1
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Patel OPS, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Exploration of artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides in antimalarial drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113193. [PMID: 33508479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by protozoal parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. It caused an estimated 405,000 deaths and 228 million malaria cases globally in 2018 as per the World Malaria Report released by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Artemisinin (ART), a "Nobel medicine" and its derivatives have proven potential application in antimalarial drug discovery programs. In this review, antimalarial activity of the most active artemisinin derivatives modified at C-10/C-11/C-16/C-6 positions and synthetic peroxides (endoperoxides, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) are systematically summarized. The developmental trend of ART derivatives, and cyclic peroxides along with their antimalarial activity and how the activity is affected by structural variations on different sites of the compounds are discussed. This compilation would be very useful towards scaffold hopping aimed at avoiding the unnecessary complexity in cyclic peroxides, and ultimately act as a handy resource for the development of potential chemotherapeutics against Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P S Patel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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2
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Pepe DA, Toumpa D, André-Barrès C, Menendez C, Mouray E, Baltas M, Grellier P, Papaioannou D, Athanassopoulos CM. Synthesis of Novel G Factor or Chloroquine-Artemisinin Hybrids and Conjugates with Potent Antiplasmodial Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:921-927. [PMID: 32435406 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel hybrids of artemisinin (ART) with either a phytormone endoperoxide G factor analogue (GMeP) or chloroquine (CQ) and conjugates of the same compounds with the polyamines (PAs), spermidine (Spd), and homospermidine (Hsd) were synthesized and their antiplasmodial activity was evaluated using the CQ-resistant P. falciparum FcB1/Colombia strain. The ART-GMeP hybrid 5 and compounds 9 and 10 which are conjugates of Spd and Hsd with two molecules of ART and one molecule of GMeP, were the most potent with IC50 values of 2.6, 8.4, and 10.6 nM, respectively. The same compounds also presented the highest selectivity indexes against the primary human fibroblast cell line AB943 ranging from 16 372 for the hybrid 5 to 983 for the conjugate 10 of Hsd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionissia A. Pepe
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras GR-26504, Greece
| | - Dimitra Toumpa
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras GR-26504, Greece
| | - Christiane André-Barrès
- LSPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Christophe Menendez
- LSPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Elisabeth Mouray
- MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France
| | - Michel Baltas
- LSPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Philippe Grellier
- MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France
| | - Dionissios Papaioannou
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras GR-26504, Greece
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3
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Tiwari MK, Chaudhary S. Artemisinin-derived antimalarial endoperoxides from bench-side to bed-side: Chronological advancements and future challenges. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1220-1275. [PMID: 31930540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO World Malaria Report (2018), nearly 219 million new cases of malaria occurred and a total no. of 435 000 people died in 2017 due to this infectious disease. This is due to the rapid spread of parasite-resistant strains. Artemisinin (ART), a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has been recognized as a novel class of antimalarial drugs. The 2015 "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" was given to Prof Dr Tu Youyou for the discovery of ART. Hence, ART is termed as "Nobel medicine." The present review article accommodates insights from the chronological advancements and direct statistics witnessed during the past 48 years (1971-2019) in the medicinal chemistry of ART-derived antimalarial endoperoxides, and their clinical utility in malaria chemotherapy and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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4
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Wu G, Cheng B, Qian H, Ma S, Chen Q. Identification of HSP90 as a direct target of artemisinin for its anti-inflammatory activity via quantitative chemical proteomics. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6854-6859. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01264h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global profiling of the target proteins of ART for its anti-inflammatory activity via ABPP combined with quantitative chemical proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Wu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Bao Cheng
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Qian
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Qin Chen
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
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5
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Kumari A, Karnatak M, Singh D, Shankar R, Jat JL, Sharma S, Yadav D, Shrivastava R, Verma VP. Current scenario of artemisinin and its analogues for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:804-829. [PMID: 30579122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human malaria, one of the most striking, reemerging infectious diseases, is caused by several types of Plasmodium parasites. Whilst advances have been made in lowering the numbers of cases and deaths, it is clear that a strategy based solely on disease control year on year, without reducing transmission and ultimately eradicating the parasite, is unsustainable. Natural products have served as a template for the design and development of antimalarial drugs currently in the clinic or in the development phase. Artemisinin combine potent, rapid antimalarial activity with a wide therapeutic index and an absence of clinically important resistance. The alkylating ability of artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogues toward heme related to their antimalarial efficacy are underlined. Although impressive results have already been achieved in malaria research, more systematization and concentration of efforts are required if real breakthroughs are to be made. This review will concisely cover the clinical, preclinical antimalarial and current updates in artemisinin based antimalarial drugs. Diverse classes of semi-synthetic analogs of artemisinin reported in the last decade have also been extensively studied. The experience gained in this respect is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jawahar L Jat
- Department of Applied Chemistry, BabaSaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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6
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Efferth T. Beyond malaria: The inhibition of viruses by artemisinin-type compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1730-1737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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A simplified and scalable synthesis of artesunate. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016; 148:63-68. [PMID: 28127092 PMCID: PMC5225229 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract An efficient and economically viable approach for the large-scale conversion of artemisinin into the antimalarial frontline drug artesunate was developed. This advanced synthesis includes an NaBH4-induced reduction, followed by an esterification with succinic anhydride under basic conditions. The entire conversion follows the principles of green chemistry, i.e., application of reusable solvents. Graphical abstract ![]()
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8
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Wu Y, Wu RWK, Cheu KW, Williams ID, Krishna S, Slavic K, Gravett AM, Liu WM, Wong HN, Haynes RK. Methylene Homologues of Artemisone: An Unexpected Structure-Activity Relationship and a Possible Implication for the Design of C10-Substituted Artemisinins. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1469-79. [PMID: 27273875 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We sought to establish if methylene homologues of artemisone are biologically more active and more stable than artemisone. The analogy is drawn with the conversion of natural O- and N-glycosides into more stable C-glycosides that may possess enhanced biological activities and stabilities. Dihydroartemisinin was converted into 10β-cyano-10-deoxyartemisinin that was hydrolyzed to the α-primary amide. Reduction of the β-cyanide and the α-amide provided the respective methylamine epimers that upon treatment with divinyl sulfone gave the β- and α-methylene homologues, respectively, of artemisone. Surprisingly, the compounds were less active in vitro than artemisone against P. falciparum and displayed no appreciable activity against A549, HCT116, and MCF7 tumor cell lines. This loss in activity may be rationalized in terms of one model for the mechanism of action of artemisinins, namely the cofactor model, wherein the presence of a leaving group at C10 assists in driving hydride transfer from reduced flavin cofactors to the peroxide during perturbation of intracellular redox homeostasis by artemisinins. It is noted that the carba analogue of artemether is less active in vitro than the O-glycoside parent toward P. falciparum, although extrapolation of such activity differences to other artemisinins at this stage is not possible. However, literature data coupled with the leaving group rationale suggest that artemisinins bearing an amino group attached directly to C10 are optimal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuet Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ronald Wai Kung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kwan Wing Cheu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ksenija Slavic
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew M Gravett
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, Jenner Wing, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Wai M Liu
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, Jenner Wing, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. , .,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China. ,
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9
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Liu G, Song S, Liu X, Zhang A, Miao Z, Ding C. Novel dihydroisoxazoline-alkyl carbon chain hybrid artemisinin analogues (artemalogs): synthesis and antitumor activities. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new series of dihydroisoxazoline-alkyl carbon chain hybrid artemisinin analogues (artemalogs) were designed and synthesized though a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, leading to novel analogues with dramatically improved antiproliferative effects against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
| | - Shanshan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
| | - Zehong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chunyong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
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10
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Hohlfeld K, Wegner JK, Kesteleyn B, Linclau B, Unge J. Disubstituted Bis-THF Moieties as New P2 Ligands in Nonpeptidal HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors (II). J Med Chem 2015; 58:4029-38. [PMID: 25897791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of darunavir analogues featuring a substituted bis-THF ring as P2 ligand have been synthesized and evaluated. Very high affinity protease inhibitors (PIs) with an interesting activity on wild-type HIV and a panel of multi-PI resistant HIV-1 mutants containing clinically observed, primary mutations were identified using a cell-based assay. Crystal structure analysis was conducted on a number of PI analogues in complex with HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Hohlfeld
- †University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Kurt Wegner
- ‡Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Kesteleyn
- ‡Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bruno Linclau
- †University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Unge
- §Lund University, MAX-lab, Ole Römers väg 1, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden
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11
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Abstract
We have developed an efficient one pot green synthesis of β-artemether/arteether from artemisinin, which involves combination of a sodium borohydride – cellulose sulfuric acid (CellSA) catalyst system. This green methodology is high yielding and the catalyst has good recyclability. The developed methodology is simple, cost-effective and the catalyst used is eco-friendly, reusable, and biodegradable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Bishnoi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow, India
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12
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Synthesis of a novel series of highly functionalized Baylis–Hillman adducts of artemisinin with potent anticancer activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Mott BT, Tripathi A, Siegler MA, Moore CD, Sullivan DJ, Posner GH. Synthesis and antimalarial efficacy of two-carbon-linked, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers in combination with known antimalarial drugs. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2630-41. [PMID: 23425037 DOI: 10.1021/jm400058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a difficult disease to eradicate largely because of the widespread populations it affects and the resistance that malaria parasites have developed against once very potent therapies. The natural product artemisinin has been a boon for antimalarial chemotherapy, as artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) has become the first line of chemotherapy. Because the threat of resistance is always on the horizon, it is imperative to continually identify new treatments, comprising both advanced analogues of all antimalarial drugs, especially artemisinin, and the exploration of novel combinations, ideally with distinct mechanisms of action. Here we report for the first time the synthesis of a series of two-carbon-linked artemisinin-derived dimers, their unique structural features, and demonstration of their antimalarial efficacy via single oral dose administration in two 60-day survival studies of Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Several of the new endoperoxide chemical entities consistently demonstrated excellent antimalarial efficacy, and combinations with two non-peroxide antimalarial drugs have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Mott
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA.
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Shen J, Liu D, An Q, Liu Y, Zhang W. The Synthesis oftrans-Perhydroindolic Acids and their Application in Asymmetric Domino Reactions of Aldehyde Esters with β,γ-Unsaturated α-Keto Esters. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Jacobine AM, Mazzone JR, Slack RD, Tripathi AK, Sullivan DJ, Posner GH. Malaria-infected mice live until at least day 30 after a new artemisinin-derived thioacetal thiocarbonate combined with mefloquine are administered together in a single, low, oral dose. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7892-9. [PMID: 22891714 PMCID: PMC3460521 DOI: 10.1021/jm3009986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In only three steps and in 21-67% overall yields from the natural trioxane artemisinin, a series of 21 new trioxane C-10 thioacetals was prepared. Upon receiving a single oral dose of only 6 mg/kg of the monomeric trioxane 12c combined with 18 mg/kg of mefloquine hydrochloride, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice survived on average 29.8 days after infection. Two of the four mice in this group had no parasites detectable in their blood on day 30 after infection, and they behaved normally and appeared healthy. One of the mice had 11% blood parasitemia on day 30, and one mouse in this group died on day 29. Of high medicinal importance, the efficacy of this ACT chemotherapy is much better than (almost double) the efficacy under the same conditions using as a positive control the popular trioxane drug artemether plus mefloquine hydrochloride (average survival time of only 16.5 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Jacobine
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Jennifer R. Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Rachel D. Slack
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Abhai K. Tripathi
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - David J. Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Gary H. Posner
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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16
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CRISTINO MARIADAGLÓRIAG, DE MENESES CARLACAROLINAF, SOEIRO MALÚCIAMARQUES, FERREIRA JOÃOELIASV, DE FIGUEIREDO ANTONIOFLORÊNCIO, BARBOSA JARDELPINTO, DE ALMEIDA RUTHCO, PINHEIRO JOSÉC, PINHEIRO ANDRÉIADELOURDESR. COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF ANTIMALARIAL 10-SUBSTITUTED DEOXOARTEMISININS. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633612500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen 10-substitued deoxoartemisinin derivatives and artemisinin with activity against D-6 strains of malarial falciparum designated as Sierra Leone are studied. We use molecular electrostatic potential maps in an attempt to identify key structural features of the artemisinins that are necessary for their activities and molecular docking to investigate the interaction with the molecular receptor (heme). Chemometric modeling: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) and Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA) are employed to reduce dimensionality and investigate which subset of descriptors are responsible for the classification between more active (MA) and less active (LA) artemisinins. The PCA, HCA, KNN, SIMCA and SDA studies showed that the descriptors LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) energy, DFeO1 (Distance between the O 1 atom from ligand and iron atom from heme), X1A (Average Connectivity Index Chi-1) and Mor15u (Molecular Representation of Structure Based on Electron Diffraction) code of signal 15, unweighted, are responsible for separating the artemisinins according to their degree of antimalarial activity. The prediction study was done with a new set of eight artemisinins by using the chemometric methods and five of them were predicted as active against D-6 strains of falciparum malaria. In order to verify if the key structural features that are necessary for their antimalarial activities were investigated for the interaction with the heme, we also carried out calculations of the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and molecular docking. MEP maps and molecular docking were analyzed for more active compounds of the prediction set.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARIA DA GLÓRIA G. CRISTINO
- Laboratório de Química Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - CARLA CAROLINA F. DE MENESES
- Laboratório de Química Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - MALÚCIA MARQUES SOEIRO
- Laboratório de Química Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - JOÃO ELIAS V. FERREIRA
- Laboratório de Química Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - ANTONIO FLORÊNCIO DE FIGUEIREDO
- Laboratório de Química Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - JARDEL PINTO BARBOSA
- Laboratório de Química Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - RUTH C. O. DE ALMEIDA
- Laboratório de Química Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - JOSÉ C. PINHEIRO
- Laboratório de Química Teórica e Computacional, Faculdade de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, CEP: 66075-110, Brazil
| | - ANDRÉIA DE LOURDES R. PINHEIRO
- Departamento de Química e Biologia, Centro de Educação, Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Caixa Postal 09, CEP 65055-900 São Luís, MA, Brazil
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17
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A golden phoenix arising from the herbal nest — A review and reflection on the study of antimalarial drug Qinghaosu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-010-0214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Chaturvedi D, Goswami A, Saikia PP, Barua NC, Rao PG. Artemisinin and its derivatives: a novel class of anti-malarial and anti-cancer agents. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 39:435-54. [PMID: 20111769 DOI: 10.1039/b816679j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this tutorial review, an effort towards presentation of a comprehensive account of the recent developments on various kinds of artemisinin derivatives including artemisinin dimers, trimers and tetramers has been made and their efficacy towards malaria parasites and different cancer cells lines was compared with that of artemisinins, and various other anti-malarial and anti-cancer drugs. It is expected that this review will provide first-hand information on artemisinin chemistry to organic/medicinal chemists, and pharmacologists working on anticancer and anti-malarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devdutt Chaturvedi
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, North-East Institute of Science & Technology, Assam, Jorhat-785006, India
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Kumar V, Mahajan A, Chibale K. Synthetic medicinal chemistry of selected antimalarial natural products. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2236-75. [PMID: 19157883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products remain a rich source of novel molecular scaffolds for novel antimalarial agents in the fight against malaria. This has been well demonstrated in the case of quinine and artemisinin both of which have served as templates for the development of structurally simpler analogues that either served or continue to serve as effective antimalarials. This review will expound on these two natural products as well as other selected natural products that have served either as antimalarial agents or as potential lead compounds in the development of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosh 7701, South Africa
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20
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Bégué JP, Bonnet-Delpon D. Fluoroartemisinins: Metabolically More Stable Antimalarial Artemisinin Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:608-24. [PMID: 17252616 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report is an overview on the design, preparation, and evaluation of metabolically stable artemisinins, using fluorine substitution. The chemical challenges encountered for the incorporation of fluorine-containing elements and the preparation of a large range of 10-trifluoromethyl artemisinin derivatives are detailed. Impact of the fluorine substitution on the antimalarial activity is also highlighted. Preclinical data of lead compounds, and evidence for their strong and prolonged antimalarial activity are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bégué
- BIOCIS-UMR-CNRS-8086, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Rue J.B. Clément, Chatenay-Malabry, 92296, France
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21
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Van Neck T, Van Mierloo S, Dehaen W. Functionalisation of artemisinin and its ring-contracted derivatives. Molecules 2007; 12:395-405. [PMID: 17851398 PMCID: PMC6149425 DOI: 10.3390/12030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoxazoline analogues of artemisinin were obtained in low yield and low diastereoselectivity from the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides. Alternatively, starting from the aldehyde 7, a number of transformations--Wittig reaction and reduction, Henry reaction and cyanohydrin formation--were achieved in significantly higher yields. In the cases where a new stereocenter was introduced this occurred diastereoselectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wim Dehaen
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: ; Tel. (+32) 16 32 74 39; Fax (+32) 16 32 79 90
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22
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Lo VKY, Liu Y, Wong MK, Che CM. Gold(III) Salen complex-catalyzed synthesis of propargylamines via a three-component coupling reaction. Org Lett 2007; 8:1529-32. [PMID: 16597102 DOI: 10.1021/ol0528641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Propargylamines have been synthesized by a gold(III) salen complex-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction of aldehydes, amines, and alkynes in water in excellent yields at 40 degrees C. With chiral prolinol derivatives as the amine component, excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1) have been attained. This coupling reaction has been applied to the synthesis of propargylamine-modified artemisinin derivatives with the delicate endoperoxide moieties remaining intact. Cytotoxicities with IC(50) values up to 1.1 microM against a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) were exhibited by these artemisinin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kar-Yan Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Khac VT, Van TN, Van ST. Synthesis of novel 10-deoxoartemisinins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2629-31. [PMID: 15863331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel 10-deoxoartemisinin derivatives containing heterocyclic rings and hydrophilic groups, and their antimalarial activity assessment are described. Most of the synthesized derivatives are more potent than artemisinin, especially, some of them are 20-25 times more potent than artemisinin to two chloroquine-resistant and sensitive clones of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Tran Khac
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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24
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Sriram D, Rao VS, Chandrasekhara KVG, Yogeeswari P. Progress in the research of artemisinin and its analogues as antimalarials: an update. Nat Prod Res 2004; 18:503-27. [PMID: 15595609 DOI: 10.1080/14786410310001620556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the number one infectious disease in the world today. Worldwide, over two million people die each year from malaria. This shocking reality is largely due to the emergence of drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from Artemesia annua has been shown to be a fast acting, safe and effective drug against multidrug-resistant and sensitive strains of P. falciparum. This article reports a survey of the literature dealing with artemisinin related antimalarial issues that have appeared from 1980s to the beginning of 2003. A broad range of medical and pharmaceutical disciplines is covered, including a brief introduction about discovery, phytochemical aspects, antimalarial mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and major drawbacks and various structural modifications made to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmarajan Sriram
- Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333 031, Rajasthan, India
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25
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Ploypradith P. Development of artemisinin and its structurally simplified trioxane derivatives as antimalarial drugs. Acta Trop 2004; 89:329-42. [PMID: 14744559 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin and simplified trioxane analogs constitute a promising class of antimalarial chemotherapeutic agents. Their development since the early 1970s into clinical trials and clinical use has drawn much attention from medical scientists worldwide although the crude extract containing artemisinin has been used in China for treatment of fever for many centuries. Many research groups have independently and collaboratively conducted various studies on the artemisinin system both in search for the new compounds more antimalarially active than the parent artemisinin and in an attempt to understand its molecular mechanism(s) of action. Ongoing studies have provided a better understanding of the putative intermediates essential for the antimalarial activity and have led to designer trioxanes whose chemical structures have been simplified and modified to increase efficacy while lowering toxicity. Other desirable features beneficial to clinical uses such as bioavailability, drug stability and water solubility have been considered, and portions of the trioxane skeleton have been added or modified to accommodate these parameters accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonsakdi Ploypradith
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vipavadee-Rangsit Highway, 10210, Bangkok, Thailand
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26
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Borstnik K, Paik IH, Shapiro TA, Posner GH. Antimalarial chemotherapeutic peroxides: artemisinin, yingzhaosu A and related compounds. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:1661-7. [PMID: 12435451 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism-based rational design and gram-scale chemical synthesis have produced some new trioxane and endoperoxide antimalarial drug candidates that are efficacious and safe. This review summarises recent achievements in this area of peroxide drug development for malaria chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Borstnik
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2685, USA
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27
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Chorki F, Grellepois F, Crousse B, Hoang VD, Hung NV, Bonnet-Delpon D, Bégué JP. First synthesis of 10 alpha-(trifluoromethyl)deoxoartemisinin. Org Lett 2002; 4:757-9. [PMID: 11869120 DOI: 10.1021/ol017227z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A novel, nonacetal (trifluoromethyl)deoxoartemisinin was prepared with good stereoselectivity. This compound was obtained by debromination of the 10 alpha-CF3-10-bromodeoxoartemisinin in the presence of tributyltin hydride at reflux in toluene without alteration of the endoperoxide bridge. It presented a reasonable antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Chorki
- BioCIS, Centre d'Etudes Pharmaceutiques, rue J.B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F-92296 Cedex, France
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