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Abstract
Covering: 2011 to 2022The natural world is a prolific source of some of the most interesting, rare, and complex molecules known, harnessing sophisticated biosynthetic machinery evolved over billions of years for their production. Many of these natural products represent high-value targets of total synthesis, either for their desirable biological activities or for their beautiful structures outright; yet, the high sp3-character often present in nature's molecules imparts significant topological complexity that pushes the limits of contemporary synthetic technology. Dearomatization is a foundational strategy for generating such intricacy from simple materials that has undergone considerable maturation in recent years. This review highlights the recent achievements in the field of dearomative methodology, with a focus on natural product total synthesis and retrosynthetic analysis. Disconnection guidelines and a three-phase dearomative logic are described, and a spotlight is given to nature's use of dearomatization in the biosynthesis of various classes of natural products. Synthetic studies from 2011 to 2021 are reviewed, and 425 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaroslav D Boyko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - David Sarlah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Enantioseparation of syn- and anti-3,5-Disubstituted Hydantoins by HPLC and SFC on Immobilized Polysaccharides-Based Chiral Stationary Phases. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantioseparation of syn- and anti-3,5-disubstituted hydantoins 5a–i was investigated on three immobilized polysaccharide-based columns (CHIRAL ART Amylose-SA, CHIRAL ART Cellulose-SB, CHIRAL ART Cellulose-SC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using n-hexane/2-PrOH (90/10, v/v) or 100% dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as mobile phases, respectively, and by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) using CO2/alcohol (MeOH, EtOH, 2-PrOH; 80/20, v/v) as a mobile phase. The chromatographic parameters, such as separation and resolution factors, have indicated that Amylose-SA is more suitable for enantioseparation of the most analyzed syn- and anti-3,5-disubstituted hydantoins than Celullose-SB and Cellulose-SC in both HPLC and SFC modalities. All three tested columns showed better enantiorecognition ability toward anti-hydantoins compared to syn-hydantoins, both in HPLC and SFC modes. We have demonstrated that environmentally friendly solvent DMC can be efficiently used as the mobile phase in HPLC mode for enantioseparation of hydantoins on the immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases.
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Thermochemical Study of 1-Methylhydantoin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020556. [PMID: 35056871 PMCID: PMC8777693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using static bomb combustion calorimetry, the combustion energy of 1-methylhydantoin was obtained, from which the standard molar enthalpy of formation of the crystalline phase at T = 298.15 K of the compound studied was calculated. Through thermogravimetry, mass loss rates were measured as a function of temperature, from which the enthalpy of vaporization was calculated. Additionally, some properties of fusion were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, such as enthalpy and temperature. Adding the enthalpy of fusion to the enthalpy of vaporization, the enthalpy of sublimation of the compound was obtained at T = 298.15 K. By combining the enthalpy of formation of the compound in crystalline phase with its enthalpy of sublimation, the respective standard molar enthalpy of formation in the gas phase was calculated. On the other hand, the results obtained in the present work were compared with those of other derivatives of hydantoin, with which the effect of the change of some substituents in the base heterocyclic ring was evaluated.
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Lou S, Cui S. Drug treatment of epilepsy: From serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3366-3391. [PMID: 34514980 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210910124727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder caused by abnormal firing of neurons. Up to now, using antiepileptic drugs is the main method of epilepsy treatment. The development of antiepileptic drugs lasted for centuries. In general, most agents entering clinical practice act on the balance mechanisms of brain "excitability-inhibition". More specifically, they target voltage-gated ion channels, GABAergic transmission and glutamatergic transmission. In recent years, some novel drugs representing new mechanisms of action have been discovered. Although there are about 30 available drugs in the market, it is still in urgent need of discovering more effective and safer drugs. The development of new antiepileptic drugs is into a new era: from serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanism-based design. This article presents an overview of drug treatment of epilepsy, including a series of traditional and novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Lou
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
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Kalník M, Gabko P, Bella M, Koóš M. The Bucherer-Bergs Multicomponent Synthesis of Hydantoins-Excellence in Simplicity. Molecules 2021; 26:4024. [PMID: 34209381 PMCID: PMC8271528 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydantoins and their hybrids with other molecules represent a very important group of heterocycles because they exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities in medicinal and agrochemical applications. They also serve as key precursors in the chemical or enzymatic synthesis of significant nonnatural α-amino acids and their conjugates with medical potential. This review provides a comprehensive treatment of the synthesis of hydantoins via the Bucherer-Bergs reaction including the Hoyer modification but limited to free carbonyl compounds or carbonyl compounds protected as acetals (ketals) and cyanohydrins used as starting reaction components. In this respect, the Bucherer-Bergs reaction provides an efficient and simple method in the synthesis of important natural products as well as for the preparation of new organic compounds applicable as potential therapeutics. The scope and limitations, as well as a comparison with some other methods for preparing hydantoins, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miroslav Koóš
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (P.G.); (M.B.)
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Xu Y, Sun J, Yu Y, Kong X, Meng X, Liu Y, Cui Y, Su Y, Zhao M, Zhang J. Trp: a conserved aromatic residue crucial to the interaction of a scorpion peptide with sodium channels. J Biochem 2020; 168:633-641. [PMID: 32730584 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumour-analgesic peptide (AGAP), one scorpion toxin purified from Buthus martensii Karsch, was known as its analgesic and anti-tumour activities. Trp38, a conserved aromatic residue of AGAP, might play important roles in its interaction with sodium channels. In this study, a mutant W38F was generated and effects of W38F were examined on hNav1.4, hNav1.5 and hNav1.7 by using whole-cell patch-clamp, which were closely associated to the biotoxicity of skeletal and cardiac muscles and pain signalling. The data showed that W38F decreased the inhibition effects of peak currents of hNav1.7, hNav1.4 and hNav1.5 compared with AGAP, notably, W38F reduced the analgesic activity compared with AGAP. The results suggested that Trp38 be a crucial amino acid involved in the interaction with these three sodium channels. The decreased analgesic activity of W38F might result from its much less inhibition of hNav1.7. These findings provided more information about the relationship between structure and function of AGAP and may facilitate the modification of other scorpion toxins with pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jianfang Sun
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 195 Chuangxin road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yue Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xiaohua Kong
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xiangxue Meng
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yang Su
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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Mei H, Han J, Klika KD, Izawa K, Sato T, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Applications of fluorine-containing amino acids for drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111826. [PMID: 31740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing amino acids are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs due to two general trends in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the growing acceptance of peptides and modified peptides as drugs; and secondly, fluorine editing has become a prevalent protocol in drug-candidate optimization. Accordingly, fluorine-containing amino acids represent one of the more promising and rapidly developing areas of research in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. The goal of this Review article is to highlight the current state-of-the-art in this area by profiling 42 selected compounds that combine fluorine and amino acid structural elements. The compounds under discussion represent pharmaceutical drugs currently on the market, or in clinical trials as well as examples of drug-candidates that although withdrawn from development had a significant impact on the progress of medicinal chemistry and/or provided a deeper understanding of the nature and mechanism of biological action. For each compound, we present features of biological activity, a brief history of the design principles and the development of the synthetic approach, focusing on the source of tailor-made amino acid structures and fluorination methods. General aspects of the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing amino acids and synthetic methodology are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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Fang Y, Kirkland J, Amaye IJ, Jackson-Ayotunde P, George M. Molecular Docking Studies on Anticonvulsant Enaminones Inhibiting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 9:241-257. [PMID: 34012723 DOI: 10.4236/ojpc.2019.94015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is described as the most common chronic brain disorder. A typical symptom of epilepsy results in uncontrolled convulsions caused by temporary excessive neuronal discharges. Although, several new anticonvulsants have been introduced, some types of seizures have still not been adequately controlled with these new and current therapies. There is an urgent need to develop new anticonvulsant drugs to control the many different types of seizures. Many studies have shown that the epilepsies involve more than one mechanism and therefore may be responsible for the various types of observed seizures. Recently reported studies have shown that a group of newly synthesized 6 Hz active anticonvulsant fluorinated N-benzamide enaminones to exhibited selective inhibitions of voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels. Nav channels are responsible for the initial inward currents during the depolarization phases of the action potential in excitable cells. The activation and opening of Nav channels result in the initial phases of action potentials. We hypothesize that there is an essential pharmacophore model for the interactions between these enaminones and the active sites of Nav channels. The research reported here is focused on molecular docking studies of the interactions that occur between the fluorinated N-benzamide enaminones and the Nav channels. These studies may open an avenue for designing anticonvulsant drugs by inhibiting Nav channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayin Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Jamiya Kirkland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Isis J Amaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 Backbone Road, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Patrice Jackson-Ayotunde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 Backbone Road, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Matthew George
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Gvozdev VD, Shavrin KN, Nefedov OM. New synthesis of 3,3-disubstituted piperidin-2-ones from esters and 1-(3-halopropyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrroles. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Lukowski AL, Narayan ARH. Natural Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Ligands: Biosynthesis and Biology. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1231-1241. [PMID: 30605564 PMCID: PMC6579537 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural product biosynthetic pathways are composed of enzymes that use powerful chemistry to assemble complex molecules. Small molecule neurotoxins are examples of natural products with intricate scaffolds which often have high affinities for their biological targets. The focus of this Minireview is small molecule neurotoxins targeting voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and the state of knowledge on their associated biosynthetic pathways. There are three small molecule neurotoxin receptor sites on VGSCs associated with three different classes of molecules: guanidinium toxins, alkaloid toxins, and ladder polyethers. Each of these types of toxins have unique structural features which are assembled by biosynthetic enzymes and the extent of information known about these enzymes varies among each class. The biosynthetic enzymes involved in the formation of these toxins have the potential to become useful tools in the efficient synthesis of VGSC probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Lukowski
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Suzuki T, Yamato S. Mode of action of piperovatine, an insecticidal piperamide isolated from Piper piscatorum (Piperaceae), against voltage-gated sodium channels. Neurotoxicology 2018; 69:288-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ali SR, Liu Z, Nenov MN, Folorunso O, Singh A, Scala F, Chen H, James TF, Alshammari M, Panova-Elektronova NI, White MA, Zhou J, Laezza F. Functional Modulation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels by a FGF14-Based Peptidomimetic. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:976-987. [PMID: 29359916 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) offer unexploited opportunities for CNS drug discovery and neurochemical probe development. Here, we present ZL181, a novel peptidomimetic targeting the PPI interface of the voltage-gated Na+ channel Nav1.6 and its regulatory protein fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). ZL181 binds to FGF14 and inhibits its interaction with the Nav1.6 channel C-tail. In HEK-Nav1.6 expressing cells, ZL181 acts synergistically with FGF14 to suppress Nav1.6 current density and to slow kinetics of fast inactivation, but antagonizes FGF14 modulation of steady-state inactivation that is regulated by the N-terminal tail of the protein. In medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens, ZL181 suppresses excitability by a mechanism that is dependent upon expression of FGF14 and is consistent with a state-dependent inhibition of FGF14. Overall, ZL181 and derivatives could lay the ground for developing allosteric modulators of Nav channels that are of interest for a broad range of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Musaad Alshammari
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Xu Y, Meng X, Hou X, Sun J, Kong X, Sun Y, Liu Z, Ma Y, Niu Y, Song Y, Cui Y, Zhao M, Zhang J. A mutant of the Buthus martensii Karsch antitumor-analgesic peptide exhibits reduced inhibition to hNa v1.4 and hNa v1.5 channels while retaining analgesic activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18270-18280. [PMID: 28924048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.792697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion toxins can kill other animals by inducing paralysis and arrhythmia, which limits the potential applications of these agents in the clinical management of diseases. Antitumor-analgesic peptide (AGAP), purified from Buthus martensii Karsch, has been proved to possess analgesic and antitumor activities. Trp38, a conserved aromatic residue of AGAP, might play an important role in mediating AGAP activities according to the sequence and homology-modeling analyses. Therefore, an AGAP mutant, W38G, was generated, and effects of both AGAP and the mutant W38G were examined by whole-cell patch clamp techniques on the sodium channels hNav1.4 and hNav1.5, which were closely associated with the biotoxicity of skeletal and cardiac muscles, respectively. The data showed that both W38G and AGAP inhibited the peak currents of hNav1.4 and hNav1.5; however, W38G induced a much weaker inhibition of both channels than AGAP. Accordingly, W38G exhibited much less toxic effect on both skeletal and cardiac muscles than AGAP in vivo The analgesic activity of W38G and AGAP were verified in vivo as well, and W38G retained analgesic activity similar to AGAP. Inhibition to both Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 was involved in the analgesic mechanism of AGAP and W38G. These findings indicated that Trp38 was a key amino acid involved in the biotoxicity of AGAP, and the AGAP mutant W38G might be a safer alternative for clinical application because it retains the analgesic efficacy with less toxicity to skeletal and cardiac muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Xu
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016
| | - Xiangxue Meng
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016
| | - Xue Hou
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016
| | - Jianfang Sun
- the College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, and
| | - Xiaohua Kong
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016
| | - Yuqi Sun
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016
| | - Zeyu Liu
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016
| | - Ye Niu
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016
| | - Yongbo Song
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016
| | - Yong Cui
- the School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- From the School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016,
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- the School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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15
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Tikhonov DB, Zhorov BS. Mechanism of sodium channel block by local anesthetics, antiarrhythmics, and anticonvulsants. J Gen Physiol 2017; 149:465-481. [PMID: 28258204 PMCID: PMC5379917 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Local anesthetics, antiarrhythmics, and anticonvulsants include both charged and electroneutral compounds that block voltage-gated sodium channels. Prior studies have revealed a common drug-binding region within the pore, but details about the binding sites and mechanism of block remain unclear. Here, we use the x-ray structure of a prokaryotic sodium channel, NavMs, to model a eukaryotic channel and dock representative ligands. These include lidocaine, QX-314, cocaine, quinidine, lamotrigine, carbamazepine (CMZ), phenytoin, lacosamide, sipatrigine, and bisphenol A. Preliminary calculations demonstrated that a sodium ion near the selectivity filter attracts electroneutral CMZ but repels cationic lidocaine. Therefore, we further docked electroneutral and cationic drugs with and without a sodium ion, respectively. In our models, all the drugs interact with a phenylalanine in helix IVS6. Electroneutral drugs trap a sodium ion in the proximity of the selectivity filter, and this same site attracts the charged group of cationic ligands. At this position, even small drugs can block the permeation pathway by an electrostatic or steric mechanism. Our study proposes a common pharmacophore for these diverse drugs. It includes a cationic moiety and an aromatic moiety, which are usually linked by four bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis B Tikhonov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Boris S Zhorov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
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Lazić AM, Božić BĐ, Vitnik VD, Vitnik ŽJ, Rogan JR, Radovanović LD, Valentić NV, Ušćumlić GS. Structure-property relationship of 3-(4-substituted benzyl)-1,3-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2,4-diones as new potentional anticonvulsant agents. An experimental and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schneider P, Röthlisberger M, Reker D, Schneider G. Spotting and designing promiscuous ligands for drug discovery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1135-8. [PMID: 26602698 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07506h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The promiscuous binding behavior of bioactive compounds forms a mechanistic basis for understanding polypharmacological drug action. We present the development and prospective application of a computational tool for identifying potential promiscuous drug-like ligands. In combination with computational target prediction methods, the approach provides a working concept for rationally designing such molecular structures. We could confirm the multi-target binding of a de novo generated compound in a proof-of-concept study relying on the new method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. and inSili.com LLC, Segantinisteig 3, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - M Röthlisberger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - D Reker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - G Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Marth CJ, Gallego GM, Lee JC, Lebold TP, Kulyk S, Kou KGM, Qin J, Lilien R, Sarpong R. Network-analysis-guided synthesis of weisaconitine D and liljestrandinine. Nature 2015; 528:493-8. [PMID: 26675722 PMCID: PMC4688071 DOI: 10.1038/nature16440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
General strategies for the chemical synthesis of organic compounds, especially of architecturally complex natural products, are not easily identified. Here we present a method to establish a strategy for such syntheses, which uses network analysis. This approach has led to the identification of a versatile synthetic intermediate that facilitated syntheses of the diterpenoid alkaloids weisaconitine D and liljestrandinine, and the core of gomandonine. We also developed a web-based graphing program that allows network analysis to be easily performed on molecules with complex frameworks. The diterpenoid alkaloids comprise some of the most architecturally complex and functional-group-dense secondary metabolites isolated. Consequently, they present a substantial challenge for chemical synthesis. The synthesis approach described here is a notable departure from other single-target-focused strategies adopted for the syntheses of related structures. Specifically, it affords not only the targeted natural products, but also intermediates and derivatives in the three families of diterpenoid alkaloids (C-18, C-19 and C-20), and so provides a unified synthetic strategy for these natural products. This work validates the utility of network analysis as a starting point for identifying strategies for the syntheses of architecturally complex secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Marth
- Department of Chemistry. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - G. M. Gallego
- Department of Chemistry. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - J. C. Lee
- Department of Chemistry. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - T. P. Lebold
- Department of Chemistry. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - S. Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - K. G. M. Kou
- Department of Chemistry. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - J. Qin
- Cadre Research Labs, Chicago, IL 60654, United States
| | - R. Lilien
- Cadre Research Labs, Chicago, IL 60654, United States
| | - R. Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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19
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Šmit BM, Pavlović RZ. Three-step synthetic pathway to fused bicyclic hydantoins involving a selenocyclization step. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Vandael DHF, Marcantoni A, Carbone E. Cav1.3 Channels as Key Regulators of Neuron-Like Firings and Catecholamine Release in Chromaffin Cells. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2015; 8:149-61. [PMID: 25966692 PMCID: PMC5384372 DOI: 10.2174/1874467208666150507105443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal and neuroendocrine L-type calcium channels (Cav1.2, Cav1.3) open readily at relatively low membrane potentials and allow Ca(2+) to enter the cells near resting potentials. In this way, Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 shape the action potential waveform, contribute to gene expression, synaptic plasticity, neuronal differentiation, hormone secretion and pacemaker activity. In the chromaffin cells (CCs) of the adrenal medulla, Cav1.3 is highly expressed and is shown to support most of the pacemaking current that sustains action potential (AP) firings and part of the catecholamine secretion. Cav1.3 forms Ca(2+)-nanodomains with the fast inactivating BK channels and drives the resting SK currents. These latter set the inter-spike interval duration between consecutive spikes during spontaneous firing and the rate of spike adaptation during sustained depolarizations. Cav1.3 plays also a primary role in the switch from "tonic" to "burst" firing that occurs in mouse CCs when either the availability of voltage-gated Na channels (Nav) is reduced or the β2 subunit featuring the fast inactivating BK channels is deleted. Here, we discuss the functional role of these "neuron-like" firing modes in CCs and how Cav1.3 contributes to them. The open issue is to understand how these novel firing patterns are adapted to regulate the quantity of circulating catecholamines during resting condition or in response to acute and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug Science, Corso Raffaello 30, I - 10125 Torino, Italy.
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21
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of piperazine derivatives as novel isoform selective voltage-gated sodium (Nav) 1.3 channel modulators. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Muraglia M, De Bellis M, Catalano A, Carocci A, Franchini C, Carrieri A, Fortugno C, Bertucci C, Desaphy JF, De Luca A, Conte Camerino D, Corbo F. N-aryl-2,6-dimethylbenzamides, a new generation of tocainide analogues as blockers of skeletal muscle voltage-gated sodium channels. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2589-600. [PMID: 24568674 DOI: 10.1021/jm401864b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a 3D-QSAR study, a new generation of tocainide analogues were designed and synthesized as voltage-gated skeletal muscle sodium channel blockers. Data obtained by screening new compounds by means of Hille-Campbell Vaseline gap voltage-clamp recordings showed that the elongation of the alkyl chain and the introduction of lipophilic and sterically hindered groups on the amino function enhance both potency and use-dependent block. The results provide additional indications about the structural requirement of pharmacophores for further increasing potency and state-dependent block and allowed us to identify a new tocainide analogue (6f) with a favorable pharmacodynamic profile to be proposed as a valid candidate for studies aimed at evaluating its usefulness in the treatment of myotonias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Muraglia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, ‡Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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23
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Fukaya T, Ishiyama T, Baba S, Masumoto S. Identification of a Novel Benzoxazolone Derivative as a Selective, Orally Active 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) Ligand. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8191-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401325r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fukaya
- Drug Research Division, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Takeo Ishiyama
- Drug Research Division, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Satoko Baba
- Drug Research Division, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Shuji Masumoto
- Drug Research Division, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
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24
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Waszkielewicz AM, Gunia A, Szkaradek N, Słoczyńska K, Krupińska S, Marona H. Ion channels as drug targets in central nervous system disorders. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20:1241-85. [PMID: 23409712 PMCID: PMC3706965 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ion channel targeted drugs have always been related with either the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system, or the cardiovascular system. Within the CNS, basic indications of drugs are: sleep disorders, anxiety, epilepsy, pain, etc. However, traditional channel blockers have multiple adverse events, mainly due to low specificity of mechanism of action. Lately, novel ion channel subtypes have been discovered, which gives premises to drug discovery process led towards specific channel subtypes. An example is Na(+) channels, whose subtypes 1.3 and 1.7-1.9 are responsible for pain, and 1.1 and 1.2 - for epilepsy. Moreover, new drug candidates have been recognized. This review is focusing on ion channels subtypes, which play a significant role in current drug discovery and development process. The knowledge on channel subtypes has developed rapidly, giving new nomenclatures of ion channels. For example, Ca(2+)s channels are not any more divided to T, L, N, P/Q, and R, but they are described as Ca(v)1.1-Ca(v)3.3, with even newer nomenclature α1A-α1I and α1S. Moreover, new channels such as P2X1-P2X7, as well as TRPA1-TRPV1 have been discovered, giving premises for new types of analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Waszkielewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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25
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Okura K, Matsuoka S, Inoue M. The bulky side chain of antillatoxin is important for potent toxicity: rational design of photoresponsive cytotoxins based on SAR studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8024-6. [PMID: 23903352 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44066d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antillatoxin is a cyclic peptide with potent neurotoxic and neuritogenic activities. We designed and synthesized six analogues that have photocleavable protecting groups at the terminus of the side chain. Among these compounds, the bis-o-nitrobenzyl acetal derivative was found to exhibit high toxicity and was effectively deactivated by photochemical removal, proving that the biological activity of antillatoxin was modulated by altering the size of the terminal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Okura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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26
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Okura K, Inoue M. The Orientation of the TerminaltBu Group of Antillatoxin is Important for Potent Toxicity: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Conformationally Restricted Analogues of Antillatoxin. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Pérez-Medina C, Patel N, Robson M, Lythgoe MF, Årstad E. Synthesis and evaluation of a 125I-labeled iminodihydroquinoline-derived tracer for imaging of voltage-gated sodium channels. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5170-3. [PMID: 23910595 PMCID: PMC3764405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) can potentially provide insights into the activation of neuronal pathways and aid the diagnosis of a number of neurological diseases. The iminodihydroquinoline WIN17317-3 is one of the most potent sodium channel blockers reported to date and binds with high affinity to VGSCs throughout the rat brain. We have synthesized a 125I-labeled analogue of WIN17317-3 and evaluated the potential of the tracer for imaging of VGSCs with SPECT. Automated patch clamp studies with CHO cells expressing the Nav1.2 isoform and displacement studies with [3H]BTX yielded comparable results for the non-radioactive iodinated iminodihydroquinoline and WIN17317-3. However, the 125I-labeled tracer was rapidly metabolized in vivo, and suffered from low brain uptake and high accumulation of radioactivity in the intestines. The results suggest that iminodihydroquinolines are poorly suited for tracer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Niral Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Robson
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Årstad
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +44 (0)02076792344.
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28
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Hamlin AM, de Jesus Cortez F, Lapointe D, Sarpong R. Gallium(III)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization Approach to the Diterpenoid Alkaloids: Construction of the Core Structure for the Hetidines and Hetisines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Hamlin AM, Cortez FDJ, Lapointe D, Sarpong R. Gallium(III)-catalyzed cycloisomerization approach to the diterpenoid alkaloids: construction of the core structure for the hetidines and hetisines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4854-7. [PMID: 23533012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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30
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Pérez-Medina C, Patel N, Robson M, Badar A, Lythgoe MF, Årstad E. Evaluation of a 125I-labelled benzazepinone derived voltage-gated sodium channel blocker for imaging with SPECT. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:9474-80. [PMID: 23117159 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26695d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that mediate fast neurotransmission, and are integral to sustain physiological conditions and higher cognitive functions. Imaging of VGSCs in vivo holds promise as a tool to elucidate operational functions in the brain and to aid the treatment of a wide range of neurological diseases. To assess the suitability of 1-benzazepin-2-one derived VGSC blockers for imaging, we have prepared a (125)I-labelled analogue of BNZA and evaluated the tracer in vivo. In an automated patch-clamp assay, a diastereomeric mixture of the non-radioactive compound blocked the Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.7 VGSC isoforms with IC(50) values of 4.1 ± 1.5 μM and 0.25 ± 0.07 μM, respectively. [(3)H]BTX displacement studies revealed a three-fold difference in affinity between the two diastereomers. Iodo-destannylation of a tin precursor with iodine-125 afforded the two diastereomerically pure tracers, which were used to assess binding to VGSCs in vivo by comparing their tissue distributions in mice. Whilst the results point to a lack of VGSC binding in vivo, SPECT imaging revealed highly localized uptake in the interscapular region, an area typically associated with brown adipose tissue, which in addition to high metabolic stability of the iodinated tracer, demonstrate the potential of 1-benzazepin-2-ones for in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, 235 Euston Road (T-5), NW1 2BU London, United Kingdom
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31
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Kam YL, Back SK, Kang B, Kim YY, Kim HJ, Rhim H, Nah SY, Chung JM, Kim DH, Choi JS, Na HS, Choo HYP. HYP-1, a novel diamide compound, relieves inflammatory and neuropathic pain in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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32
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Walls TH, Grindrod SC, Beraud D, Zhang L, Baheti AR, Dakshanamurthy S, Patel MK, Brown ML, MacArthur LH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a fluorescent analog of phenytoin as a potential inhibitor of neuropathic pain and imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5269-76. [PMID: 22863530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on a novel fluorescent analog of phenytoin as a potential inhibitor of neuropathic pain with potential use as an imaging agent. Compound 2 incorporated a heptyl side chain and dansyl moiety onto the parent compound phenytoin and produced greater displacement of BTX from sodium channels and greater functional blockade with greatly reduced toxicity. Compound 2 reduced mechano-allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain and was visualized ex vivo in sensory neuron axons with two-photon microscopy. These results suggest a promising strategy for developing novel sodium channel inhibitors with imaging capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Walls
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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33
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Yoshinaka-Niitsu A, Yamagaki T, Harada M, Tachibana K. Solution NMR analysis of the binding mechanism of DIVS6 model peptides of voltage-gated sodium channels and the lipid soluble alkaloid veratridine. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2796-802. [PMID: 22483840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are responsible for generating action potentials in nervous systems. Veratridine (VTD), a lipid soluble alkaloid isolated from sabadilla lily seed, is believed to bind to segment 6 of VGSCs and act as a partial agonist. However, high resolution structural interaction mechanism between VGSCs and VTD is difficult to elucidate because of the large size and membrane localization of VGSCs. Here, the authors designed model peptides corresponding to domain IV segment 6 (DIVS6) of rat skeletal muscle Na(v)1.4 and analyzed the complex of the model peptides and VTD by solution NMR analysis to obtain structural information of the interaction. The model peptides successfully formed an α-helices, which is the suspected native conformation of DIVS6, in aqueous 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, a membrane-mimicking solvent. The VTD binding residues of the model peptide were identified using the NMR titration experiments with VTD, including a newly discovered VTD binding residue Leu14 (μ1-L1580 in Na(v)1.4), which has not been reported by point mutation studies. Mapping of VTD binding residues on the model peptide revealed the hydrophobic interaction surface. NMR titration experiments with a non-toxic analog of VTD, veracevine, also indicated that the steroidal backbone of VTD interacts with the hydrophobic interaction surface of DIVS6 and that the 3-acyl group of VTD possibly causes neurotoxicity by interacting with domain I segment 6 and/or domain IV segment 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Yoshinaka-Niitsu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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34
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Synthesis, structure, and solvatochromic properties of pharmacologically active 5-substituted 5-phenylhydantoins. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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De Oliveira EO, Graf KM, Patel MK, Baheti A, Kong HS, MacArthur LH, Dakshanamurthy S, Wang K, Brown ML, Paige M. Synthesis and evaluation of hermitamides A and B as human voltage-gated sodium channel blockers. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4322-9. [PMID: 21683602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hermitamides A and B are lipopeptides isolated from a Papau New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. We hypothesized that the hermitamides are ligands for the human voltage-gated sodium channel (hNa(V)) based on their structural similarity to the jamaicamides. Herein, we describe the nonracemic total synthesis of hermitamides A and B and their epimers. We report the ability of the hermitamides to displace [(3)H]-BTX at 10 μM more potently than phenytoin, a clinically used sodium channel blocker. We also present a potential binding mode for (S)-hermitamide B in the BTX-binding site and electrophysiology showing that these compounds are potent blockers of the hNav1.2 voltage-gated sodium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu O De Oliveira
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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36
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Arani NM, Safari J. A rapid and efficient ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 5,5-diphenylhydantoins and 5,5-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoins. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2011; 18:640-643. [PMID: 20920873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To obtain a rapid, efficient and mild synthesis of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin and 5,5-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin derivatives, ultrasonic irradiation has been applied to the reaction mixtures containing substituted benzils and urea or thiourea derivatives catalyzed by KOH in DMSO/H(2)O, which allowed us to achieve products at room temperature in a good yield and short time without any side product. This convenient procedure will allow a further increase of the diversity within the hydantoin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimeh Moshtael Arani
- Research Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
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Abstract
A series of chiral 2,3-dichlorophenoxy and 1-naphthyloxy alkylamines were synthesized, and their binding affinities towards 5-HT(1D) and h5-HT(1B) receptors were evaluated. In the naphthyloxy series, the (R)-prolinol derivative was the most selective 5-HT(1D) ligand, while (S)-N-methyl-2-(1-naphthyloxy)propan-1-amine showed the highest selectivity for h5-HT(1B). Both compounds performed as 5-HT(1D) agonists in the isolated guinea pig assay and showed higher analgesic activity than both sumatriptan and the achiral analogue 20 b in the mouse hot-plate test. Neither ligand displayed any affinity for nicotinic ACh receptors present in mouse brain membranes, thus indicating that their analgesic activity does not arise through interaction with these receptors.
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38
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Silver KS, Song W, Nomura Y, Salgado VL, Dong K. Mechanism of action of sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs) on insect sodium channels. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 97:87-92. [PMID: 24013950 PMCID: PMC3765036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs) are a relatively new class of insecticides, with a mechanism of action different from those of other classes of insecticides that target voltage-gated sodium channels. These compounds have no effect at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, but cause a voltage-dependent, nearly irreversible block as the membrane potential is depolarized. The mechanism of action of SCBIs is similar to that of local anesthetics (LAs), class I anticonvulsants and class I antiarrhythmics. In this article, we review the physiological actions of these compounds on the whole animal, the nervous system and sodium channels, and also present the results from recent studies that elucidate the receptor site of SCBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher S. Silver
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Weizhong Song
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yoshiko Nomura
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Vincent L. Salgado
- BASF Agricultural Products, BASF Corporation, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Corresponding authors: Ke Dong: ; Vincent L. Salgado:
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Corresponding authors: Ke Dong: ; Vincent L. Salgado:
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Abstract
Drugs inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels have long been used as analgesics, beginning with the use of local anaesthetics for sensory blockade and then with the discovery that Nav-blocking anticonvulsants also have benefit for pain therapy. These drugs were discovered without knowledge of their molecular target, using traditional pharmacological methods, and their clinical utility is limited by relatively narrow therapeutic windows. Until recently, attempts to develop improved inhibitors using modern molecular-targeted screening approaches have met with limited success. However, in the last few years there has been renewed activity following the discovery of human Nav1.7 mutations that cause striking insensitivity to pain. Together with recent advances in the technologies required to prosecute ion channels as drug targets, this has led to significant progress being made. This article reviews these developments and summarises current findings with these emerging new Nav inhibitors, highlighting some of the unanswered questions and the challenges that remain before they can be developed for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Clare
- Cell-Based Assays Group, Millipore Corporation, St Charles, Missouri 63304, USA.
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40
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Safari J, Moshtael Arani N, Ramezan Isfahani A. Ultrasound-enhanced Green Synthesis of 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin Derivatives Using Symmetrical or Unsymmetrical Benzils. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Andresen BM, Du Bois J. De novo synthesis of modified saxitoxins for sodium ion channel study. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:12524-5. [PMID: 19678702 DOI: 10.1021/ja904179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Access to novel forms of (+)-saxitoxin (STX), a potent and selective inhibitor of voltage-gated Na(+) ion channels, has been made possible through de novo synthesis. Saxitoxin is believed to lodge in the outer mouth of the channel pore, thereby stoppering ion flux. Herein, we demonstrate that modification of the C13-carbamoyl unit can be accommodated in the binding site of the protein without significantly reducing ligand-receptor affinity. These discoveries have emboldened efforts to prepare photoaffinity-labeled and other unique forms of STX as pharmacological tools for interrogating both the molecular architecture and function of Na(+) channels. A synthetic plan that makes such compounds generally available is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Andresen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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42
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Graf KM, Tabor MG, Brown ML, Paige M. Synthesis of (S)-Jamaicamide C Carboxylic Acid. Org Lett 2009; 11:5382-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9021222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Graf
- Drug Discovery Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir RD, NW, NRB EP15A, Washington D.C., 20057, and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Martin G. Tabor
- Drug Discovery Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir RD, NW, NRB EP15A, Washington D.C., 20057, and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Milton L. Brown
- Drug Discovery Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir RD, NW, NRB EP15A, Washington D.C., 20057, and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Mikell Paige
- Drug Discovery Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir RD, NW, NRB EP15A, Washington D.C., 20057, and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
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43
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Ma X, Poon TY, Wong PTH, Chui WK. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine derivatives as neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5644-7. [PMID: 19716698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal sodium channels blockers interfere with ion flux and have been used for managing neuropathic pain, epilepsy, and cerebral ischemic disorders. In the current study, four groups of 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine derivatives were synthesized and investigated for their neuronal sodium channels binding activity. 5-Aryl-1,3,5-triazaspiro[5.5]undeca-1,3-diene-2,4-diamines (4a-4j) were found to have the best neuronal sodium binding activity among the four groups of triazines evaluated. Derivatives 4a-4j blocked the sodium channels with IC50 values ranged from 4.0 to 14.7 microM. The result from this study showed that analogues of 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazines could be used as leads for the discovery of neuronal sodium channels blockers for managing central nervous system related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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44
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Fray MJ, Gillmore AT, Glossop MS, McManus DJ, Moses IB, Praquin CF, Reeves KA, Thompson LR. Optimisation of Permanganate Oxidation and Suzuki−Miyaura Coupling Steps in the Synthesis of a Nav1.8 Sodium Channel Modulator. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op900092h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Jonathan Fray
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Adam T. Gillmore
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | | | - David J. McManus
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Ian B. Moses
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | | | - Keith A. Reeves
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Lisa R. Thompson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
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45
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Clutterbuck LA, Posada CG, Visintin C, Riddall DR, Lancaster B, Gane PJ, Garthwaite J, Selwood DL. Oxadiazolylindazole Sodium Channel Modulators are Neuroprotective toward Hippocampal Neurones. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2694-707. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801180p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Clutterbuck
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Cristina Garcia Posada
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Cristina Visintin
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Dieter R. Riddall
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Barrie Lancaster
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Paul J. Gane
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - John Garthwaite
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - David L. Selwood
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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46
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Chen FZ, Chen DL, Chen QH, Wang FP. Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Delphinium majus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:18-23. [PMID: 19161345 DOI: 10.1021/np800439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
From the whole herbs of Delphinium majus, three new C(19)-diterpenoid alkaloids, majusines A-C (1-3), and six new C(20)-diterpenoid alkaloids, majusimines A-D (4-7) and majusidine A and B (8 and 9), have been isolated, together with 15 known compounds. The structures of compounds 1-9 were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry of Medicinal Natural Products, West China College of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Duan 3, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Hydantoin is a five-membered cyclic ureide that is present in numerous biologically active compounds including antiarrhytmics, anticonvulsants and antitumor agents. This paper describes different ways of synthesis of hydantoin-derivatives, their physical properties and reactivity. Also, the most widely used hydantoin anticonvulsants and the analysis of structureactivity relationships of anticonvulsant drugs in terms of lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding are presented here.
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48
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Docherty RJ, Farmer CE. The pharmacology of voltage-gated sodium channels in sensory neurones. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:519-61. [PMID: 19655117 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79090-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are vital for the normal functioning of most excitable cells. At least nine distinct functional subtypes of VGSCs are recognized, corresponding to nine genes for their pore-forming alpha-subunits. These have different developmental expression patterns, different tissue distributions in the adult and are differentially regulated at the cellular level by receptor-coupled cell signalling systems. Unsurprisingly, VGSC blockers are found to be useful as drugs in diverse clinical applications where excessive excitability of tissue leads to pathological dysfunction, e.g. epilepsy or cardiac tachyarrhythmias. The effects of most clinically useful VGSC blockers are use-dependent, i.e. their efficacy depends on channel activity. In addition, many natural toxins have been discovered that interact with VGSCs in complex ways and they have been used as experimental probes to study the structure and function of the channels and to better understand how drugs interact with the channels. Here we have attempted to summarize the properties of VGSCs in sensory neurones, discuss how they are regulated by cell signalling systems and we have considered briefly current concepts of their physiological function. We discuss in detail how drugs and toxins interact with archetypal VGSCs and where possible consider how they act on VGSCs in peripheral sensory neurones. Increasingly, drugs that block VGSCs are being used as systemic analgesic agents in chronic pain syndromes, but the full potential for VGSC blockers in this indication is yet to be realized and other applications in sensory dysfunction are also possible. Drugs targeting VGSC subtypes in sensory neurones are likely to provide novel systemic analgesics that are tissue-specific and perhaps even disease-specific, providing much-needed novel therapeutic approaches for the relief of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald J Docherty
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson CARD, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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49
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Lou BS, Lin TH, Lo CZ. The interactions of phenytoin and its binding site in DI-S6 segment of Na+ channel voltage-gated peptide by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 66:27-38. [PMID: 15946193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of a model peptide (BL-DIS6), in the presence of anticonvulsant diphenyl drug, phenytoin (DPH), were measured to obtain the interactions between the selected drug and the model peptide. BL-DIS6's sequence corresponds to the S6 segment in domain I of rat brain type IIA Na+-channel. NMR studies have demonstrated that the magnitude of the chemical shifts of amide- and alpha-protons can be used as a measurement of the complex stability and binding site of the peptide. Our NMR results propose a 3(10)-helical structure for BL-DIS6, and suggest a binding cavity for DPH that involves the hydrophobic particles of residues Ans-7, Leu-8, Val-11, and Val-12. Furthermore, molecular modeling was performed to provide a possible complex conformation that the phenyl portion of DPH is accommodated in the proximity of the C-terminal residues Ala-11 and Val-12, and simultaneously the heterocyclic amine ring of DPH is perching at the residue Asn-7 periphery and stabilizing the phenyl portion deep insertion into the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-S Lou
- Chemistry Division, Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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50
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Enaminones 8: CoMFA and CoMSIA studies on some anticonvulsant enaminones. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:133-40. [PMID: 19059784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
3D-QSAR studies comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were carried out on 26 structurally diverse subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) active enaminone analogues, previously synthesized in our laboratory. CoMFA and CoMSIA were employed to generate models to define the specific structural and electrostatic features essential for enhanced binding to the putative GABA receptor. The 3D-QSAR models demonstrated a reliable ability to predict the CLogP of the active anticonvulsant enaminones, resulting in a q(2) of 0.558 for CoMFA, and a q(2) of 0.698 for CoMSIA. The outcomes of the contour maps for both models provide detailed insight for the structural design of novel enaminone derivatives as potential anticonvulsant agents.
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