Antifertility agents. IV. 2,3-diphenylbenzo- and 5,6-polymethylenebenzofurans, 1,2-diphenylnaphthofurans, and some related compounds

Biologic Treatment Algorithms for Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis with Comorbid Conditions and Special Populations: A Review

The emergence of data from clinical trials of biologics, the approval of new biologics, and our improved understanding of psoriasis pathogenesis have increased the therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Biologics currently approved for the treatment of psoriasis include tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors, ustekinumab (an IL-12/23 inhibitor), and IL-23 inhibitors. Data from clinical trials and studies of the safety and efficacy of biologics provide essential information for the personalization of patient care. We discuss the benefits and disadvantages of biologics as a first-line treatment choice, update treatment recommendations according to current evidence, and propose psoriasis treatment algorithms. Our discussion includes the following comorbid conditions: psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, congestive heart failure, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis B, nonmelanoma skin cancer, lymphoma, and latent tuberculosis. We make evidence-based treatment recommendations for special populations, including pediatric patients, patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), and pregnant and breastfeeding patients with psoriasis. Ultimately, individualized recommendations that consider patient preferences, disease severity, comorbid conditions, and additional risk factors should be offered to patients and updated as new trial data emerges.

Phosphine-Catalyzed Chemoselective Reduction/Elimination/Wittig Sequence for Synthesis of Functionalized 3-Alkenyl Benzofurans

An efficient protocol for the construction of functionalized 3-alkenyl benzofurans is demonstrated under metal-free conditions using catalytic amount of phosphine proceeding an intramolecular Wittig reaction. This one-pot reaction initiated by the phospha-Michael addition of phosphine to O-acylated nitrostyrene, in which phosphine was in-situ-generated from the chemoselective reduction of phosphine oxide with PhSiH₃, would provide the phosphorus ylide to result in the aforementioned multifunctionalized benzofuran via O-acylation/nitrous acid elimination/Wittig reaction.

A chemical classification of nonsteroidal antagonists of sex-steroid hormone action

A highly varied collection of nonsteroids have been reported over the last forty years as being able to exert an antihormonal action versus steroid hormones in vivo. This diversity is partly explained by the manifold molecular targets of these compounds which may be either enzymes or receptors (leading to inhibition of steroid production and action respectively) and by the different possible levels of interference within feedback loops between the central nervous system, pituitary, gonads and other peripheral organs. The present chapter is a chemist's classification of some of these structures often in the absence of detailed biochemical data. Nonsteroid antiestrogens (and estrogens) most often share a common feature with diethylstilbestrol and consequently the effects of structural modifications on biological activities can be studied in a rational manner. This is not the case for non-steroidal antiandrogens that we have only been able to classify into conventional chemical groups. Nor have any true lead compounds nor well-defined chemical classes been identified for nonsteroid antiprogestogens. This is however the only hormonal class where natural products play an important role.

Enhanced antifertility activity of non-steroidal molecules with 3-n-butylamino-2-hydroxypropyloxy side chain

A comparative study of relative binding affinity (RBA) for estradiol-17 beta-receptors, estrogenicity and antifertility activity of compounds 2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-4-p-(3-n-butylamino-2-hydroxypropyloxy-pheny l)- 7-methoxycoumarin 4, 2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-4-p-(3-n-butylamino-2-hydroxy-propyloxyphenyl++ +)-7-methoxy chromene 5 and trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-4-p-(3-n-butylamino-2-hydroxypropyloxyphe nyl)- 7-methoxychroman 6 with the corresponding 4-p-(beta-pyrrolidinoethoxyphenyl) compounds 1-3, is reported. It has been found that the introduction of the novel 3-n-butylamino-2-hydroxypropyloxy moiety in place of the classical tert-beta-aminoethoxy group leads to enhancement of antifertility activity.

Cis isomer of centchroman--a selective ligand for the microsomal antiestrogen binding site

Several compounds structurally related to the triarylethylene antiestrogens, but possessing weak estrogen receptor affinities, were assessed for their ability to interact with the microsomal antiestrogen binding site. While all the compounds tested did interact with this site their relative affinities were somewhat lower than that of tamoxifen. One of these, viz., the cis isomer of centchroman, has however emerged as a selective ligand for the antiestrogen binding site since its estrogen receptor affinity is nearly 50,000 times lower on a relative scale.