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Haque FM, Grayson SM. The synthesis, properties and potential applications of cyclic polymers. Nat Chem 2020; 12:433-444. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Semi-synthesis of cyclosporins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2121-44. [PMID: 25707381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its isolation in 1970, and discovery of its potent inhibitory activity on T-cell proliferation, cyclosporin A (CsA) has been shown to play a significant role in diverse fields of biology. Furthermore, chemical modification of CsA has led to analogs with distinct biological activities associated with its protein receptor family, cyclophilins. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review systematically collates the synthetic chemistry performed at each of the eleven amino acids, and provides examples of the utility of such transformations. The various modifications of CsA are traced from early, modest chemistry performed at the unique Bmt residue, through the remarkable use of a polyanion enolate that can be stereoselectively manipulated, and onto application of more recently developed olefin metathesis chemistry to prepare new CsA derivatives with unexpected biological activity. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The myriad biological activities of CsA and its synthetic derivatives have inspired the development of new approaches to modify the CsA ring. In turn, these new CsA derivatives have served as tools in the discovery of new roles for cyclophilins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides information on the types of cyclosporin derivatives that are available to the many biologists working in this field, and should be of value to the medicinal chemist trying to discover drugs based on CsA. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed foldases: Cell signaling catalysts and drug targets.
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Lin W, Reddavide FV, Uzunova V, Gür FN, Zhang Y. Characterization of DNA-Conjugated Compounds Using a Regenerable Chip. Anal Chem 2014; 87:864-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503960z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Lin
- B CUBE Center for Molecular
Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Francesco V. Reddavide
- B CUBE Center for Molecular
Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Veselina Uzunova
- B CUBE Center for Molecular
Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fatih Nadi Gür
- B CUBE Center for Molecular
Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yixin Zhang
- B CUBE Center for Molecular
Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Riss B, Grandeury A, Gut T, Seeger-Weibel M, Zuercher C, Li J, Gallou F. Development of a Practical Process for the Opening of Macrocyclic Cyclosporin A and Amino Acid Deletion. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5003038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Riss
- Chemical and Analytical Development and ‡Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Grandeury
- Chemical and Analytical Development and ‡Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Gut
- Chemical and Analytical Development and ‡Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Seeger-Weibel
- Chemical and Analytical Development and ‡Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zuercher
- Chemical and Analytical Development and ‡Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jinjing Li
- Chemical and Analytical Development and ‡Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical and Analytical Development and ‡Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Bhardwaj YR, Pareek A, Jain V, Kishore D. Chemical delivery systems and soft drugs: Retrometabolic approaches of drug design. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 22:290-302. [PMID: 25161372 PMCID: PMC4142369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of metabolic considerations in the drug design process leads to significant development in the field of chemical drug targeting and the design of safer drugs during past few years which is a part of an approach now designated as Retro metabolic drug design (RMDD). This approach represents systematic methodologies that integrate structure-activity and structure-metabolism relationships and are aimed to design safe, locally active compounds with an improved therapeutic index. It embraces two distinct methods, chemical delivery systems and a soft drug approach. Present review recapitulates an impression of RMDD giving reflections on the chemical delivery system and the soft drug approach and provides a variety of examples to embody its concepts. Successful application of such design principles has already been applied to a number of marketed drugs like esmolol; loteprednol etc., and many other candidates like beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimicrobials etc., are also under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
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Abstract
Retrometabolic drug design incorporates two major systematic approaches: the design of soft drugs (SDs) and of chemical delivery systems (CDSs). Both aim to design new, safe drugs with an improved therapeutic index by integrating structure-activity and -metabolism relationships; however, they achieve it by different means: whereas SDs are new, active therapeutic agents that undergo predictable metabolism to inactive metabolites after exerting their desired therapeutic effect, CDSs are biologically inert molecules that provide enhanced and targeted delivery of an active drug to a particular organ or site through a designed sequential metabolism that involves several steps. General principles and recent developments are briefly reviewed with various illustrative examples from different therapeutic areas with special focus on soft corticosteroids and on brain targeting.
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Williams MJ, Deak HL, Snapper ML. Intramolecular Cyclobutadiene Cycloaddition/Cyclopropanation/Thermal Rearrangement: An Effective Strategy for the Asymmetric Syntheses of Pleocarpenene and Pleocarpenone. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 129:486-7. [PMID: 17227000 DOI: 10.1021/ja0674340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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9
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Kinderman SS, Wekking MMT, van Maarseveen JH, Schoemaker HE, Hiemstra H, Rutjes FPJT. Catalytic N-Sulfonyliminium Ion-Mediated Cyclizations to α-Vinyl-Substituted Isoquinolines and β-Carbolines and Applications in Metathesis. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5519-27. [PMID: 15989333 DOI: 10.1021/jo050503t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Catalytic Sn(OTf)2-induced cyclization of linear, aryl-containing allylic N,O-acetals produced vinyl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-1H-beta-carbolines. The usefulness of the vinyl moiety in the resulting products was demonstrated via the synthesis of various key building blocks for alkaloid structures. The alpha-vinyl moiety was utilized in a [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement, in ring-closing metathesis and a cross-metathesis-based synthesis of vincantril, an antianoxia agent, and a synthetic member of the vincamine type natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sape S Kinderman
- J. H. van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: annual survey covering the year 2003. Coord Chem Rev 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Marsland AM, Griffiths CEM. Therapeutic potential of macrolide immunosuppressants in dermatology. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 13:125-37. [PMID: 14996647 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.13.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dermatologists are frequently presented with inflammatory dermatoses that are responsive to treatment with immunomodulating drugs. Corticosteroids, particularly when applied topically, have been the mainstay of treatment in the past. Their undoubted efficacy, however, has been undermined by problems with repeated use including tachyphylaxis and side effects such as skin atrophy and hypertension. Macrolide immunosuppressive drugs, originally used for prophylaxis of organ transplant rejection, have been shown to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses. The original drugs used in dermatology in this class have their own limitations including poor absorption when used topically and their distinct side-effect profiles. A search for other immunosuppressive macrolide antibiotics has led to the development of new agents, which have enhanced profiles for the treatment of skin disease. This review discusses the main dermatoses that may be targeted by this class of drugs and summarises the topical and systemic macrolides either currently in use, in clinical trials or preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Marsland
- Konishi-MUSC Institute for Inflammation Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Hersperger R, Buchheit KH, Cammisuli S, Enz A, Lohse O, Ponelle M, Schuler W, Schweitzer A, Walker C, Zehender H, Zenke G, Zimmerlin AG, Zollinger M, Mazzoni L, Fozard JR. A locally active antiinflammatory macrolide (MLD987) for inhalation therapy of asthma. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4950-7. [PMID: 15369399 DOI: 10.1021/jm031101l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the characteristic features of asthma is a persistent pulmonary inflammation, with increased numbers of eosinophils and activated T-lymphocytes in the airways. T-helper cells of the Th2 phenotype play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and they are believed to orchestrate the asthmatic response by releasing a wide repertoire of cytokines. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation in models of allergic asthma of a locally active T-cell modulator, MLD987 (1). Compound 1 is a potent immunosuppressant that inhibits the activation, proliferation, and release of cytokines from T-cells with IC(50) values in the low nanomolar range. In a Brown-Norway rat model of allergic asthma, 1, when given into the airways by intratracheal administration (ED(50) = 1 mg/kg) or by inhalation (ED(50) = 0.4 mg/kg), potently reduced the influx of leukocytes into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples obtained from antigen-challenged animals. In contrast, 1 had an appreciably weaker activity in this model when given orally or intravenously. Pharmacokinetic evaluation in rat and rhesus monkey showed that 1 had both a low oral (2-4%) and a low pulmonary (7%, monkey) bioavailability. These findings are consistent with a local site of action of the compound and rule out that its antiinflammatory activity in the lung was caused by systemically absorbed material, which had been swallowed during inhalation or which had entered the circulation via the airways. Local administration and the metabolically soft structure of 1, which favors rapid systemic metabolism to less immunosuppressive metabolite 2, are the main reasons for the low exposure and weak systemic activity of the compound. Administration of a locally active compound such as 1, by inhalation, should reduce systemic side effects. Our results indicate that 1 has the potential to serve as an alternative to inhaled glucocorticosteroids for the long-term therapy of asthma of all grades of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Hersperger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research and Novartis Pharma Development, CH-4002 Basle, Switzerland.
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Van Veldhuizen JJ, Gillingham DG, Garber SB, Kataoka O, Hoveyda AH. Chiral Ru-Based Complexes for Asymmetric Olefin Metathesis: Enhancement of Catalyst Activity through Steric and Electronic Modifications. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12502-8. [PMID: 14531694 DOI: 10.1021/ja0302228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity of six enantiomerically pure Ru-based metathesis catalysts are disclosed (3a-3f). The new chiral catalysts were prepared through steric and electronic alterations of the parent catalyst system (3). The present studies indicate that the effect of structural modifications of chiral complex 3 does not always correspond to those of the related achiral complexes. The present findings illustrate that modified Ru complexes (3e and 3f) deliver reactivity levels that are more than 2 orders of magnitude higher than 3. Reactivity and physical data are provided that shed light on the origin of activity differences. Some members of the new generation of chiral Ru catalysts promote asymmetric ring-opening (AROM) and ring-closing (ARCM) metatheses that cannot be effected by the first generation chiral catalyst (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Van Veldhuizen
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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Graffner-Nordberg M, Fyfe M, Brattsand R, Mellgård B, Hallberg A. Design and synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors encompassing a bridging ester group. Evaluation in a mouse colitis model. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3455-62. [PMID: 12877583 DOI: 10.1021/jm021062y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation of both the small and large intestines. Methotrexate (MTX), a classical dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor, has been used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease in recent years. We sought to develop antifolates similar in structure to MTX that would be effective in reducing inflammation in a mouse disease model of colitis. Four classical DHFR inhibitors encompassing ester bridges in the central parts of the molecules were synthesized. These antifolates were efficient inhibitors of the DHFR enzyme derived from rat. They were also tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit induced proliferation of lymphocytes from mouse spleen. Inhibition of cell proliferation was achieved only in the micromolar range, whereas MTX was effective at low nanomolar concentrations. One of the DHFR inhibitors (1), with an IC(50) value for rlDHFR approximately 8 times higher than that of methotrexate, was selected for in vivo experiments in an experimental colitis model in mice. This compound demonstrated a clear antiinflammatory effect after topical administration, comparable to the effect achieved with the glucocorticoid budesonide. Three parameters were evaluated in this model: myeloperoxidase activity, colon weight, and inflammation scoring. A favorable in vivo effect of compound 1 (15 mg/(kg.day)) was observed in all three inflammatory parameters. However, the results cannot be explained fully by DHFR inhibition or by inhibition of lymphocyte cell proliferation, suggesting that other yet unidentified mechanisms enable reduction of inflammation in the colitis model. The mechanism of action of methotrexate analogues encompassing a bridging ester group is not well understood in vivo but seems to lend itself well to further development of similar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Graffner-Nordberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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