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Zhao Y, Liu C, Lin LQH, Chan ASC, Koh MJ. Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes by Nickel‐Catalyzed Benzylation and Alkene Isomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202674. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 4 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117544 Republic of Singapore
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Chen‐Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 4 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117544 Republic of Singapore
| | - Leroy Qi Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 4 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117544 Republic of Singapore
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 4 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117544 Republic of Singapore
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2
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Zhao Y, Liu CF, Lin LQH, Chan ASC, Koh MJ. Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes by Nickel‐Catalyzed Benzylation and Alkene Isomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhao
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Chen-Fei Liu
- National University of Singapore Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | | | | | - Ming Joo Koh
- National University of Singapore Chemistry S9-14-01D, 4 Science Drive 2 117544 Singapore SINGAPORE
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3
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Sebastian S, Sylvestre S, Sundaraganesan N, Karthikeyan B, Silvan S. Conformational analysis, molecular structure, spectroscopic, NBO, reactivity descriptors, wavefunction and molecular docking investigations of 5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanone: A potential anti Alzheimer's agent. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08821. [PMID: 35128106 PMCID: PMC8808071 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study is focused to elucidate the structure of potential anti-Alzheimer's compound 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone (5,6-DMI) and study its binding interaction towards the active site by molecular docking studies. The structural and various spectroscopic tools are used to understand the various interaction behaviors of the title compound. The theoretical calculation of 5,6-DMI molecule is computed by Gaussian 09W software with Density functional B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP method utilizing 6-311G(d,p) as basis set. The Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis has been performed to find all possible transition was correlate with electronic transition. The Non covalent interaction of 5,6-DMI molecule was examined by adopt Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analysis and colour filled ELF diagram. Molecular docking results suggest that 5,6-DMI may exhibit inhibitory activity against apoE protein and may act as potential against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sebastian
- P.G & Research Department of Physics, St.Joseph's College of Arts & Science (Autonomous), Cuddalore, 607001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S. Sylvestre
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mukuba University, Kitwe, 20382, Zambia
| | - N. Sundaraganesan
- Department of Physics (Engg.), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India
| | - B. Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India
| | - S. Silvan
- P.G & Research Department of Biochemistry, St.Joseph's College of Arts & Science (Autonomous), Cuddalore, 607001, Tamilnadu, India
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4
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Tao L, Guo X, Li J, Li R, Lin Z, Zhao W. Rhodium-Catalyzed Deoxygenation and Borylation of Ketones: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18118-18127. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueying Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou YY, Xu DY, Cheng W, Wang Y, Tong BH, He GF, Tian YP. Effect of the triptycene scaffold on the photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescence properties of the iridium( iii) complex. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01930e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complex 2 achieves obviously higher nondoped device performance (12.6 cd A−1, 5.5%) than that of complex 1 (9.8 cd A−1, 3.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- School of Metallurgy Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
| | - Ding-Yan Xu
- National Engineering Lab for TFT-LCD Materials and Technologies
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- School of Metallurgy Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- School of Metallurgy Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
| | - Bi-Hai Tong
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- School of Metallurgy Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
| | - Gu-Feng He
- National Engineering Lab for TFT-LCD Materials and Technologies
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Yong-Pan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- School of Metallurgy Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
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6
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Nielsen CDT, White AJP, Sale D, Bures J, Spivey AC. Hydroarylation of Alkenes by Protonation/Friedel–Crafts Trapping: HFIP-Mediated Access to Per-aryl Quaternary Stereocenters. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14965-14973. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian D.-T. Nielsen
- Imperial College London, White City Campus,
Molecular Sciences Research Hub (MSRH), 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Imperial College London, White City Campus,
Molecular Sciences Research Hub (MSRH), 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - David Sale
- Process Studies Group, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Bures
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan C. Spivey
- Imperial College London, White City Campus,
Molecular Sciences Research Hub (MSRH), 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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Wang Y, Xiao YP, Zhou YY, Hu CG, Tong BH, Ye SH, Mei QB. Novel phosphorescent triptycene-based Ir(iii) complexes for organic light-emitting diodes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16289-16297. [PMID: 31621733 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03182k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of charge-neutral cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes (1-3 and 5-7) containing triptycene-substituted ligands (tbt and tpbi) and two parent complexes (4 and 8) were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures indicated that π-π stacking interactions existed in ligand tbtH, but not in complex 6. However, a large intramolecular repulsion was found in complex 6. These triptycene-based complexes exhibited good thermal stability, which was higher compared with that of the parent complexes. These complexes showed green to yellow emission with peaks that ranged from 503 to 563 nm. The introduction of the rigid non-conjugate triptycene skeleton caused a slight emission red shift (<25 nm), but a significant increase in the PLQYs (>47%) was observed. The electroluminescent devices employing 2 and 6 as phosphors displayed impressive performance improvements and low efficiency roll-off because of the higher PLQYs and HOMO levels of these triptycene-based complexes. The maximum current and external quantum efficiencies of the devices based on complexes 2 and 6 were 41.7 cd A-1, 11.9% and 41.2 cd A-1, 12.6%, respectively, which were about 31% higher than that of the devices based on the parent complexes 4 and 8. This work provides a novel approach to develop highly efficient phosphors with a triptycene skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, School of Metallurgy Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yue-Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, School of Metallurgy Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China.
| | - Cheng-Gui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, School of Metallurgy Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China.
| | - Bi-Hai Tong
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, School of Metallurgy Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243002, Anhui, China.
| | - Shang-Hui Ye
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qun-Bo Mei
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Barnard JH, Collings JC, Whiting A, Przyborski SA, Marder TB. Synthetic retinoids: structure-activity relationships. Chemistry 2010; 15:11430-42. [PMID: 19821467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid signalling pathways are involved in numerous processes in cells, particularly those mediating differentiation and apoptosis. The endogenous ligands that bind to the retinoid receptors, namely all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid, are prone to double-bond isomerisation and to oxidation by metabolic enzymes, which can have significant and deleterious effects on their activities and selectivities. Many of these problems can be overcome through the use of synthetic retinoids, which are often much more stable, as well as being more active. Modification of their molecular structures can result in retinoids that act as antagonists, rather than agonists, or exhibit a large degree of selectivity for particular retinoid-receptor isotypes. Several such selective retinoids are likely to be of value as pharmaceutical agents with reduced toxicities, particularly in cancer therapy, as reagents for controlling cell differentiation, and as tools for elucidating the precise roles that specific retinoid signalling pathways play within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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Santín E, Khanwalkar H, Voegel J, Collette P, Mauvais P, Gronemeyer H, de Lera Á. Highly Potent Naphthofuran-Based Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonists. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:780-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Simoni D, Romagnoli R, Baruchello R, Rondanin R, Grisolia G, Eleopra M, Rizzi M, Tolomeo M, Giannini G, Alloatti D, Castorina M, Marcellini M, Pisano C. Novel A-ring and B-ring modified combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) analogues endowed with interesting cytotoxic activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6211-5. [PMID: 18783207 DOI: 10.1021/jm8005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of combretastatins, modified at A-ring or both A- and B-rings, mainly by replacement with benzofuran or benzo[b]thiophene, were synthesized. The new heterocombretastatins showed good cytotoxic activity on BMEC and H-460 cell lines. The aminocombretastatin 9f potently inhibits cell growth of BMEC and combretastatin-resistant HT-29 cell lines, with potential interest to treat colon carcinoma. Heterocombretastatins 9a,b inhibit tubulin polymerization similarly to CA-4 by having a binding to colchicine site five times stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Simoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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12
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Garipova G, Gautier A, Piettre SR. Stereoselective synthesis of tetrazole CB92834, a potent retinoid compound. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Peña Ruiz T, Fernández-Gómez M, López González J, Koziol A, Granadino Roldán J. Weak C–H⋯O and C–H⋯π hydrogen bonds in crystal 1-indanone. An structural and spectroscopic analysis. J Mol Struct 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Dawson MI, Harris DL, Liu G, Hobbs PD, Lange CW, Jong L, Bruey-Sedano N, James SY, Zhang XK, Peterson VJ, Leid M, Farhana L, Rishi AK, Fontana JA. Antagonist Analogue of 6-[3‘-(1-Adamantyl)-4‘-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic Acid (AHPN) Family of Apoptosis Inducers That Effectively Blocks AHPN-Induced Apoptosis but Not Cell-Cycle Arrest. J Med Chem 2004; 47:3518-36. [PMID: 15214780 DOI: 10.1021/jm030524k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The retinoid 6-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (AHPN) and its active analogues induce cell-cycle arrest and programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells independently of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) interaction. Its analogue, (E)-4-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-3-(3'-acetamidopropyloxy)cinnamic acid (3-A-AHPC) selectively antagonized cell apoptotic events (TR3/nur77/NGFI-B expression and nuclear-to-mitochondrial translocation) but not the proliferative events (cell-cycle arrest and p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression) induced by proapoptotic AHPN and its analogues. The syntheses of 3-A-AHPC and proapoptotic (E)-6-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-5-chloronaphthalenecarboxylic acid (5-Cl-AHPN) are described. Computational studies on AHPN, AHPC, and three substituted analogues (5-Cl-AHPN, 3-Cl-AHPC, and 3-A-AHPC) suggested reasons for their diametric effects on RAR activation. Density functional theory studies indicated that the 1-adamantyl (1-Ad) groups of the AHPN and AHPC configurations assumed positions that were nearly planar with the aromatic rings of their polar termini. In contrast, in the configurations of the substituted analogues having chloro and 3-acetamidopropyloxy groups, rather than a hydrogen, ortho to the diaryl bonds, the diaryl bond torsion angles increased so that the 1-Ad groups were oriented out of this plane. Docking and molecular dynamics of AHPN, AHPC, and these substituted analogues in the RARgamma ligand-binding domain illustrated how specific substituents on the AHPN and AHPC scaffolds modulated the positions and dynamics of the 1-Ad groups. As a result, the position of RARgamma helix H12 in forming the coactivator-binding site was impacted in a manner consistent with the experimental effect of each analogue on RARgamma transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia I Dawson
- The Burnham Institute, Cancer Center, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Ates-Alagoz Z, Buyukbingol E. SYNTHESIS OF SOME NOVEL TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2001. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2001.7.5.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Holmes WF, Dawson MI, Soprano RD, Soprano KJ. Induction of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells by AHPN/CD437 is mediated by retinoic acid receptors. J Cell Physiol 2000; 185:61-7. [PMID: 10942519 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4652(200010)185:1<61::aid-jcp5>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids have great promise in the area of cancer therapy and chemoprevention. These natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A have been shown to play an important role in regulating cell differentiation and proliferation. While all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) has been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of several ovarian tumor cell lines, other ovarian carcinoma cell lines have been found to be resistant to retinoid dependent growth suppression. Interestingly, a novel synthetic retinoid, CD437 or AHPN, has been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of both ATRA-sensitive (CA-OV3) and ATRA-resistant (SK-OV3) ovarian tumor cell lines as well as to induce apoptosis. The overall goal of this research was to understand the mechanism by which AHPN/CD437 induces apoptosis in ovarian tumor cell lines. Since a number of studies have demonstrated the importance of nuclear receptors (RARs and RXRs) in mediating cellular responses to retinoids, we wished to determine the role of RARs in mediating the AHPN/CD437 response. We modulated RAR level and function by overexpressing either wild type RAR-gamma or a pan dominant negative mutant of all RAR subtypes called RAR-beta (R269Q), or through the use of an RAR-gamma antagonist, MM11253. We found that inhibition of RAR function reduced but did not eliminate induction of apoptosis in both CA-OV3 and SK-OV3 cells by AHPN/CD437. Likewise, overexpression of wild type RAR-gamma was found to increase apoptosis after treatment with AHPN/CD437. Our results suggest that in ovarian carcinomas, AHPN/CD437 induced apoptosis is mediated at least in part via an RAR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Holmes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Kikuchi K, Hibi S, Yoshimura H, Tokuhara N, Tai K, Hida T, Yamauchi T, Nagai M. Syntheses and structure-activity relationships of 5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-quinoxaline derivatives with retinoic acid receptor alpha agonistic activity. J Med Chem 2000; 43:409-19. [PMID: 10669568 DOI: 10.1021/jm990063w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the course of our studies on retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists, we have designed and synthesized a series of quinoxaline derivatives. One of them, 4-[5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8, 8-tetramethyl-2-quinoxalinyl)-1H-2-pyrrolyl]benzoic acid (3a), which possesses a 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole moiety, showed selectivity for the RARalpha receptor and exerted highly potent cell-differentiating activity on HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kikuchi
- Tsukuba Basic Research Laboratories for Drug Discovery, Eisai Co., Ltd., 1-3, Tokodai 5-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
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Napoli JL. Interactions of retinoid binding proteins and enzymes in retinoid metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1440:139-62. [PMID: 10521699 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring retinoids (vitamin A or retinol and its active metabolites) are vital for vision, controlling the differentiation program of epithelial cells in the digestive tract and respiratory system, skin, bone, the nervous system, the immune system, and for hematopoiesis. Retinoids are essential for growth, reproduction (conception and embryonic development), and resistance to and recovery from infection. The functions of retinoids in the embryo begin soon after conception and continue throughout the lifespan of all vertebrates. Both naturally occurring and synthetic retinoids are used in the therapy of various skin diseases, especially acne, for augmenting the treatment of diabetes, and as cancer chemopreventive agents. Retinol metabolites serve as ligands that activate specific transcription factors in the superfamily of steroid/retinoid/thyroid/vitamin D/orphan receptors and thereby control gene expression. Additionally, retinoids may also function through non-genomic actions. Various retinoid binding proteins serve as partners in retinoid function. These binding proteins show high specificity and affinity for specific retinoids and seem to control retinoid metabolism in vivo qualitatively and quantitatively by reducing 'free' retinoid concentrations, protecting retinoids from non-specific interactions, and chaperoning access of metabolic enzymes to retinoids. Implementation of the physiological effects of retinoids depends on the spatial-temporal expressions of binding proteins, receptors and metabolic enzymes. This review will discuss current understanding of the enzymes that catalyze retinol and retinoic acid metabolism and their unique and integral relationship to retinoid binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 119 Morgan Hall, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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Dawson MI, Chao WR, Hobbs PD, Zhang XK. Effects of trans-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, 1alpha,25-(dihydroxy)vitamin D3 and a novel apoptosis-inducing retinoid on breast cancer and endothelial cell growth. Cancer Lett 1998; 133:1-8. [PMID: 9929154 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer cell growth inhibition was not synergistically enhanced by trans-retinoic acid (RA) or 9-cis-RA plus 1alpha,25-(dihydroxy)vitamin D3 (DHVD). The retinoid/DHVD combinations did lower their 50% effective concentrations for inhibiting retinoid-sensitive MCF-7, but not retinoid-refractory BT-20, breast cancer cell growth. In contrast, the synthetic retinoid 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (AHPN) and its analog SR11389 inhibited the growth of both cell lines. Unlike RA, 9-cis-RA and DHVD, AHPN and SR11389 also potently inhibited human umbilical vascular endothelial cell growth. These results on AHPN and SR11389 suggest that angiogenesis of tumor microvasculature should also be an effective therapeutic target for this new compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Dawson
- Retinoid Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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20
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Sottofattori E, Anzaldi M, Balbi A. Synthesis of new heterocyclic derivatives of retinoids. J Heterocycl Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570350626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Jones P, Villeneuve GB, Fei C, DeMarte J, Haggarty AJ, Nwe KT, Martin DA, Lebuis AM, Finkelstein JM, Gour-Salin BJ, Chan TH, Leyland-Jones BR. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2-pyrazinylcarboxamidobenzoates and beta-ionylideneacetamidobenzoates with retinoidal activity. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3062-77. [PMID: 9685246 DOI: 10.1021/jm9801354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationships of two series of novel retinoids (2-pyrazinylcarboxamidobenzoates and beta-ionylideneacetamidobenzoates) have been investigated by evaluating their ability to induce differentiation in both human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells and mouse embryonal carcinoma (P19) cells. The most active compound (ED50 = 8.3 x 10(-9) M) of the 2-pyrazinylcarboxamidobenzoates is 4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8, 8-tetramethylquinoxalyl)carboxamido]benzoic acid (9u), while the most active analogue of the beta-ionylideneacetamidobenzoates is 4-[3-methyl-5-(2',6',6'-trimethyl-1'-cyclohexen-1'-yl)-(2E, 4E)-pentadienamido]benzoic acid (10a, ED50 = 3.2 x 10(-8) M). Our studies identify an absolute requirement for the carboxylic acid moiety on the aromatic ring to be para relative to the amide linkage for activity. Benzoate substitutions in the ortho position relative to the terminal carboxylate (9d,k,r) are well-tolerated; however, a methoxy substituent meta relative to the terminal carboxylate gives rise to only weakly active analogues (9x). Conformational studies (NMR, X-ray crystallography) of the 2-pyrazinylcarboxamidobenzoates indicate that the preferred conformation exhibits a trans-amide bond and an internal hydrogen bond between the quinoxaline N1 and HN amide which locks the torsional angle between C2 and CO in the s-trans conformation. N-Methylation (9y) results in loss of activity. Studies indicate that there is now a cis-amide bond present which redirects the carboxylate toward the pharmacophoric gem-dimethyl groups. The distance between the gem-dimethyl group and the terminal carboxylate appears to be too short to activate the retinoid receptor. N-Methylation in the beta-ionylideneacetamidobenzoate series (10c) also results in the formation of a cis-amide bond and loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jones
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, 3655 Drummond Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Wu S, Zhang D, Donigan A, Dawson MI, Soprano DR, Soprano KJ. Effects of conformationally restricted synthetic retinoids on ovarian tumor cell growth. J Cell Biochem 1998; 68:378-88. [PMID: 9518263 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19980301)68:3<378::aid-jcb8>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have used conformationally restricted retinoids to investigate the role of individual RAR subtypes and RXR in mediating the growth response of ovarian tumor cells to retinoids. Our results show that treatment of all-trans-RA-sensitive CAOV-3 cells with retinoids that bind and activate a single RAR or RXR led to a partial inhibition of growth. Treatment of all-trans-RA- resistant SKOV-3 cells did not alter growth. Maximum inhibition of growth, comparable to that observed following treatment with natural retinoids such as all-trans-RA and 9-cis-RA, was obtained only following treatment with a combination of an RAR-selective compound and an RXR-selective one. These results suggest that activation of both RAR and RXR classes is required in order to obtain maximum inhibition of ovarian tumor cell growth by retinoids. In addition, one compound, AHPN, was found to inhibit both RA-sensitive CAOV-3 and RA-resistant SKOV-3 cells. Further study of the effects of this retinoid showed that AHPN acts through an apoptotic pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that retinoids may serve as effective anti-proliferative agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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23
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Chao WR, Hobbs PD, Jong L, Zhang XK, Zheng Y, Wu Q, Shroot B, Dawson MI. Effects of receptor class- and subtype-selective retinoids and an apoptosis-inducing retinoid on the adherent growth of the NIH:OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cell line in culture. Cancer Lett 1997; 115:1-7. [PMID: 9097972 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)04598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of the adherent growth inhibition of NIH:OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells by retinoid receptor class-selective and subtype-selective compounds with their receptor binding affinities and transcriptional activation activities indicated no correlation for RAR alpha and RAR gamma although both receptors are present. Retinoids that activated RXR alpha inhibited cell growth in the range as all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid. The most potent inhibitor was 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (AHPN), which has been found to inhibit breast and lung cancer and leukemia cell growth and induce cancer cell apoptosis through a pathway independent of the retinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Chao
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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24
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Zheng B, Deloux L, Pereira S, Skrzypczak-Jankun E, Cheesman BV, Sabat M, Srebnik M. Synthesis and Reactions ofgem-Borazirconocenes. Appl Organomet Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0739(199604)10:3/4<267::aid-aoc461>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Willhite CC, Dawson MI, Reichert U. Receptor-selective retinoid agonists and teratogenic activity. Drug Metab Rev 1996; 28:105-19. [PMID: 8744592 DOI: 10.3109/03602539608993994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid mechanism of action is dependent upon interaction with the retinoid nuclear RAR and RXR subfamilies of receptors. Study of ligands selective for the different receptors or which modify that interaction may provide insight into which receptors play roles in or contribute to retinoid teratogenesis. The retinoids considered here include in the RAR alpha-selective arylcarboxamidobenzoic acid CD 336 (Am580), the RAR beta/gamma-selective naphthalenecarboxylic acid CD 135 and the adamantyl-phenylcarboxamidobenzoic acid CD 394, the RAR-selective tetrahydrotetra-methylanthracenylbenzoic acid (TTAB) SRI 3961, the carboxyphenylretinamide SRI 7167-67, and the RXR-selective diarylisopropylidene SR 11217. CD 135 has a 3-fold higher affinity for RAR beta when compared with RAR gamma, whereas CD 394 has a 3-fold higher affinity for RAR gamma when compared with RAR beta. A separate investigation into potential amelioration of retinoid teratogenesis by concomitant administration of the cyclohexanetrione (Ro 31-0521) was also conducted. When pregnant hamsters were given an oral bolus of CD 336 or CD 135 during the early primitive streak stage of gestation, these retinoids proved 60-100 times more potent teratogens than all-trans-retinoic acid. Intubation of CD 394 resulted in production of terata similar to that seen after an equivalent dose of all-trans-retinoic acid. Administration of SRI 3961 found this compound 8000 times more potent than all-trans-retinoic acid, while SRI 7167-67 failed to show any evidence for developmental toxicity even after exposure to 105 mg/kg. Studies with the RXR-selective SR 11217 found it to be far less potent than all-trans-retinoic acid. These data point to the conclusion that those retinoids which have no affinity for retinoid nuclear receptors also have little potential for induction of developmental toxicity at doses which do not also provoke maternal intoxication. Comparing in vitro transcriptional activation of wild-type human RAR for the supertoxic TTNBP (Ro 13-7410) and TTAB (SRI 3961) with their relative teratogenic potency in hamster found that the more toxic congener also had the lower in vitro EC50 transactivation value (at ratios approximating their differential toxicities measured as administered dose). The RAR beta/gamma-selective CD 135 (TTNN) was not as efficient as TTNBP (Ro 13-7410) or TTAB (SRI 3961) in hRAR transactivation and CD 135 was less toxic than either Ro 13-7410 or SRI 3961. Although the RXR-selective SR 11217 failed to elicit terata after moderate doses, malformations consistent with those induced by high doses of retinoic acid could be produced following a single large bolus of SR 11217. Under the conditions here, simultaneous administration of Ro 31-0521 with all-trans-retinoic acid appeared to reduce the total percentage of abnormal fetuses seen after exposure to retinoic acid alone, but fetal body weights remained depressed and the numbers of dead embryos remained elevated, suggesting only limited influence of the cyclohexanetrione on retinoid developmental toxicity.
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26
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Li XS, Shao ZM, Sheikh MS, Eiseman JL, Sentz D, Jetten AM, Chen JC, Dawson MI, Aisner S, Rishi AK. Retinoic acid nuclear receptor beta inhibits breast carcinoma anchorage independent growth. J Cell Physiol 1995; 165:449-58. [PMID: 7593223 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041650302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids modulate cellular proliferation and mediate gene function through a series of nuclear receptors. The retinoic acid nuclear receptor beta (RAR beta) plays an important role in the differentiation of a number of cell types. We now demonstrate that RAR beta expression is confined to normal mammary tissue and is not expressed in either immortalized normal or malignant cell lines. Treatment of RAR beta-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells with 1 microM all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) significantly inhibited monolayer growth of the cells which express recombinant RAR beta. RAR beta-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells formed significantly smaller and fewer colonies in soft agar than the mock-transfected cells. Addition of 1 microM RA stimulated colony size and number in the RAR beta-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast to the RAR beta-expressing cells, colony formation by the RAR alpha-expressing cells was similar to the mock-transfected controls and the addition of 1 microM RA to the RAR alpha-transfected cells inhibited colony formation. While demonstrating decreased colony formation in agar, RAR beta-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells failed to exhibit decreased growth in SCID mice. Our results show that RAR beta functions as a negative regulator of growth in breast epithelial cells. In addition, the growth of these cells is differentially regulated by RAR alpha and RAR beta which is most likely the result of the modulation of different genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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27
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Retinoid-resistant estrogen receptor-negative human breast carcinoma cells transfected with retinoic acid receptor-alpha acquire sensitivity to growth inhibition by retinoids. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Lee MO, Hobbs PD, Zhang XK, Dawson MI, Pfahl M. A synthetic retinoid antagonist inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:5632-6. [PMID: 8202539 PMCID: PMC44050 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoids regulate a broad range of biological processes and affect cell growth and differentiation of many cell types, including the immune system. Recently, it was reported that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression in macrophages is enhanced by retinoic acid (RA). Retinoid signals are mediated by the RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) that bind to specific RA responsive elements (RAREs) in the promoter region of susceptible genes. Here, we report on a RARE in the long terminal repeat (LTR) region that allows activation of the HIV-1 LTR. The RARE is composed of two consensus RARE half-sites (A/GGGTCA) arranged as a palindrome separated by 9 nucleotides and is activated by both RAR/RXR heterodimers and RXR homodimers. We show that the COUP (chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter) orphan receptors also bind to the HIV-1 RARE and repress the retinoid response of the HIV-1 RARE or the HIV-1 LTR. Furthermore, a newly discovered synthetic retinoid is shown to be a potent inhibitor of retinoid-induced activation of the HIV-1 RARE. These observations suggest additional approaches for the inhibition of HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Lee
- Cancer Center, La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, CA 92037
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29
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Lombardo A, Costa E, Chao W, Toll L, Hobbs P, Jong L, Lee M, Pfahl M, Ely K, Dawson M. Recombinant human retinoic acid receptor beta. Binding of synthetic retinoids and transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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30
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31
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Rudd CJ, Mansbridge JN, Suing KD, Dawson MI. Correlation of the ability of retinoids to inhibit promoter-induced anchorage-independent growth of JB6 mouse epidermal cells with their activation of retinoic acid receptor gamma. Cancer Lett 1993; 73:41-9. [PMID: 8402597 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90186-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids inhibit the biological effects induced in mouse epidermal cells by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Specific nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) have been identified in the epidermis, but the specific receptor that mediates the inhibitory response by retinoids is not established. Retinoic acid and six conformationally restricted retinoids were evaluated in an in vitro bioassay using the JB6 mouse epidermal cell line. These activities were then compared with the ability of these retinoids to activate the RARs in transient transfection assays for transcriptional activation to identify the retinoid receptor involved in inhibiting TPA-induced anchorage-independent growth. The retinoids inhibited TPA-induced colony formation of JB6 cells in semisolid medium at concentrations that were not toxic based on colony formation of attached cells. These concentrations ranged from less than 10(-9)-10(-6) M. 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethylanthracen-2-yl)benzoic acid (TTAB) was the most potent retinoid, with an EC50 of 0.8 nM. Both RAR alpha and RAR gamma were expressed in JB6 cells. Expression of RAR beta was not detected in these cells using a polymerase chain reaction assay, consistent with its extremely low level in mouse skin. Inhibition of the TPA response by these retinoids in JB6 cells correlated only with their transcriptional activation of RAR alpha, but not with that of RAR alpha. These results suggest that RAR gamma is most probably the receptor that mediates the chemopreventive effects of retinoids in mouse epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Rudd
- Life Sciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025
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33
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Dawson MI, Hobbs PD, Rhee SW, Morimoto H, Williams PG. Synthesis of [1′,3′,4′-3H3]4-(5′,6′,7′,8′-tetrahydro-5′,5′,8′,8′-tetramethyl-2′-anthracenyl)benzoic acid for binding studies of retinoic acid receptors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580330710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Keidel S, Szardenings M, Mueller WH. In vivo biological activity of retinoids partially correlates to their affinity to recombinant retinoic-acid receptor alpha and recombinant-cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein I. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 212:13-26. [PMID: 8383035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several known and some new retinoids were synthesized and their in vivo activity was investigated by an assay, based on induction of alkaline phosphatase in P19 teratocarcinoma cells, human prostate carcinoma cells and primary cultures of neonatal rat heart cells. The assay used in this study was found to be reproducible and useful for rapid screening of retinoids for biological activity. Two newly synthesized compounds exhibit high biological activity. The biological potency of the compounds was compared to their ability to bind to recombinant retinoic-acid receptor alpha and to cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein I determined by Charsorb-binding assay. mRNA of both retinoic-acid-binding proteins could be detected in the three cell lines investigated. As expected from the number of different retinoic-acid receptors, the results suggest that retinoids do not need to bind retinoic-acid receptor alpha nor cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein I in order to exhibit biological activity, but most retinoids investigated show a clear correlation between binding to these proteins and their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keidel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany
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35
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Keidel S, Rupp E, Szardenings M. Recombinant human retinoic acid receptor alpha. Binding of DNA and synthetic retinoids to the protein expressed in Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 204:1141-8. [PMID: 1312934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human retinoic acid receptor alpha was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was found to be very unstable in several E. coli strains, probably due to proteolysis. Conditions were established to obtain reasonable amounts of active protein for ligand and DNA binding studies. The recombinant receptor showed the expected DNA binding activities in gel-retardation assays. Ligand binding properties were measured in a charcoal absorption assay. The dissociation constant for highly specific bound retinoic acid was found to be 0.67 nM. The affinity of several synthetic retinoids to the recombinant protein was determined and compared to their biological activity. Some of the values presented here differ significantly from those published earlier for the receptor or its isolated hormone-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keidel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany
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36
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Willhite CC, Jurek A, Sharma RP, Dawson MI. Structure-affinity relationships of retinoids with embryonic cellular retinoic acid-binding protein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 112:144-53. [PMID: 1310166 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(92)90290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Separation and quantitation of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) in embryonic and fetal hamster tissues was accomplished with high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. Binding affinity of 26 retinoids was established by in vitro displacement of high specific activity all-trans-[3H2]retinoic acid from fetal CRABP. The CRABP concentration in presomite-to-early somite (Day 8) hamster embryos was 1.9 pmol/mg cytosolic protein and increased to 7.5 pmol/mg protein in Day 13 fetuses; CRABP concentrations subsequently declined as gestation progressed. CRABP was located primarily in fetal brain and skin (5.8 +/- 0.3 and 2.2 +/- 0.1 pmol/mg protein, respectively), whereas only trace concentrations were found in fetal liver, placenta, and maternal uterus. Retinoids that could displace all-trans-retinoic acid from CRABP had a free acid at the polar terminus (or were carboxylate esters that were readily hydrolyzed to the corresponding free acid) and had a hydrophobic ring at the distal position. The ligand specificity of the CRABP studied here suggests that this protein was analogous to the CRABP I isoform. The in vitro binding affinities of teratogenic retinoids that competed for embryonic CRABP failed to correlate directly with relative teratogenic potency. In some instances, the latter observation can be related to extensive in vivo biotransformation of retinoids to multiple teratogenic metabolites and to retinoid persistence in the embryo. Three analogs containing a free carboxy terminus, SRI 5898-21, SRI 7323-78, and SRI 6153-40, were identified with high teratogenic potency but failed to bind fetal hamster CRABP. The structure-activity and binding data of the analogs studied here indicate that many, if not most, teratogenic retinoids (or their acidic metabolites) bind with embryonic/fetal CRABP, but the present data question the role for CRABP in their teratogenic mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Willhite
- Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley 94710
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37
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Palli SR, Riddiford LM, Hiruma K. Juvenile hormone and “retinoic acid” receptors in Manduca epidermis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(91)90059-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Mangelsdorf DJ, Ong ES, Dyck JA, Evans RM. Nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid response pathway. Nature 1990; 345:224-9. [PMID: 2159111 DOI: 10.1038/345224a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1099] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cloning and transcriptional activation studies have revealed a new protein similar to the steroid hormone receptors and which responds specifically to vitamin A metabolites. This protein is substantially different in primary structure and ligand specificity from the products of the previously described retinoic acid receptor gene family. By indicating the existence of an additional pathway through which retinoic acid may exert its effects, these data lead to a re-evaluation of retinoid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mangelsdorf
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92138-9216
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39
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Sani BP, Wille JJ, Dawson MI, Hobbs PD, Bupp J, Rhee S, Chao WR, Dorsky A, Morimoto H. Biologically active aromatic retinoids bearing azido photoaffinity-labeling groups and their binding to cellular retinoic acid-binding protein. Chem Biol Interact 1990; 75:293-304. [PMID: 2165870 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(90)90072-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids bearing azido photoaffinity-labeling groups (azidoretinoids) have potential as probes for investigating the molecular mechanisms of action of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) as mediated by its cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) and nuclear receptor proteins. Two new azidoretinoids, 3-azido-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1E- propen-1-yl]-benzonic acid and 4-(4-azido-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)be nzoic acid were synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro biological potency, and binding affinity for CRABP. Like RA, these aromatic azides had significant activity in modulating cell differentiation in retinoid-deficient hamster tracheal organ culture (ED500.02 nM and 0.03 nM, respectively) and in the inhibition of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in mouse epidermis (ED50 7.0 nmol and 0.5 nmol, respectively). They also possessed high binding affinity for CRABP (ID50 0.9 microM and 0.85 microM, respectively). The tritiated aromatic azides were further evaluated for their ability to bind covalently to CRABP after photolysis. On photolysis at -78 degrees C, the two radiolabeled azidoretinoids formed stable adducts with CRABP. Treatment of the adducts with either RA or p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (CMPS) and subsequent dialysis did not cause any dissociation, indicating the formation of a covalent bond. In contrast, treatment of the unirradiated complexes with RA or CMPS led to dissociation of the complex. Synthesis of affinity labels and characterization of CRABP-retinoid complexes should provide useful information on the ligand-binding regions and insights into the mechanism of action of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Sani
- Kettering-Meyer Laboratory, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205
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