1
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Toward the Total Synthesis of Scytophycins: Synthesis of the C7–C21 Fragments of Scytophycins A, B, and C. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of D-Ring-Modified Vitamin D Analogues. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111639. [PMID: 34827637 PMCID: PMC8615411 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D3 structure consists of the A-ring, a linker originating from the B-ring, C-ring, D-ring, and side-chain moieties. Each unit has its unique role in expressing the biological activities of vitamin D3. Many efforts have been made to date to assess the possible clinical use of vitamin D. Some organic chemists focused on the D-ring structure of vitamin D and synthesized D-ring-modified vitamin D analogues, and their biological activities were studied. This review summarizes the synthetic methodologies of D-ring-modified vitamin D analogues, except for seco-D, and their preliminary biological profiles.
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3
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Du Z, Li G, Ge H, Zhou X, Zhang J. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Steroidal Glycoconjugates as Potential Antiproliferative Agents. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1488-1498. [PMID: 33476082 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To systematically evaluate the impact of neoglycosylation upon the anticancer activities and selectivity of steroids, four series of neoglycosides of diosgenin, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and estrone were designed and synthesized according to the neoglycosylation approach. The structures of all the products were elucidated by NMR analysis, and the stereochemistry of C20-MeON-pregnenolone was confirmed by crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds' cytotoxicity on five human cancer cell lines was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed. 2-deoxy-d-glucoside 5 k displayed the most potent antiproliferative activities against HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 1.5 μM. Further pharmacological experiments on compound 5 k on HepG2 cells revealed that it could cause morphological changes and cell-cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and then induced the apoptosis, which might be associated with the enhanced expression of high-mobility group Box 1 (HMGB1). Taken together, these findings prove that the neoglycosylation of steroids could be a promising strategy for the discovery of potential antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Guolong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China.,ZhenPing Expert Workstation for Zhang Jian Zhenping, Ankang, Shaanxi, 725699, P. R. China
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4
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Fujishima T, Suenaga T, Kawahata M, Yamaguchi K. Synthesis and characterization of 20-hydroxyvitamin D 3 with the A-ring modification. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 187:27-33. [PMID: 30389627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Two novel 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 analogues (4a,b) with the A-ring modification have been synthesized by a convergent manner. An alternative pathway of vitamin D3 metabolism by cytochrome P450scc CYP11A1 was reported to afford 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3), functions of which remain to be explored. Based on the structure of the 20-hydroxy metabolite, novel analogues (4a,b) with the modifications, including the 1α-hydroxy, 25-hydroxy and 2α-methyl groups, have been designed. The side chain of the requisite CD-ring portions (9a,b) was introduced by Grignard reaction as a key step, and the stereochemistry at the C20 position was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis of the synthetic intermediate (8b). Preliminary biological characterization using the bovine thymus vitamin D receptor suggested that the introduction of the active motifs into the 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 scaffold elevated the receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Fujishima
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Suenaga
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawahata
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
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5
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Sicinska W, Gront D, Sicinski K. Mutation goals in the vitamin D receptor predicted by computational methods. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:210-220. [PMID: 29966696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism through which nuclear receptors respond differentially to structurally distinct agonists is a poorly understood process. We present a computational method that identifies nuclear receptor amino acids that are likely involved in biological responses triggered by ligand binding. The method involves tracing how structural changes spread from the ligand binding pocket to the sites on the receptor surface, which makes it a good tool for studying allosteric effects. We employ the method to the vitamin D receptor and verify that the identified amino acids are biologically relevant using a broad range of experimental data and a genome browser. We infer that surface vitamin D receptor residues K141, R252, I260, T280, T287 and L417 are likely involved in cell differentiation and antiproliferation, whereas P122, D149, K321, E353 and Q385 are linked to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Sicinska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominik Gront
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Sicinski
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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6
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Ma Y, Yun YK, Wondergem Nee Lukesh J, Sar A, Gone JR, Lindeman S, Donaldson WA. Reactivity of (1-methoxycarbonylpentadienyl)iron(1+) cations with hydride, methyl, and nitrogen nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 2017; 73:4493-4500. [PMID: 29200513 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of tricarbonyl and (dicarbonyl)triphenylphosphine (1-methoxycarbonyl-pentadientyl)iron(1+) cations 7 and 8 with methyl lithium, NaBH3CN, or potassium phthalimide affords (pentenediyl)iron complexes 9a-c and 11a-b, while reaction with dimethylcuprate, gave (E,Z-diene)iron complexes 10 and 12. Oxidatively induced-reductive elimination of 9a-c gave vinylcyclopropanecarboxylates 17a-c. The optically active vinylcyclopropane (+)-17a, prepared from (1S)-7, undergoes olefin cross-metathesis with excess (+)-18 to yield (+)-19, a C9-C16 synthon for the antifungal agent ambruticin. Alternatively reaction of 7 with methanesulfonamide or trimethylsilylazide gave (E,E-diene)iron complexes 14d and e. Huisgen [3+2] cyclization of the (azidodienyl)iron complex 14e with alkynes afforded triazoles 25a-e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P. O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 USA
| | - Young K Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P. O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 USA
| | | | - Anobick Sar
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P. O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 USA
| | - Jayapal Reddy Gone
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P. O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 USA
| | - Sergey Lindeman
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P. O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 USA
| | - William A Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P. O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 USA
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7
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Munetsuna E, Kittaka A, Chen TC, Sakaki T. Metabolism and Action of 25-Hydroxy-19-nor-Vitamin D3 in Human Prostate Cells. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:357-77. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Fujii S, Sekine R, Kano A, Masuno H, Songkram C, Kawachi E, Hirano T, Tanatani A, Kagechika H. Structural development of p-carborane-based potent non-secosteroidal vitamin D analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5891-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Fujishima T, Nozaki T, Suenaga T. Design and synthesis of novel 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues having a spiro-oxetane fused at the C2 position in the A-ring. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Saito H, Takagi K, Horie K, Kakuda S, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Ochiai E, Chida T, Harada Y, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. Synthesis of novel C-2 substituted vitamin D derivatives having ringed side chains and their biological evaluation on bone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:3-8. [PMID: 23416104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Up to the present, numerous vitamin D derivatives have been synthesized, but most of them have straight side chains, and there are few publications described about in vitro and in vivo evaluations on bone by vitamin D derivatives. In our previous paper, we reported the synthesis of various C-2 substituted vitamin D derivatives (2b-2i) with a 2,2-dimethylcyclopentanone unit in the CD-ring side chains, and that the derivatives have strong activity for enhancing bone growth. On the basis of results, this time, we report the synthesis of 2α-substituted vitamin D3 derivatives with chiral cyclopentanone (3-6 and 12-16). These derivatives were obtained by Pd-coupling reaction with A-ring precursor and CD-rings precursor. We evaluated novel derivatives in vitro assays, for affinities for VDR and transactivation assays by human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells. In this research, we demonstrated that some novel vitamin D derivatives (12-MP, 13-MP, 15-MP and 16-LP) have strong transactivation activities in spite of lower affinity for VDR than 1. In addition, we also demonstrated that these derivatives have strong activities for enhancing bone growth using OVX therapeutic rats. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Saito
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Tokyo 191-8512, Japan.
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11
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Grzywacz P, Plum LA, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF. 26- and 27-Methyl groups of 2-substituted, 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxylated vitamin D compounds are essential for calcium mobilization in vivo. Bioorg Chem 2013; 47:9-16. [PMID: 23474215 PMCID: PMC3612139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Twelve new analogs of 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D36-17, were prepared by a multi-step procedure from known alcohols 18 and 19. We have examined the influence of removing two methyl groups located at C-25, as well as the 25-hydroxy group, on the biological in vitro and in vivo biological activity. Surprisingly, removal of the 26- and 27-methyl groups from either the 2α-methyl or 2-methylene-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduced vitamin D receptor binding, HL-60 differentiation, and 25-hydroxylase transcription in vitro only slightly to moderately (compounds 6-13). However, these compounds were devoid of in vivo bone mobilization activity and had markedly reduced activity on intestinal calcium transport. The analogs 14-17 with a 2β-methyl substitution had little or no activity in vitro and in vivo as expected from previous work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Grzywacz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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12
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Glebocka A, Chiellini G. A-ring analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Abe J, Nagai Y, Higashikuni R, Iida K, Hirokawa T, Nagai H, Kominato K, Tsuchida T, Hirata M, Inada M, Miyaura C, Nagasawa K. Synthesis of vitamin D3 derivatives with nitrogen-linked substituents at A-ring C-2 and evaluation of their vitamin D receptor-mediated transcriptional activity. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7826-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26017d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Munetsuna E, Nakabayashi S, Kawanami R, Yasuda K, Ohta M, Arai MA, Kittaka A, Chen TC, Kamakura M, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Mechanism of the anti-proliferative action of 25-hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) in human prostate cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 47:209-18. [PMID: 21693624 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
According to the prevailing paradigm, 1α-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) and its analogs is a pre-requisite step for their biological effects. We previously reported that 25-hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) (25(OH)-19-nor-D(3)) had anti-proliferative activity in a cell line, PZ-HPV-7, which was derived from human non-cancerous prostate tissue, and suggested that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) acted after 1α-hydroxylation by vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). However, metabolic studies of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) using recombinant CYP27B1 revealed that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) was rarely subjected to 1α-hydroxylation. Therefore, in this report, we attempted to clarify the mechanism of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) action in intact cells using PZ-HPV-7 prostate cells. After incubating the cells with 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3), eight metabolites of 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) were detected, whereas no products of CYP27B1 including 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3)) were found. Furthermore, the time-dependent nuclear translocation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the subsequent transactivation of cyp24A1 gene in the presence of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) were almost identical as those induced by 1α,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3). These results strongly suggest that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) directly binds to VDR as a ligand and transports VDR into the nucleus to induce transcription of cyp24A1 gene. In addition, knock down of cyp27B1 gene did not affect the anti-proliferative activity of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3), whereas knock down of VDR attenuated the inhibitory effect. Thus, our results clearly demonstrate that the anti-proliferative activity of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) is VDR dependent but 1α-hydroxylation independent, suggesting that 25(OH)D(3) analogs such as 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) could be attractive candidates for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Munetsuna
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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15
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Shindo K, Kumagai G, Takano M, Sawada D, Saito N, Saito H, Kakuda S, Takagi KI, Ochiai E, Horie K, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Ishizuka S, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. New C15-Substituted Active Vitamin D3. Org Lett 2011; 13:2852-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200828s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Shindo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Go Kumagai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Masashi Takano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Shinji Kakuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Takagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Eiji Ochiai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kyohei Horie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Midori Takimoto-Kamimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishizuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takenouchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan, and Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
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16
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Sawada D, Tsukuda Y, Saito H, Kakuda S, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Ochiai E, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. Development of 14-epi-19-Nortachysterol and Its Unprecedented Binding Configuration for the Human Vitamin D Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7215-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja201481j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sawada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1, Suwarashi, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan
| | - Yuya Tsukuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1, Suwarashi, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Shinji Kakuda
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | | | - Eiji Ochiai
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takenouchi
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1, Suwarashi, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan
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17
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Saitoh H, Chida T, Takagi K, Horie K, Sawai Y, Nakamura Y, Harada Y, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. Synthesis of C-2 substituted vitamin D derivatives having ringed side chains and their biological evaluation, especially biological effect on bone by modification at the C-2 position. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3954-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Sawada D, Katayama T, Tsukuda Y, Saito N, Saito H, Takagi KI, Ochiai E, Ishizuka S, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. Synthesis of 2α- and 2β-substituted-14-epi-previtamin D3 and their genomic activity. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Antony P, Sigüeiro R, Huet T, Sato Y, Ramalanjaona N, Rodrigues LC, Mouriño A, Moras D, Rochel N. Structure−Function Relationships and Crystal Structures of the Vitamin D Receptor Bound 2α-Methyl-(20S,23S)- and 2α-Methyl-(20S,23R)-epoxymethano-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1159-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9014636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Antony
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, CEBGS-IGBMC (Centre Européen de Biologie et Génomique Structurale—Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Rita Sigüeiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Tiphaine Huet
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, CEBGS-IGBMC (Centre Européen de Biologie et Génomique Structurale—Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Yoshiteru Sato
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, CEBGS-IGBMC (Centre Européen de Biologie et Génomique Structurale—Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Nick Ramalanjaona
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, CEBGS-IGBMC (Centre Européen de Biologie et Génomique Structurale—Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Luis Cezar Rodrigues
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Dino Moras
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, CEBGS-IGBMC (Centre Européen de Biologie et Génomique Structurale—Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, CEBGS-IGBMC (Centre Européen de Biologie et Génomique Structurale—Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
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20
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Synthesis of a 1α-C-methyl analogue of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3: interaction with a mutant vitamin D receptor Arg274Leu. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Synthesis of 2α-propoxy-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and comparison of its metabolism by human CYP24A1 and rat CYP24A1. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4296-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Kittaka A. Structural refinement of seco-steroidal skeleton and the biological activity through nuclear receptors. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1235-50. [PMID: 18758137 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1) regulates a variety of biological actions through vitamin D receptor (VDR), including calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, bone remodeling, cellular proliferation and differentiation and many other functions. To enhance its potency and to study the structure/function relationship, we synthesized a series of analogs of 1 with a modification at the C-2alpha position. Introducing 2alpha-methyl, 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl), or 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropoxy) group increased its binding affinity for the VDR 2- to 4-fold compared to 1. The crystal structures of the VDR bound to these analogs provide a molecular explanation for the interaction between the 2alpha-substituents and water molecules exist in the VDR-ligand binding domain. Based on the accumulated knowledge in VDR agonists, we synthesized 2-substituted analogs of 'double side chain' (gemini), 19-norvitamin D(3) (MART-10), TEI-9647 (VDR antagonist), 1-alkylated vitamin D(3), 14-epi-previtamin D(3) etc. Gemini analogs showed potent HL-60 cell differentiation activity (13-38 times compared to 1), and MART-10 exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activity on PZ-HPV-7 cells even at 10(-10) M. (24S)-2alpha-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)-24-propyl-TEI-9647 showed potent VDR antagonism, and its IC(50) value was 7.4 pM against 10 nM of 1. 1alpha-Methyl-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) improved the binding affinity for the mutant VDR(Arg274Leu), which causes hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxy-2alpha-methyl-14-epi-previtamin D(3) showed moderate osteocalcin transcriptional activity on HOS cells. We theorize that modification at A-ring alone and in combination with functionalization of the other parts of the vitamin D molecule would provide important new information on the mechanism of vitamin D actions that could lead to the development of new therapeutic regimes for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko-cho, Sagamihara City, Japan.
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23
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Hakamata W, Sato Y, Okuda H, Honzawa S, Saito N, Kishimoto S, Yamashita A, Sugiura T, Kittaka A, Kurihara M. (2S,2′R)-Analogue of LG190178 is a major active isomer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:120-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Chapelon AS, Moraléda D, Rodriguez R, Ollivier C, Santelli M. Enantioselective synthesis of steroids. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Vitamin D receptor antagonist has attracted significant level of interests because of its potential utility in the treatment of Paget's disease, which is known as the most flagrant example of disordered bone remodeling and the second most common bone disease after osteoporosis in Anglo-Saxons. Recent studies on Paget's disease suggested a specific increase in osteoclasts sensitivity to the differentiation activity of active vitamin D(3) as the principal mechanism for abnormal bone formation. We set out to conduct a structure-activity relationship study on the first VDR antagonists of TEI-9647 and TEI-9648 (25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone) toward improved VDR antagonistic activity. Given that both potent agonists and antagonists must have high affinity for the VDR, we hoped that our accumulated knowledge in VDR agonists would help us identify potent antagonists. First, 2alpha-modified TEI-9647 analogs were synthesized, and then, 24-substitution was next investigated to stabilize its lactone structure under the physiological conditions. Finally, 2alpha-modified 24-methyl-, 24,24-dimethyl-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone analogs were synthesized. It was found that 2alpha,24,24-trimethyl-TEI-9647 was found to possess approximately 90-fold improved antagonistic activity (IC(50) 0.093 nM) over the original TEI-9647 (IC(50) 8.3 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara City, Japan.
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26
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Urushino N, Nakabayashi S, Arai MA, Kittaka A, Chen TC, Yamamoto K, Hayashi K, Kato S, Ohta M, Kamakura M, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Kinetic Studies of 25-Hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D3 and 1α,25-Dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D3 Hydroxylation by CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1482-8. [PMID: 17553915 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.015602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that 25-hydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) [25(OH)-19-nor-D(3)] inhibited the proliferation of immortalized noncancerous PZ-HPV-7 prostate cells similar to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)], suggesting that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) might be converted to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D(3) [1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3)] by CYP27B1 before exerting its antiproliferative activity. Using an in vitro cell-free model to study the kinetics of CYP27B1-dependent 1 alpha-hydroxylation of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] and CYP24A1-dependent hydroxylation of 1 alpha,25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) and 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), we found that k(cat)/K(m) for 1 alpha-hydroxylation of 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) was less than 0.1% of that for 25(OH)D(3), and the k(cat)/K(m) value for 24-hydroxylation was not significantly different between 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3) and 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). The data suggest a much slower formation and a similar rate of degradation of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3) compared with 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). We then analyzed the metabolites of 25(OH)D(3) and 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) in PZ-HPV-7 cells by high-performance liquid chromatography. We found that a peak that comigrated with 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) was detected in cells incubated with 25(OH)D(3), whereas no 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3) was detected in cells incubated with 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3). Thus, the present results do not support our previous hypothesis that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) is converted to 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-19-nor-D(3) by CYP27B1 in prostate cells to inhibit cell proliferation. We hypothesize that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) by itself may have a novel mechanism to activate vitamin D receptor or it is metabolized in prostate cells to an unknown metabolite with antiproliferative activity without 1 alpha-hydroxylation. Thus, the results suggest that 25(OH)-19-nor-D(3) has potential as an attractive agent for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Urushino
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Kittaka A, Saito N, Honzawa S, Takenouchi K, Ishizuka S, Chen TC, Peleg S, Kato S, Arai MA. Creative synthesis of novel vitamin D analogs for health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:269-76. [PMID: 17223554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report new analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1) in three categories. First, design and synthesis of ligands for a mutant vitamin D receptor (VDR)(Arg274Leu), which possess proper functional groups at both C1alpha and C2alpha positions of 1 to study the biological activity of the mutant VDR. Among our synthetic analogs, 1alpha-methyl-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (8) showed 7.3-fold greater transcriptional activity for the VDR(Arg274Leu) than that of 1. Next, we examined the antiproliferative activity of 2-substituted 19-norvitamin D(3) analogs on an immortalized normal prostate cell line, PZ-HPV-7, and we found MART 10 (14) showed the activity even at very low concentration of 10(-10) to 10(-11)M. We also synthesized 25-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) (13) using Julia-type olefination to connect between the C5 and C6 positions, effectively, to test it as a prohormone type agent for antiprostate diseases. Synthesized compound 13 showed potent antiproliferative activity in PZ-HPV-7, which has high 1alpha-hydroxylase activity. Finally, we describe design and synthesis of a new TEI-9647 analog, 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-24-propyl-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone (17), which showed the strongest VDR antagonism. Its IC(50) value is 7.4pM to inhibit differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by 10nM of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan.
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28
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Mizwicki MT, Bula CM, Bishop JE, Norman AW. New insights into Vitamin D sterol-VDR proteolysis, allostery, structure-function from the perspective of a conformational ensemble model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:243-62. [PMID: 17368177 PMCID: PMC1906717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have developed a Vitamin D sterol (VDS)-VDR conformational ensemble model. This model can be broken down into three individual, yet interlinked parts: (a) the conformationally flexible VDS, (b) the apo/holo-VDR helix-12 (H12) conformational ensemble, and (c) the presence of two VDR ligand binding pockets (LBPs); one thermodynamically favored (the genomic pocket, G-pocket) and the other kinetically favored by VDSs (the alternative pocket, A-pocket). One focus of this study is to use directed VDR mutagenesis to (1) demonstrate H12 is stabilized in the transcriptionally active closed conformation (hVDR-c1) by three salt-bridges that span the length of H12 (cationic residues R154, K264 and R402), (2) to elucidate the VDR trypsin sites [R173 (hVDR-c1), K413 (hVDR-c2) and R402 (hVDR-c3)] and (3) demonstrate the apo-VDR H12 equilibrium can be shifted. The other focus of this study is to apply the model to generate a mechanistic understanding to discrepancies observed in structure-function data obtained with a variety of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-Vitamin D(3) (1,25D) A-ring and side-chain analogs, and side-chain metabolites. We will demonstrate that these structure-function conundrums can be rationalized, for the most part by focusing on alterations in the VDS conformational flexibility and the elementary interaction between the VDS and the VDR A- and G-pockets, relative to the control, 1,25D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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29
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Takahashi E, Nakagawa K, Suhara Y, Kittaka A, Nihei KI, Konno K, Takayama H, Ozono K, Okano T. Biological activities of 2alpha-substituted analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in transcriptional regulation and human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cell proliferation and differentiation. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 29:2246-50. [PMID: 17077522 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of 2alpha-substituted 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues were evaluated in vitro. Their binding affinity was examined with calf thymus cytosolic vitamin D receptor (VDR) and rat plasma vitamin D-binding protein (DBP). In addition, the transcriptional activity of the analogues was measured using a rat 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase gene promoter, a human osteocalcin gene promoter, and VDR-GAL4 system. This study investigated the biological activities of 2alpha-substituted analogues in comparison with 2beta-substitued analogues at the molecular level, with regard to the structural differences of alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy substituents at the 2-position of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Takahashi
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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30
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Saito N, Matsunaga T, Saito H, Anzai M, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Namekawa JI, Ishizuka S, Kittaka A. Further Synthetic and Biological Studies on Vitamin D Hormone Antagonists Based on C24-Alkylation and C2α-Functionalization of 25-Dehydro-1α-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactones. J Med Chem 2006; 49:7063-75. [PMID: 17125259 DOI: 10.1021/jm060797q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis and the biological evaluation of 80 novel analogs of 25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23S-lactone 2 (TEI-9647) and its 23R epimer (3) in which the lactone ring was systematically functionalized by introduction of a C1 to C4 primary alkyl group at the C24 position (5 sets of 4 diastereomers), together with their C2alpha-methyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, and 3-hydroxypropoxy-substituted derivatives were described. The triene structure of the vitamin D3 was constructed using palladium-catalyzed alkenylative cyclization of the A-ring precursor enyne with the CD-ring counterpart bromoolefin having the C24-alkylated lactone moiety on the side chain. The CD-ring precursors having 23,24-cis lactones were prepared by using a chromium-mediated syn-selective allylation-lactonization process, and the 23,24-trans lactone derivatives were derived from these via inversion of the C23 stereochemistry. The biological evaluation revealed that both binding affinity for chick vitamin D hormone receptor and antagonistic activity (inhibition of vitamin D hormone induced HL-60 cell differentiation) were affected by the orientation and chain-length of the primary alkyl group on the lactone ring. Furthermore, the C2alpha-functionalization of the C24-alkylated vitamin D3 lactones dramatically enhanced their biological activities. The most potent compound to emerge, (23S,24S)-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-24-propyl exhibited almost 1000-fold stronger antagonistic activity (IC50=7.4 pM) than 2 (IC50=6.3 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
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31
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Hourai S, Fujishima T, Kittaka A, Suhara Y, Takayama H, Rochel N, Moras D. Probing a water channel near the A-ring of receptor-bound 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with selected 2 alpha-substituted analogues. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5199-205. [PMID: 16913708 DOI: 10.1021/jm0604070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in complex with 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 revealed the presence of several water molecules near the A-ring linking the ligand C-2 position to the protein surface. Here, we report the crystal structures of the human VDR ligand binding domain bound to selected C-2 alpha substituted analogues, namely, methyl, propyl, propoxy, hydroxypropyl, and hydroxypropoxy. These specific replacements do not modify the structure of the protein or the ligand, but with the exception of the methyl substituent, all analogues affect the presence and/or the location of the above water molecules. The integrity of the channel interactions and specific C-2 alpha analogue directed additional interactions correlate with the binding affinity of the ligands. In contrast, the resulting loss or gain of H-bonds does not reflect the magnitude of HL60 cell differentiation. Our overall findings highlight a rational approach to the design of more potent ligands by building in features revealed in the crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hourai
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génomique Structurales, UMR 7104, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1, Rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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32
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Saito N, Kittaka A. Highly Potent Vitamin D Receptor Antagonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1479-90. [PMID: 16871612 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonists have attracted significant levels of interest because of their potential utility in the treatment of Paget's disease, which is known as the most flagrant example of disordered bone remodeling and the second most common bone disease after osteoporosis in Anglo-Saxons. Recent studies on Paget's disease suggested a specific increase in osteoclasts' sensitivity to the differentiation activity of active vitamin D(3) as the principal mechanism for abnormal bone formation. We set out to conduct a structure-activity relationship study on the first VDR antagonists, TEI-9647 and TEI-9648 (25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone), with the goal of improved VDR antagonistic activity. Given that both potent agonists and antagonists must have high affinity for the VDR, we hoped that our accumulated knowledge in the field of VDR agonists would help us identify potent antagonists. First 2alpha-modified TEI-9647 analogues were synthesized, and then 24-substitution to stabilize the lactone structure under physiological conditions was investigated. Finally, 2alpha-modified 24-methyl-, 24,24-dimethyl-, and 24,24-ethano-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactone analogues were synthesized. The synthesis of the 24,24-ethano-TEI lactone was accomplished through Ru-catalyzed intermolecular enyne metathesis of the alkynone CD-ring side chain with ethylene to give a dienone, followed by regioselective cyclopropanation. It was found that 2alpha,24,24-trimethyl-TEI-9647 (39) possessed an antagonistic activity (IC(50)=0.093 nM) approximately 90 times that of the original TEI-9647 (IC(50)=8.3 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
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33
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Dutheuil G, Paturel C, Lei X, Couve-Bonnaire S, Pannecoucke X. First Stereospecific Synthesis of (E)- or (Z)-α-Fluoroenones via a Kinetically Controlled Negishi Coupling Reaction. J Org Chem 2006; 71:4316-9. [PMID: 16709079 DOI: 10.1021/jo0604787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly stereospecific synthesis of (E)- or (Z)-alpha-fluoro-alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones 4, via a kinetically controlled Negishi palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction, was developed, providing an easy and general access to valuable fluorinated intermediates (pharmaceutical, peptide mimic, and so on). The synthesis involved a reaction between E/Z gem-bromofluoroolefins 2 and alkoxyvinylzinc species 6 under controlled reaction temperature. At 10 degrees C, (Z)-4 (70 to 99% yields) was obtained along with unreacted (Z)-2 (66 to 99% yields). At THF reflux, the recovered olefin was transformed into (E)-4 (up to 98% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dutheuil
- IRCOF-ECOFH, UMR CNRS 6014, INSA de ROUEN, rue Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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34
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Kittaka A, Saito N, Matsunaga T, Saito H, Anzai M, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Ishizuka S, Takayama H. Synthesis and 2a-Modification of 24-Phenylvitamin D3 Lactones: Effects on VDR Antagonistic Activity. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-s(t)32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Honzawa S, Hirasaka K, Yamamoto Y, Peleg S, Fujishima T, Kurihara M, Saito N, Kishimoto S, Sugiura T, Waku K, Takayama H, Kittaka A. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues possessing aromatic ring on 2α-position. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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González MP, Suárez PL, Fall Y, Gómez G. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of vitamin D receptor affinity for analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. 1: WHIM descriptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5165-9. [PMID: 16202592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The weighted holistic invariant molecular (WHIM) approach has been applied to the study of the VDR affinity of 86 vitamin D analogues. A model able to describe more than 71% of the variance in the experimental activity was developed with the use of the mentioned approach. In contrast, none of three different approaches, including the use of BCUT, Galvez topological charge indices, and 2D autocorrelations descriptors, was able to explain more than 38% of the variance in the mentioned property, even with more variables in the equation.
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37
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Miura D, Norman AW, Mizwicki MT, Fujishima T, Konno K, Kittaka A, Takayama H, Ishizuka S. The antagonism between 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 2-methyl-20-epi-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in non-genomic pathway-mediated biological responses induced by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 assessed by NB4 cell differentiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 94:469-79. [PMID: 15876412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized all eight possible A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl substituted analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3] and also all eight A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-20-epi-1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Their biological activities, especially the antagonistic effect on non-genomic pathway-mediated responses induced by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 or its 6-s-cis-conformer analog, 1alpha,25(OH)2-lumisterol3, were assessed using an NB4 cell differentiation system. Antagonistic activity was observed for the 1beta-hydroxyl diastereomers, including 2beta-methyl-1beta,25(OH)2D3 and 2beta-methyl-3-epi-1beta,25(OH)2D3. Very interestingly, 2beta-methyl-3-epi-1alpha,25(OH)2D3 also antagonized the non-genomic pathway, despite its 1alpha-hydroxyl group. Other 1alpha-hydroxyl diastereomers did not show antagonistic activity. 20-epimerization diminished the antagonistic effect of all of these analogs on the non-genomic pathway. These findings suggested that the combination of the 2-methyl substitution of the A-ring and 20-epimerization of the side chain could alter the biological activities in terms of antagonism of non-genomic pathway-mediated biological response. Based on a previous report, 2-methyl substitution alters the equilibrium of the A-ring conformation between the alpha- and beta-chair conformers. The 2beta-methyl diastereomers, which exhibited antagonism on non-genomic pathway-mediated response, were considered to prefer the beta-conformer. Further examination to elucidate the relationship between the altered ligand shape and receptors interaction will be important for molecular level understanding of the mechanism of antagonism of the non-genomic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishiro Miura
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
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Abe D, Sakaki T, Kusudo T, Kittaka A, Saito N, Suhara Y, Fujishima T, Takayama H, Hamamoto H, Kamakura M, Ohta M, Inouye K. METABOLISM OF 2α-PROPOXY-1α,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3AND 2α-(3-HYDROXYPROPOXY)-1α,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3BY HUMAN CYP27A1 AND CYP24A1. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:778-84. [PMID: 15764712 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.003038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that some A-ring-modified vitamin D3 analogs had unique biological activity. Of these analogs, 2alpha-propoxy-1alpha,25(OH)2D3 (C3O1) and 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1alpha,25(OH)2D3 (O2C3) were examined for metabolism by CYP27A1 and CYP24A1. Surprisingly, CYP27A1 catalyzed the conversion from C3O1 to O2C3, which has 3 times more affinity for vitamin D receptor than C3O1. Thus, the conversion from C3O1 to O2C3 by CYP27A1 is considered to be a metabolic activation process. Five metabolites were detected in the metabolism of C3O1 and O2C3 by human CYP24A1 including both C-23 and C-24 oxidation pathways. On the other hand, three metabolites of the C-24 oxidation pathway were detected in their metabolism by rat CYP24A1, indicating a species-based difference in the CYP24A1-dependent metabolism of C3O1 and O2C3 between humans and rats. Kinetic analysis revealed that the Km and kcat values of human CYP24A1 for O2C3 are, respectively, approximately 16 times more and 3 times less than those for 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Thus, the catalytic efficiency, kcat/Km, of human CYP24A1 for O2C3 is only 2% of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. These results and a high calcium effect of C3O1 and O2C3 in animal experiments using rats suggest that C3O1 and O2C3 are promising for clinical treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Abe
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Lukesh JM, Donaldson WA. Synthesis of cyclopropanes via organoiron methodology: preparation of the C9–C16 alkenylcyclopropane segment of ambruticin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:110-2. [PMID: 15614389 DOI: 10.1039/b413129k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of the C9-C16 segment of ambruticin is described which relies on organoiron methodology to establish the 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclopropane ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
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Saito N, Suhara Y, Kurihara M, Fujishima T, Honzawa S, Takayanagi H, Kozono T, Matsumoto M, Ohmori M, Miyata N, Takayama H, Kittaka A. Design and Efficient Synthesis of 2α-(ω-Hydroxyalkoxy)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues, Including 2-epi-ED-71 and Their 20-Epimers with HL-60 Cell Differentiation Activity. J Org Chem 2004; 69:7463-71. [PMID: 15497970 DOI: 10.1021/jo0491051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A concise and efficient synthetic approach to 2 alpha-(omega-hydroxyalkoxy)-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (4a-c), including 2-epi-ED-71, was developed starting from D-glucose as a chiral template for the construction of the 2 alpha-modified A-ring precursors (11a-c). It was found that the best ligand for the bovine thymus vitamin D receptor (VDR) in this series is 4b, which has 1.8 times greater binding affinity for the bovine thymus VDR than that of the natural hormone 1. Interestingly, potency in the induction of HL-60 cell differentiation for 4a-c was almost the same or weaker than that of 1 despite the strong binding affinity for the VDR. Next, we were interested in the "double modification"of 1 based on 4a-c with C20-epimerization, affording 2 alpha-(omega-hydroxyalkoxy)-20-epi-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (20-epi-4a-c). All three 2 alpha-substituted 20-epi analogues of 1 (20-epi-4a-c) exhibited stronger binding affinities for the VDR, and their conformations in the ligand binding domain of VDR were analyzed by molecular modeling. Double-modified analogues of 20-epi-4a-c showed marked HL-60 cell differentiation activity, and 20-epi-4a possesses an activity 58-fold higher than that of the natural hormone 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
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Abstract
[structure: see text] A sequence of chemoselective cross-metathesis reactions and enantioselective allyltitanations of aldehydes has been used to prepare the C1-C13, C15-C26, and C27-C40 fragments of tetrafibricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir BouzBouz
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique associé au CNRS, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Kusudo T, Sakaki T, Abe D, Fujishima T, Kittaka A, Takayama H, Hatakeyama S, Ohta M, Inouye K. Metabolism of A-ring diastereomers of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by CYP24A1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:774-82. [PMID: 15358094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) (1alpha,3beta) and its A-ring diastereomers, 1beta,25(OH)(2)D(3) (1beta,3beta), 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-3-epi-D(3) (1alpha,3alpha), and 1beta,25(OH)(2)-3-epi-D(3) (1beta,3alpha), was examined to compare the substrate specificity and reaction specificity of CYP24A1 between humans and rats. The ratio between C-23 and C-24 oxidation pathways in human CYP24A1-dependent metabolism of (1alpha,3alpha) and (1beta,3alpha) was 1:1, although the ratio for (1alpha,3beta) and (1beta,3beta) was 1:4. These results indicate that the orientation of the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position determines the ratio between C-23 and C-24 oxidation pathways. A remarkable increase of metabolites in the C-23 oxidation pathway was also observed in rat CYP24A1-dependent metabolism. The binding affinity of human CYP24A1 for A-ring diastereomers was (1alpha,3beta)>(1alpha,3alpha)>(1beta,3beta)>(1beta,3alpha), indicating that both hydroxyl groups at C-1 and C-3 positions significantly affect substrate-binding. The information obtained in this study is quite useful for understanding substrate recognition of CYP24A1 and designing new vitamin D analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kusudo
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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43
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Kurihara M, Rouf ASS, Kansui H, Kagechika H, Okuda H, Miyata N. Design and synthesis of cyclic urea compounds: a pharmacological study for retinoidal activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4131-4. [PMID: 15261256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic analogues of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Cancer and other serious hyperproliferative diseases are attractive therapeutic targets for retinoids. We report here the design and synthesis of novel cyclic urea compounds with retinoidal activity. YR105 exhibited potent differentiation-inducing ability toward human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells at the concentration of 10(-9)M: its potency was almost equal to that of the native ligand, all-trans retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kurihara
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Saito N, Masuda M, Matsunaga T, Saito H, Anzai M, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Ishizuka S, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Kittaka A. 24,24-Dimethylvitamin D3-26,23-lactones and their 2α-functionalized analogues as highly potent VDR antagonists. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mulzer J, Pichlmair S, Green MP, Marques MMB, Martin HJ. Toward the synthesis of the carbacylic ansa antibiotic kendomycin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11980-5. [PMID: 15277689 PMCID: PMC514420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401503101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The convergent synthesis of a benzofuran analog of the carbacyclic ansa compound kendomycin has been achieved by assembling three major fragments by means of epoxide opening and directed ortho lithiation. The crucial tetrahydropyran ring was formed by a highly stereoselective cationic cyclization. Analysis of all synthesized tetrahydropyran-arene compounds reveals a hindered sp(2)-sp(3) rotation, which results in rotational isomers or atropisomers affecting macrocyclization reactions. The latter could only be achieved by means of Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Mulzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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46
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Fujishima T, Kittaka A, Kurihara M, Saito N, Honzawa S, Kishimoto S, Sugiura T, Waku K, Takayama H. 2,2-Functionalized analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the potent inducers of cell differentiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90:89-92. [PMID: 15225752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
All four possible A-ring stereoisomers of 2,2-dimethyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (4) were designed and convergently synthesized. Nine-step conversion of methyl hydroxypivalate 6 provided the desired A-ring enyne synthon (13a,b) in good overall yield. Cross-coupling reaction of the A-ring synthon 13a,b with the CD-ring portion in the presence of palladium catalyst, followed by deprotection, gave the vitamin analogues (4a-d). We also synthesized four stereoisomers of 2,2-ethano-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (5), as novel spiro-ring analogues having cyclopropane fused at the C2 position. Biological potencies of the synthesized compounds were assessed in terms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding affinity, as well as the HL-60 cell differentiation-inducing activity. The 2,2-ethano analogue 5a showed a comparable activity to the natural hormone 1, while the 2,2-dimethyl analogue 4a exhibited one-third of the activity of 1 in cell differentiation, with the reduced VDR binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Fujishima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan.
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47
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Kittaka A, Suhara Y, Ono K, Yoshida A, Fujishima T, Saito N, Honzawa S, Kishimoto S, Sugiura T, Waku K, Takayama H. Synthesis of Novel 1a,25-Dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 with an Amide Conjugate. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-s(p)34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Abstract
The rhodium-catalyzed methylenation of aldehydes using trimethylsilyldiazomethane and triphenylphosphine produces a variety of terminal alkenes in excellent yields. These mild and nonbasic reaction conditions allow the conversion of enolizable substrates (keto aldehydes and nonracemic alpha-substituted aldehydes) to terminal alkenes without epimerization. Optimization of the reaction conditions led to the conclusion that a variety of rhodium(I) sources can be used as catalysts. The effect of the solvent on the reaction has also been studied, and it indicates that although the THF is the best solvent, other solvents may be used. The reactivity of the system is very much dependent on the nature of the phosphine reagent. The use of an easily removable phosphine is also described. Spectroscopic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds via an unusual mechanism which leads to the in situ formation of the salt-free phosphorus ylide, methylenetriphenylphosphorane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lebel
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
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49
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Saito N, Saito H, Anzai M, Yoshida A, Fujishima T, Takenouchi K, Miura D, Ishizuka S, Takayama H, Kittaka A. Dramatic Enhancement of Antagonistic Activity on Vitamin D Receptor: A Double Functionalization of 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-Lactones. Org Lett 2003; 5:4859-62. [PMID: 14653692 DOI: 10.1021/ol035922w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel vitamin D receptor antagonists, 24-methyl-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 26,23-lactones, is reported. We found that the biological activities of the vitamin D(3) lactones were affected by the structure of the lactone part. Furthermore, introduction of a 2alpha-methyl group into the 24-methylvitamin D(3) lactones dramatically enhanced their anti-vitamin D activity. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
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50
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Kusudo T, Sakaki T, Abe D, Fujishima T, Kittaka A, Takayama H, Ohta M, Inouye K. Metabolism of 20-epimer of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by CYP24: species-based difference between humans and rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 309:885-92. [PMID: 13679056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The 20-epi form of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)-20-epi-D(3)) is expected as drugs for leukemia, other cancers or psoriasis, because it shows several-hundred fold enhanced ability to induce cell differentiation and growth inhibition than 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) while its calcemic activity is only slightly elevated. In this study, we compared the human and rat CYP24-dependent metabolism of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-20-epi-D(3) by using the Escherichia coli expression system. The HPLC and LC-MS analyses of the metabolites revealed that rat CYP24 converted 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-20-epi-D(3) to 25,26,27-trinor-1alpha(OH)-24(COOH)-20-epi-D(3) through 1alpha,24,25(OH)(3)-20-epi-D(3) and 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-24-oxo-20-epi-D(3). The binding affinity of trinor-1alpha(OH)-24(COOH)-20-epi-D(3) for vitamin D receptor (VDR) was less than 1/4000 of that of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-20-epi-D(3). These results suggest that rat CYP24 can almost completely inactivate 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-20-epi-D(3). On the other hand, human CYP24 mainly converted 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-20-epi-D(3) to its putative demethylated compound with a hydroxyl group, via 1alpha,24,25(OH)(3)-20-epi-D(3), 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-24-oxo-20-epi-D(3), and 1alpha,23,25(OH)(3)-24-oxo-20-epi-D(3). All of these metabolites showed considerable affinity for vitamin D receptor. These results clearly demonstrate the species-based difference between human and rat on the CYP24-dependent metabolism of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-20-epi-D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kusudo
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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