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Singh VK, Seed TM. The efficacy and safety of amifostine for the acute radiation syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:1077-1090. [PMID: 31526195 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1666104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A radiation countermeasure that can be used prior to radiation exposure to protect the population from the harmful effects of radiation exposure remains a major unmet medical need and is recognized as an important area for research. Despite substantial advances in the research and development for finding nontoxic, safe, and effective prophylactic countermeasures for the acute radiation syndrome (ARS), no such agent has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Area covered: Despite the progress made to improve the effectiveness of amifostine as a radioprotector for ARS, none of the strategies have resolved the issue of its toxicity/side effects. Thus, the FDA has approved amifostine for limited clinical indications, but not for non-clinical uses. This article reviews recent strategies and progress that have been made to move forward this potentially useful countermeasure for ARS. Expert opinion: Although the recent investigations have been promising for fielding safe and effective radiation countermeasures, additional work is needed to improve and advance drug design and delivery strategies to get FDA approval for broadened, non-clinical use of amifostine during a radiological/nuclear scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Singh
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Ramazani Y, Levtchenko EN, Van Den Heuvel L, Van Schepdael A, Paul P, Ivanova EA, Pastore A, Hartman TM, Price NPJ. Evaluation of carbohydrate-cysteamine thiazolidines as pro-drugs for the treatment of cystinosis. Carbohydr Res 2016; 439:9-15. [PMID: 28033491 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystinosis is a genetic disorder caused by malfunction of cystinosin and is characterized by accumulation of cystine. Cysteamine, the medication used in cystinosis, causes halitosis resulting in poor patient compliance. Halitosis is mainly caused by the formation of dimethylsulfide as the final product in the cysteamine metabolism pathway. We have synthesized carbohydrate-cysteamine thiazolidines, and hypothesized that the hydrolytic breakdown of cysteamine-thiazolidines can result in free cysteamine being released in target organs. To examine our hypothesis, we tested these analogs in vitro in patient-derived fibroblasts. Cystinotic fibroblasts were treated with different concentrations of arabinose-cysteamine, glucose-cysteamine and maltose-cysteamine. We demonstrated that the analogs break down into cysteamine extracellularly and might therefore not be fully taken up by the cells under the form of the pro-drug. Potential modifications of the analogs that enable their intracellular rather than extracellular breakdown, is necessary to pursue the potential of these analogs as pro-drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Ramazani
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven and University of Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena N Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven and University of Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lambertus Van Den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49, Box 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Prasanta Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49, Box 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina A Ivanova
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven and University of Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, Box 817, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Pastore
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Proteomics Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Trina M Hartman
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Neil P J Price
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Amino Y, Takino Y, Kaneko M, Ookura F, Yamamoto M, Kashiwagi T, Iwasaki K. Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Thiazolidine Derivatives of Cysteine for Suppressing Eumelanin Production. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1681-1691. [PMID: 27904077 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the pathway of melanin biosynthesis, cysteine (Cys) is utilized for the synthesis of pheomelanin. Accordingly, Cys is considered to suppress the formation of brown-black eumelanin. Although attempts have been made to utilize Cys and its derivatives as skin-whitening agents, their instability and odor hinders their application as a cosmetic agent. Herein, N-acetyl-2-methylthiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid ethyl ester (AcCP2Et) was proposed as a candidate for a stable and prolonged-release derivative of Cys to inhibit dopachrome formation after its degradation in melanocytes. It was synthesized by acetylation of 2-methylthiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid 2-ethyl ester (CP2Et), the condensation derivative of Cys and ethyl pyruvate. AcCP2Et suppressed melanogenesis in melanocytes in vitro, was stable in phosphate buffer at 70°C for five days, and exhibited far less odor than CP2Et. Therefore, AcCP2Et was validated to be a useful deriative of Cys for application as a skin-whitening agent. AcCP2Et comprises four stereoisomers; thus characterization of each stereoisomer was required. The stereochemistry of AcCP2Et was confirmed via a single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of N-acetyl-2-methylthiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (AcCP) derived from AcCP2Et. In the synthesis of AcCP2Et, the acetylation of CP2Et proceeded with epimerization at C4 to give trans-isomers when excess acetyl chloride and an organic amine was used, whereas it proceeded while retaining the original (R) configuration at C4 to give the cis- and trans-isomer when an equivalent of acetyl chloride with an inorganic base was used. These results indicate that the formation of an intermolecular mixed acid anhydride is responsible for the isomerization at the C4 asymmetric center.
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Keiko NA, Vchislo NV. Synthesis of Diheteroatomic Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds from α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Keiko
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky Street 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
| | - N. V. Vchislo
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky Street 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
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Serra AC, Rocha Gonsalves AMD, Laranjo M, Abrantes AM, Gonçalves AC, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Botelho MF. Synthesis of new 2-galactosylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amides. Antitumor evaluation against melanoma and breast cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 53:398-402. [PMID: 22560315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A set of 2-galactosylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amides was synthesized with different length for the carbon chain amide moiety. The cytotoxicity of the molecules was evaluated against A375 melanoma and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines. For the derivatives tested, the one that contains a C(16) amide carbon chain is the most active with an IC(50) of 17.0 μM for A375 and 5.8 μM for MCF7. This compound also shows cytotoxicity in the triple negative cancer cell line HCC1806. The selectivity of the compounds was assessed by comparing the cytotoxicity in cancer cell line versus in a fibroblast cell line. Flow cytometry studies show the activation of apoptotic pathways and also DNA damages with blockage of the cell cycle in the S-phase and appearance of peaks in G0/G1-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arménio C Serra
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004 535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Papousková B, Bednár P, Stýskala J, Hlavác J, Barták P, Lemr K. Mass spectrometry as a tool for characterization of N,N-dialkylaminoethane-2-thiols--precursors and degradation products of chemical warfare agents. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1604-1612. [PMID: 19802902 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dialkylaminoethane-2-thiols belong to the group of precursors and degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). These compounds were analyzed by means of electrospray ionization-multiple stage mass spectrometry (ion trap) and proposed fragments were confirmed by accurate mass measurement using a QqTOF system. The fragmentation pathways of studied compounds and the products of oxidation (formation of -S-S- linkage) were described. Some minor interesting processes, such as rearrangement of SH group, were observed and proved. A new microLC/MS method, based on ion-pairing chromatography, was developed. Trifluoroacetic acid was employed as an ion-pairing agent to increase the low retention of compounds of interest in the reverse-phase system. The technique was compared with the UPLC/MS method, allowing fast analysis of all the studied thiols as well as an explorative control of originated disulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Papousková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacký University, Trída Svobody 8, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Silicon- and germanium-substituted propynals as ambident electrophiles for the design of new heterocycles and polyfunctional acetylenes. Russ Chem Bull 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-008-0128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Demina MM, Novopashin PS, Kon’kova TV, Sarapulova GI, Afonin AV, Medvedeva AS. Interaction of heteroatom-containing propynals with S-, N-binucleophiles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-006-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reaction of 2-Alkoxypropenals with 2-Aminoethanethiol and Ring-Chain Tautomerism of the Resulting 2-(1-Alkoxyvinyl)-1,3-thiazolidines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11178-005-0197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Keiko NA, Funtikova EA, Stepanova LG, Chuvashev YA, Larina LI, Voronkov MG. 2-(1′-alkoxyvinyl) thiazolidines: synthesis and study of ring-chain tautomerism. J Sulphur Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990413312317937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lenarczyk M, Ueno A, Vannais DB, Kraemer S, Kronenberg A, Roberts JC, Tatsumi K, Hei TK, Waldren CA. The “Pro-drug” RibCys Decreases the Mutagenicity of High-LET Radiation in Cultured Mammalian Cells. Radiat Res 2003; 160:579-83. [PMID: 14565824 DOI: 10.1667/3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We are carrying out studies aimed at reducing the mutagenic effects of high-LET 56Fe ions and 12C ions (56Fe ions, 143 keV/microm; 12C ions, 100 keV/microm) with certain drugs, including RibCys [2-(R,S)-D-ribo-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)-thiazolidine-4(R)-carboxylic acid]. RibCys, formed by condensation of L-cysteine with D-ribose, is designed so that the sulfhydryl amino acid L-cysteine is released intracellularly through nonenzymatic ring opening and hydrolysis leading to increased levels of glutathione (GSH). RibCys (4 or 10 mM), which was present during irradiation and for a few hours after, significantly decreased the yield of CD59- mutants induced by radiation in AL human-hamster hybrid cells. RibCys did not affect the clonogenic survival of irradiated cells, nor was it mutagenic itself. These results, together with the minimal side effects reported in mice and pigs, indicate that RibCys may be useful, perhaps even when used prophylactically, in reducing the mutation load created by high-LET radiation in astronauts or other exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lenarczyk
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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High regioselectivity in the heterocyclization of β-oxonitriles to 4-oxothiazolidines: X-ray structure proof. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)01146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Diedrich MJ, Warters RL, Grossman D. Amifostine aminothiols and protection of keratinocyte apoptosis and DNA damage. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:707-8. [PMID: 12230519 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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