B Back
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Charles E Dann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
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Afsar N, Jonathan DR, Satheesh D, Manivannan S. Computational description of quantum chemical calculations and pharmacological studies of the synthesized chalcone derivative: A promising NLO material. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Yilmaz M, Inal AU. Microwave assisted synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-a]furo[2,3-d] pyrimidin-4-ones by radical addition of 2-hydroxy-4H-benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-a] pyrimidin-4-ones to various conjugated alkenes and dienes mediated Mn(OAc)3. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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An efficient diastereoselective synthesis of novel fused 5H-furo[2,3-d]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones via one-pot three-component reaction. Mol Divers 2021; 26:183-190. [PMID: 33389558 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a convenient and efficient synthesis of 7-benzoyl-6-(aryl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-furo[2,3-d]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives was achieved from the reaction of isoquinolinium N-ylides, aromatic aldehydes, and heterocyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds via one-pot three-component diastereoselective domino reaction in good-to-excellent yields. The advantages of this protocol are easily available starting materials, operational simplicity, and avoidance of hazardous organic solvents and catalyst. The synthesized products were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. Additionally, the conclusive structure of target compounds was confirmed by X-Ray diffraction analysis.
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Regioselective synthesis of spirobarbiturate-dihydrofurans and dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines via one-pot cascade reaction of barbiturate-based olefins and ethyl acetoacetate. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Naik VS, Pragasam A, Jayanna H, Vinitha G. Synthesis, molecular structural investigations, thermal, linear and nonlinear optical properties of a chalcone containing thiophene moiety by experimental and computation method. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Ghoneim AA, El-Farargy AF, Elkanzi NAA. Synthesis of some novel phenylfuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine glycosides derivatives with expected antimicrobial activity. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Sheikhhosseini E. Design and effective synthesis of novel furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives containing ethylene ether spacers. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Khoeiniha R, Olyaei A, Saraei M. Catalyst-free synthesis of novel 4H-indeno[1,2-b]furan-4-ones and furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines in water. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1388409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abolfazl Olyaei
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, I. R. of Iran
| | - Mahnaz Saraei
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, I. R. of Iran
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10
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Salari M, Hassanabadi A, Mosslemin MH. Synthesis of Trans-6-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-7-(Aryl)-1,3-Dimethyl-6,7-Dihydrofuro[3,2-d]Pyrimidine-2,4-Diones Using Choline Hydroxide as an Efficient Catalyst in an Aqueous Medium. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14859570937794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A green and efficient synthesis of the trans-6-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-7-(aryl)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones has been achieved via a three-component, one-pot condensation of 2-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)]isoquinolinium bromide with 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid and an aromatic aldehyde in the presence of catalytic amounts of choline hydroxide in water under reflux conditions. This gives trans-6-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-7-(aryl)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones in excellent yield and in short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Salari
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Hassanabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
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Dutta L, Bhuyan PJ. One-pot Three-component Reaction of Barbituric acids, Aldehydes and 4-Hydroxycoumarins: Synthesis of Some Novel Functionalized Furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leema Dutta
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group; CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Tehnology; Jorhat 785006, Assam India
| | - Pulak J. Bhuyan
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group; CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Tehnology; Jorhat 785006, Assam India
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12
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Dutta L, Sharma M, Bhuyan PJ. Regioisomeric synthesis of dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines in a diastereoselective manner involving nitrogen ylides in one-pot three-component reaction. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Moneam MIA, Geies AA, El-Naggar GM, Mousa SM. Synthesis of New Furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines and Pyrimido[4′,5′:4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200400198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Munawar MA, Azad M, Siddiqui HL, Nasim FUH. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Some Quinolinylpyrimidine Derivatives. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Somai Magar KB, Lee YR, Kim SH. Efficient one-pot synthesis of novel and diverse furo[2,3- $$d$$ d ]pyrimidinediones and thioxofuro[2,3- $$d$$ d ]pyrimidineones by the rhodium (II) pivalate-catalyzed reactions of cyclic diazo compounds. Mol Divers 2013; 17:679-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bolstad DB, Bolstad ES, Wright DL, Anderson AC. Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors: developments in antiparasitic chemotherapy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 18:143-57. [PMID: 20553119 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by parasitic protozoa present a growing health concern, particularly in developing parts of the world. Although malaria is clearly the most well-known and deadly of these diseases, infections caused by other parasites, such as Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidia and Trypanosoma are emerging infectious threats. The success of inhibitors of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) against malaria has encouraged further exploration of this strategy against other parasites. OBJECTIVE This review presents antifolate inhibitors that have appeared in the patent literature and elaborates on their potency and selectivity against the DHFR enzyme from parasitic protozoa. METHODS The patent literature since 1994 was surveyed for antiparasitic DHFR inhibitors. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Over the past several years, there have been a variety of novel, potent and selective inhibitors disclosed in patents, primarily from academic researchers. This review summarizes the recent development of antifolates as specific agents against parasitic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Bolstad
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA +1 860 486 6145 ; +1 860 486 6857 ;
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17
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Vinosha B, Perumal S, Renuga S, Almansour AI. A facile domino protocol for the stereoselective synthesis of trans-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans and cis-5,6-dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Kh. Ahmed E, Ameen MA. Synthesis of thiopyrano[4″,3″:4′,5′]pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidines. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Gangjee A, Li W, Lin L, Zeng Y, Ihnat M, Warnke LA, Green DW, Cody V, Pace J, Queener SF. Design, synthesis, and X-ray crystal structures of 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines as multireceptor tyrosine kinase and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7324-36. [PMID: 19748785 PMCID: PMC2779540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To optimize dual receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibition, the E- and Z-isomers of 5-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)prop-1-en-1-yl]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diamines (1a and 1b) were separated by HPLC and the X-ray crystal structures (2.0 and 1.4A, respectively) with mouse DHFR and NADPH as well as 1b with human DHFR (1.5A) were determined. The E- and Z-isomers adopt different binding modes when bound to mouse DHFR. A series of 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines 2-13 were designed and synthesized using the X-ray crystal structures of 1a and 1b with DHFR to increase their DHFR inhibitory activity. Wittig reactions of appropriate 2-methoxyphenyl ketones with 2,4-diamino-6-chloromethyl furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine afforded the C8-C9 unsaturated compounds 2-7 and catalytic reduction gave the saturated 8-13. Homologation of the C9-methyl analog maintains DHFR inhibitory activity. In addition, inhibition of EGFR and PDGFR-beta were discovered for saturated C9-homologated analogs 9 and 10 that were absent in the saturated C9-methyl analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Gangjee A, Adair OO, Pagley M, Queener SF. N9-substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines: synthesis and biological evaluation of lipophilic inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6195-200. [PMID: 18771252 PMCID: PMC3885247 DOI: 10.1021/jm800694g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N9-substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of Pneumocystis carinii (pc) and Toxoplasma gondii (tg) dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Reduction of commercially available 2,4-diamino-6-nitroquinazoline 14 with Raney nickel afforded 2,4,6-triaminoquinazoline 15. Reductive amination of 15 with the appropriate benzaldehydes or naphthaldehydes, followed by N9-alkylation, afforded the target compounds 5- 13. In the 2,5-dimethoxybenzylamino substituted quinazoline analogues, replacement of the N9-CH 3 group of 4 with the N9-C2H5 group of 8 resulted in a 9- and 8-fold increase in potency against pcDHFR and tgDHFR, respectively. The N9-C2H5 substituted compound 8 was highly potent, with IC50 values of 9.9 and 3.7 nM against pcDHFR and tgDHFR, respectively. N9-propyl and N9-cyclopropyl methyl substitutions did not afford further increases in potency. This study indicates that the N9-ethyl substitution is optimum for inhibitory activity against pcDHFR and tgDHFR for the 2,4-diaminoquinazolines. Selectivity was unaffected by N9 substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA.
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21
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22
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Gangjee A, Yang J, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Synthesis and evaluation of a classical 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as antifolates. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8590-8. [PMID: 16990006 PMCID: PMC3850758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two classical antifolates, a 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, were synthesized as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS). The syntheses were accomplished by condensation of 2,6-diamino-3(H)-4-oxo-pyrimidine with alpha-chloro-ketone 21 to afford two key intermediates 23 and 24, followed by hydrolysis, coupling with l-glutamate diethyl ester and saponification of the diethyl ester to afford the classical antifolates 13 and 14. Compounds 13 and 14 with a single carbon atom bridge are both substrates for folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS), the enzyme responsible for forming critical poly-gamma-glutamate antifolate metabolites with increased potency and/or increased cell retention. Compound 14 is a highly efficient FPGS substrate demonstrating that 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are important lead structures for the design of antifolates with FPGS substrate activity. It retains inhibitory potency for DHFR and TS compared to the two atom bridged analog 5. Compound 13 is a poor inhibitor of purified DHFR and TS, and both 13 and 14 are poor inhibitors of the growth of CCRF-CEM human leukemia cells in culture, indicating that single carbon bridged compounds in these series though conducive to FPGS substrate activity were not potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Forbes Avenue, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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23
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Gangjee A, Yang J, Queener SF. Novel non-classical C9-methyl-5-substituted-2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase and as anti-opportunistic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8341-51. [PMID: 17010625 PMCID: PMC3850751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six novel C9-methyl-5-substituted-2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 18-23 were synthesized as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and as anti-opportunistic agents. These compounds represent the only examples of 9-methyl substitution in the carbon-carbon bridge of 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. The analogs 18-23 were synthesized in a concise eight-step procedure starting from the appropriate commercially available aromatic methyl ketones. The key step involved a Michael addition reaction of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine to the appropriate 1-nitroalkene, followed by ring closure of the nitro adducts via a Nef reaction. The compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of DHFR from Pneumocystis carinii (pc), Toxoplasma gondii (tg), Mycobacterium avium (ma) and rat liver (rl). The biological result indicated that some of these analogs are potent inhibitors of DHFR and some have selectivity for pathogen DHFR. Compound 23 was a two digit nanomolar inhibitor of tgDHFR with 9.6-fold selectivity for tgDHFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Forbes Avenue, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Jhala YS, Gahlot US, Dulawat SS, Verma B. A FACILE ONE POT MICROWAVE- ASSISTED SOLID PHASE SYNTHESIS OF 2-AMINO-4, 6-DIARYL PYRIMIDINES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2006.12.3-4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Gangjee A, Zeng Y, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Synthesis of classical, four-carbon bridged 5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues as antifolates. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5329-36. [PMID: 16078850 PMCID: PMC2538949 DOI: 10.1021/jm058213s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the biological activities of four-carbon-atom bridged classical antifolates on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), thymidylate synthase (TS), and folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) as well as antitumor activity. Extension of the bridge homologation studies of classical two-carbon bridged antifolates, a 5-substituted 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine (1) and a 6-subsituted 2-amino-4-oxopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (2), afforded two four-carbon bridged antifolates, analogues 5 and 6, with enhanced FPGS substrate activity and inhibitory activity against tumor cells in culture (EC(50) < or = 10(-7) M) compared with the two-carbon bridged analogues. These results support our original hypothesis that the distance and orientation of the side chain p-aminobenzoyl-L-glutamate moiety with respect to the pyrimidine ring are a crucial determinant of biological activity. In addition, this study demonstrates that, for classical antifolates that are substrates for FPGS, poor inhibitory activity against isolated target enzymes is not necessarily a predictor of a lack of antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Gangjee A, Zeng Y, Ihnat M, Warnke LA, Green DW, Kisliuk RL, Lin FT. Novel 5-substituted, 2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidines as multireceptor tyrosine kinase and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors with antiangiogenic and antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5475-91. [PMID: 16039863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that combination therapy of cancer with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors, which are usually cytostatic, with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, which are usually cytotoxic, provide an improved treatment option. We have designed, synthesized, and evaluated a series of novel 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with RTK and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitory activity in single molecules, as potential cytostatic and cytotoxic agents with antitumor activity. These compounds were synthesized from 2,4-diamino-5-chloromethyl furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and aryl methyl ketones using the Wittig reaction to afford the C-8-C-9 unsaturated analogs followed by catalytic reduction to the corresponding saturated compounds. The saturated and unsaturated C-8-C-9 bridged compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-2, Flk, KDR), epidermal growth factor receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-beta). Selected analogs were also evaluated as antiangiogenic agents in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The compounds were also evaluated as inhibitors of human (h) DHFR and Toxoplasma gondii (tg) DHFR. In each evaluation, a known standard compound was used as a comparison. Of the compounds evaluated, compound 32 was as potent as the standard compounds against VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-beta, showing dual inhibitory activity against RTK. This analog was also highly effective in the CAM assay. A second analog 18 also demonstrated dual VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-beta inhibitory activity as well as potent antiangiogenic activity in the CAM assay. Four additional analogs were also effective against PDGFR-beta and in the CAM assay. An unsaturated C-8-C-9 moiety was necessary for RTK inhibitory activity. Compound 32 also showed inhibitory activity against hDHFR and tgDHFR, illustrating the multitarget inhibitory potential of these analogs. The biological activity of these analogs also suggests the necessity of an unsaturated C-8-C-9 bridge for dual RTK and DHFR inhibitory activity. Compounds 18 and 32 were also evaluated in a B16 melanoma mouse model and were found to be more active as antitumor agents than methotrexate. In addition, both 18 and 32 were also active in decreasing lung metastases in a mouse model of B16 melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kompis
- ARPIDA Ltd, Dammstrasse 36, 4142 Münchenstein, Switzerland
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Güllü M, Uzun S, Yalçιn S. Cyclisation of 3-alkenylpyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines to furo[2,3-d]pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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