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El-Mekawy RE. New Trends of Acetonitrile Moiety in Heterocyclic Synthesis: Synthesis of Some Novel Pyrazole Derivatives as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha E. El-Mekawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science; Umm Al-Qura University; Al Mukarrama Saudi Arabia
- Department of Petrochemicals; Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute; Nasr City Cairo Egypt
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Son M, Baek A, Sakkiah S, Park C, John S, Lee KW. Exploration of virtual candidates for human HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors using pharmacophore modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83496. [PMID: 24386216 PMCID: PMC3875450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is a rate-controlling enzyme in the mevalonate pathway which involved in biosynthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate and is regarded as a drug target to treat hypercholesterolemia. In this study, ten qualitative pharmacophore models were generated based on chemical features in active inhibitors of HMGR. The generated models were validated using a test set. In a validation process, the best hypothesis was selected based on the statistical parameters and used for virtual screening of chemical databases to find novel lead candidates. The screened compounds were sorted by applying drug-like properties. The compounds that satisfied all drug-like properties were used for molecular docking study to identify their binding conformations at active site of HMGR. The final hit compounds were selected based on docking score and binding orientation. The HMGR structures in complex with the hit compounds were subjected to 10 ns molecular dynamics simulations to refine the binding orientation as well as to check the stability of the hits. After simulation, binding modes including hydrogen bonding patterns and molecular interactions with the active site residues were analyzed. In conclusion, four hit compounds with new structural scaffold were suggested as novel and potent HMGR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minky Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Baek
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sugunadevi Sakkiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chanin Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shalini John
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Gazwa-dong, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Wang X, Fang X, Xiao H, Gong D, Yang X, Wu F. A new and direct route to 3-fluoromethyl substituted pyrazol-4-acrylates via Pd-catalyzed C–H activation. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang X, Fang X, Yang X, Ni M, Wu F. Synthesis of 1,3,5-Trisubstituted [4-tert-Butyl 2-(5,5-difluoro-2,2-dimethyl-6-vinyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)acetate]pyrazoles via a Pd-Catalyzed CH Activation. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201201100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhao Z, Wang Z. Halogenation of Pyrazoles Using N‐Halosuccinimides in CCl4 and in Water. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910600978549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Gang Zhao
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhong‐Xia Wang
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, China
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Rama Rao V, Lingaiah B, Yadla R, Rao PS, Ravikumar K, Swamy G, Narsimulu K. Synthesis of fluorine containingN-benzyl-1,2,3-triazoles andN-methyl-pyrazoles from conjugated alkynes. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vuletić M, Cindrić M, Koruznjak JD. Identification of unknown impurities in simvastatin substance and tablets by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:715-21. [PMID: 15797793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Unknown impurities were detected in simvastatin substance and tablets at a 0.2% level using the liquid chromatography technique with UV (DAD) detection. The impurity structures were elucidated by a direct hyphenation of liquid chromatograph to high-resolution mass spectrometer with electrospray ionisation interface using solutions of formic acid in water and in acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Peak tracking was performed using the column-switching technique. Accurate mass measurements by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with lock-spray provided information about elemental composition of intact molecules and fragments of impurities. Measurement accuracy for precursor ions was around 3 ppm and for fragment ions between 4 and 13 ppm. Mass resolving power was around 6500. Deduced molecular formulae for A1, A2 and A3 impurities were C(27)H(44)O(6), C(26)H(43)O(6) and C(26)H(41)O(5), respectively. The structures proposed for all three impurities revealed modifications of simvastatin molecule on the lactone ring. Impurity A1, detected in simvastatin tablets, was identified as ethyl ester, while the impurities A2 and A3, detected in simvastatin substance, were identified as methyl ester and methyl ether of simvastatin. The impurity from tablets was synthesized and its structure confirmed by LC-UV, LC-MS/MS, and NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Vuletić
- Pliva-Research & Development Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hiyama T, Reddy GB, Minami T, Hanamoto T. Stereoselective Reduction ofβ,δ-Diketo Esters. A Novel Strategy for the Synthesis of Artificial HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1995. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.68.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cecchetti V, Fravolini A, Pagella PG, Tabarrini O, Temperini A. 7-(Disubstituted thiazolyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic/heptanoic acid derivatives as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:799-806. [PMID: 7894974 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of disubstituted thiazoles, functionalized with the essential 3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic or heptanoic chain, were prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in vitro. All the synthesized compounds 46-61 showed a moderate inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cecchetti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tecnia Farmaceutica, Università di Perugia, Italy
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Miyachi N, Yanagawa Y, Iwasaki H, Ohara Y, Hiyama T. A novel synthetic method of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor NK-104 via a hydroboration-cross coupling sequence. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)61407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Five-Membered Ring Systems: with More than One N Atom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-042074-5.50013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Mercer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, U.K
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Sigler RE, Dominick MA, McGuire EJ. Subacute toxicity of a halogenated pyrrole hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor in Wistar rats. Toxicol Pathol 1992; 20:595-602. [PMID: 1308625 DOI: 10.1177/019262339202000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wistar rats received an hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, a halogenated pyrrole designated PD 123244-15, orally by gavage for 14 days at 10, 50, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg. Doses of 150-600 mg/kg caused death and marked systemic toxicity involving stomach, esophagus, liver, gonads, lymphoid tissues, and skeletal muscle. Histopathologic findings included hyperkeratosis in esophagus and forestomach, increased hepatic mitotic activity, ovarian follicular necrosis, testicular atrophy and arrested spermatogenesis, and skeletal muscle necrosis and regeneration. Elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase correlated with muscle necrosis and hepatocellular damage. Marked systemic effects associated with high plasma concentrations were consistent with toxicity defined for other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, with the exception of pathologic alterations in the esophagus and ovaries. Direct mucosal irritation may have contributed to forestomach and esophageal lesions induced by this halogenated pyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sigler
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Pathology and Experimental Toxicology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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