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Baguley BC, Drummond CJ, Chen YY, Finlay GJ. DNA-Binding Anticancer Drugs: One Target, Two Actions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030552. [PMID: 33494466 PMCID: PMC7866126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amsacrine, an anticancer drug first synthesised in 1970 by Professor Cain and colleagues, showed excellent preclinical activity and underwent clinical trial in 1978 under the auspices of the US National Cancer Institute, showing activity against acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In 1984, the enzyme DNA topoisomerase II was identified as a molecular target for amsacrine, acting to poison this enzyme and to induce DNA double-strand breaks. One of the main challenges in the 1980s was to determine whether amsacrine analogues could be developed with activity against solid tumours. A multidisciplinary team was assembled in Auckland, and Professor Denny played a leading role in this approach. Among a large number of drugs developed in the programme, N-[2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl]-acridine-4-carboxamide (DACA), first synthesised by Professor Denny, showed excellent activity against a mouse lung adenocarcinoma. It underwent clinical trial, but dose escalation was prevented by ion channel toxicity. Subsequent work led to the DACA derivative SN 28049, which had increased potency and reduced ion channel toxicity. Mode of action studies suggested that both amsacrine and DACA target the enzyme DNA topoisomerase II but with a different balance of cellular consequences. As primarily a topoisomerase II poison, amsacrine acts to turn the enzyme into a DNA-damaging agent. As primarily topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors, DACA and SN 28049 act to inhibit the segregation of daughter chromatids during anaphase. The balance between these two actions, one cell cycle phase specific and the other nonspecific, together with pharmacokinetic, cytokinetic and immunogenic considerations, provides links between the actions of acridine derivatives and anthracyclines such as doxorubicin. They also provide insights into the action of cytotoxic DNA-binding drugs.
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Pedatella S, Cerchia C, Manfra M, Cioce A, Bolognese A, Lavecchia A. Antitumor agents 7. Synthesis, antiproliferative activity and molecular modeling of new l-lysine-conjugated pyridophenoxazinones as potent DNA-binding ligands and topoisomerase IIα inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111960. [PMID: 31869654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of l-lysine-conjugated pyridophenoxazinones 2-5 and 2'-5' were designed and synthesized for developing compounds with multimodal anticancer potentialities. All compounds inhibited the proliferation of a panel of human liquid and solid neoplastic cell lines. 2 and 5 were the most active compounds with IC50 values in the submicromolar range. UV-vis, 1H NMR, unwinding, and docking experiments demonstrated that they intercalate between the middle 5'-GC-3' base pairs with the carboxamide side chain lying into major groove. Charge-transfer contribution to the complex stability, evaluated by ab initio calculations, was found to correlate with cytotoxicity. Relaxation and cleavage assays showed that 2 and 5 selectively target Topo IIα over Topo IIβ and stimulate the formation of covalent Topo II-DNA complexes, functioning as poisons. Moreover, compound 5 induced DNA damage and arrested MCF-7 cells at the G2/M phase. Altogether, the work provides interesting structure-activity relationships in the pyridophenoxazinone-l-lysine conjugate series and identifies 5 as a promising candidate for further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Pedatella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cynthia 6, Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Manfra
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Anna Cioce
- Department of Glycotechnology, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adele Bolognese
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cynthia 6, Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Moris MA, Andrieu C, Rocchi P, Seillan C, Acunzo J, Brunel F, Garzino F, Siri O, Camplo M. 2,3-Dialkoxyphenazines as anticancer agents. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ankers EA, Evison BJ, Phillips DR, Brownlee RTC, Cutts SM. Design, synthesis, and DNA sequence selectivity of formaldehyde-mediated DNA-adducts of the novel N-(4-aminobutyl) acridine-4-carboxamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5710-5715. [PMID: 25453806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel derivative of the anti-tumor agent N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide (DACA) was prepared by reduction of 9-oxoacridan-4-carboxylic acid to acridine-4-carboxylic acid with subsequent conversion to N-(4-aminobutyl)acridine-4-carboxamide (C4-DACA). Molecular modeling studies suggested that a DACA analogue comprising a side chain length of four carbons was optimal to form formaldehyde-mediated drug-DNA adducts via the minor groove. An in vitro transcription assay revealed that formaldehyde-mediated C4-DACA-DNA adducts selectively formed at CpG and CpA dinucleotide sequences, which is strikingly similar to that of formaldehyde-activated anthracenediones such as pixantrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ankers
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Benny J Evison
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Don R Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Robert T C Brownlee
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Cutts
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
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Ghosh D, Chattopadhyay N. Equilibrium and dynamic effects on ligand binding to biomacromolecules and biomimetic model systems. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2013.782683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Ferreira R, Aviñó A, Mazzini S, Eritja R. Synthesis, DNA-binding and antiproliferative properties of acridine and 5-methylacridine derivatives. Molecules 2012; 17:7067-82. [PMID: 22683895 PMCID: PMC6269017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several acridine derivatives were synthesized and their anti-proliferative activity was determined. The most active molecules were derivatives of 5-methylacridine-4-carboxylic acid. The DNA binding properties of the synthesized acridines were analyzed by competitive dialysis and compared with the anti-proliferative activities. While inactive acridine derivatives showed high selectivity for G-quadruplex structures, the most active 5-methylacridine-4-carboxamide derivatives had high affinity for DNA but showed poor specificity. An NMR titration study was performed with the most active 5-methylacridine-4-carboxamide, confirming the high affinity of this compound for both duplex and quadruplex DNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Ferreira
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (A.A.)
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), CSIC, CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Aviñó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (A.A.)
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), CSIC, CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefania Mazzini
- Department of Agro-Food Molecular Sciences (DISMA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ramon Eritja
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (A.A.)
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), CSIC, CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; or ; Tel.: +34-93-403-9942; Fax: +34-93-204-5904
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Kolokythas G, Daniilides K, Pouli N, Marakos P, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxic activity evaluation of new linear pyranoxanthone aminoderivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Varvaresou A, Iakovou K. Molecular modeling study of intercalation complexes of tricyclic carboxamides with d(CCGGCGCCGG)₂ and d(CGCGAATTCGCG)₂. J Mol Model 2010; 17:2041-50. [PMID: 21153908 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclic dyes with different mesoatoms such as xanthenes (fluorescein, eosin) anthracenes and acridines (proflavine) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic preparations interact with DNA, and some of them do so through intercalation. Hyperchem 7.5, Spartan 04, Yasara 10.5.14 program packages and molecular modeling, molecular mechanics and dynamics techniques with the oligonucleotides d(CCGGCGCCGG)2 and d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 were utilized in order to examine the mode of binding to DNA of a range of tricyclic carboxamides bearing N,N-dimethylaminoethyl side chain, i.e., 9-amino-DACA, anthracene, acridine-1-carboxamide, acridine-4-carboxamide (DACA), azacridine, phenazine, pyridoquinoxaline, oxopyridoquinoxaline, phenoxazine and xanthenone or N,N-dimethylaminobutyl moiety, i.e., phenazine and acridine. The bicyclic quinoline-8-carboxamide was also examined for comparison reasons. On the basis of our data, prerequisite for the interaction between protonated N,N-dimethylaminoethyl moiety and guanine is the formation of only one internal hydrogen bond between carboxamide and peri NH + in the case of 9-amino-DACA or peri N in the cases of DACA, azacridine, phenazine and pyridoquinoxaline. The presence of an additional internal hydrogen bond between oxygen carboxamide and protonated N,N-dimethylamino group in the cases of tricyclic systems bearing peri NH (phenoxazine) or O (xanthenone) group, prevents the interaction between side chain and guanine. Also, the formation of one internal hydrogen bond between oxygen carboxamide and protonated N,N-dimethylamino group inhibits the interaction between side chain and guanine in the case of acridine-1-carboxamide. Our findings are in accordance with previously reported results obtained from the kinetic studies of the binding of acridine and related tricyclic carboxamides to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Varvaresou
- Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Ag. Spyridona, Egaleo, 12 210 Athens, Greece.
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Dynamics of guest binding to supramolecular systems: techniques and selected examples. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(07)42004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pace TCS, Monahan SL, MacRae AI, Kaila M, Bohne C. Photophysics of aminoxanthone derivatives and their application as binding probes for DNA. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:78-87. [PMID: 16097858 DOI: 10.1562/2005-05-16-ra-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthones with amino substituents were synthesized to diminish the photoreactivity of the xanthone chromophore with DNA, with the objective of using these molecules to study their binding dynamics with DNA. The aminoxanthones showed a strong solvatochromic effect on their singlet and triplet excited-state photophysics, where polar solvents led to a decrease of the energies for the excited states. Quenching of the triplet excited states by nitrite anions was used to determine the binding dynamics, and a residence time in the microsecond time domain was estimated for the bound 2-aminoxanthone with DNA. The quenching experiments performed showed that this methodology will not be applicable to study the binding dynamics of a wide variety of guests with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara C S Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Sánchez I, Reches R, Caignard DH, Renard P, Pujol MD. Synthesis and biological evaluation of modified acridines: the effect of N- and O- substituent in the nitrogenated ring on antitumor activity. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:340-52. [PMID: 16413635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of new acridines has been prepared by cyclodehydration of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)anthranilic acid in acidic media following classical procedures. All these compounds have in common a dioxygenated ring fused to the acridine. The tetracyclic system possesses a linear or angular structure formed by intramolecular cyclisation. The last ring and the substituent of the system modify, in an interesting way, the antitumor activity of acridines. Several of the studied compounds displayed significant cytotoxic activity (inhibition of L1210 and HT-29 cell proliferation). The most cytotoxic compound 13a, shows more activity than m-AMSA in inhibiting L1210 and HT-29 cell proliferation and this compound has been selected as a development candidate for further evaluation. The activity results also indicate that the new 11-O-substituted compounds are of considerable interest with high levels of cytotoxic activity. The angular or non-linear dioxinoacridine 10 was equiactive with the linear structure 7. Pentacyclic analogues (14 and 15) were more cytotoxic than the tetracyclic compounds (up to twofold).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sánchez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Chen JC, Qian L, Wu WJ, Chen LM, Zheng KC. A QSAR study of substituted benzo[a]phenazines as potential anticancer agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Synthesis, antitumor and DNA photocleaving activities of novel naphthalene carboxamides: effects of different thio-heterocyclic rings and aminoalkyl side chains. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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González-Gómez JC, Santana L, Uriarte E. A furan ring expansion approach to the synthesis of novel pyridazino-psoralen derivatives. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen YL, Chen IL, Lu CM, Tzeng CC, Tsao LT, Wang JP. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory evaluation of 4-anilinofuro[2,3-b]quinoline and 4-phenoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives. Part 3. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:387-92. [PMID: 14723957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages are important inflammatory cells that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. To explore a novel anti-inflammatory agent, we have synthesized certain 4-anilinofuro[2,3-b]quinoline and 4-phenoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives and evaluated their anti-inflammatory activities by reaction of 3,4-dichlorofuro[2,3-b]quinoline with appropriate Ar-NH(2) or Ar-OH. Compounds 6a and 15 were proved to be more potent than the reference inhibitor, mepacrine for the inhibition of rat peritoneal mast cell degranulation with IC(50) values of 6.5 and 16.4 microM, respectively. Compounds 2b, 6a, 10, and 15 also showed potent inhibitory activity (IC(50)=7.2-29.4 microM) for the secretion of lysosomal enzyme and beta-glucuronidase from neutrophils. These results also indicated that oxime derivatives are more potent than the respective ketone precursors (6a> or =2a; 7a> or =3), and the substituent such as Me at the oxime decreased inhibitory activity (6a> or =6b; 7a> or =7b). Among these derivatives, compound 6a showed the most potent activity with IC(50) values of 6.5-11.6 microM for the inhibition of mast cell degranulation and neutrophil degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Long Chen
- Faculty of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan.
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Laursen JB, Nielsen J. Phenazine Natural Products: Biosynthesis, Synthetic Analogues, and Biological Activity. Chem Rev 2004; 104:1663-86. [PMID: 15008629 DOI: 10.1021/cr020473j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Buus Laursen
- Department of Chemistry, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Synthesis and convenient functionalisation of pyridazinofurocoumarins: nitrogenated isosters of potent DNA inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen YL, Chen IL, Lu CM, Tzeng CC, Tsao LT, Wang JP. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory evaluation of 9-phenoxyacridine and 4-phenoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3921-7. [PMID: 12927852 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages are important inflammatory cells that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. To explore a novel anti-inflammatory agent, we have synthesized certain 9-phenoxyacridine and 4-phenoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives and evaluated their anti-inflammatory activities. The title compounds were synthesized by reaction of either 9-chloroacridine or 3,4-dichlorofuro[2,3-b]quinoline with appropriate Ar-OH and their anti-inflammatory activities were studied on inhibitory effects on the activation of mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Four 9-(4-formylphenoxy)acridine derivatives 2b-2e were proved to be more potent than the reference inhibitor, mepacrine for the inhibition of rat peritoneal mast cell degranulation with IC(50) values of 6.1, 5.9, 13.5, and 4.7 microM, respectively. Compounds 2c, 3b, 3c, and 5a also showed potent inhibitory activity (IC(50)=4.3-18.3 microM) for the secretion of lysosomal enzyme and beta-glucuronidase from neutrophils. In addition, 2d, 3a, and 4 inhibited TNF-alpha formation from the N9 cells (the brain resident macrophages) with IC(50) vales less then 10 microM. These results indicated that acridine derivatives exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory activities than their respective furo[2,3-b]quinoline counterparts (4 vs 9; 5a vs 10a; 5b vs 10b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Long Chen
- School of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan.
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Chiron J, Galy JP. Synthesis and Crystallographic Studies of New Acridinic Esters and Amides: An Efficient Synthetic Route to 4-Methyl Functionalized Acridines. HETEROCYCLES 2003. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-9778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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